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THE LOEB CLASSICAL LIBRARY
EDITED BY
EK, CAPPS Pua.D., LL.D, T. E. PAGE, Litr.D. W. H. D, ROUSE, Litr.D,
THEOPHRASTUS
ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS
I]
THEOPHRASTUS
ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS
AND MINOR WORKS ON ODOURS AND
WEATHER SIGNS
WITH AN ENGLISH TRANSLATION BY
SIR ARTHUR HORT, Barr. M.A.
FORMERLY FELLOW OF TRINITY COLLEGE, CAMBRIDGE
IN TWO VOLUMES
II
LONDON : WILLIAM HEINEMANN
NEW YORK : G. P. PUTNAM’S SONS
MOMXVI
CONTENTS
BOOK VI
OF UNDER-SHRUBS
Of the classification of under-shrubs: the wild kinds :
the chief distinction that between spinous and
ON ante a) os RGR e5t a> Sp we ered
Of spineless under-shrubs and their differences
Of certain specially important spineless under- pe
silphium and magydaris—belonging to ferula-like
ARG i.4k oP Ia. Crea eons
Of spinous under-shrubs and their differences. . . . .
Of cultivated under-shrubs (coronary plants), with
which are ineluded those coronary plants which are
oe yo: a at 0 ar a ar aa ie Sie peer
Of the seasons at which coronary plants flower, and of
Seovenptn ot ther liie=.. . . .S . se es
BOOK VII
PAGE
“1
15
21
OF HERBACEOUS PLANTS, OTHER THAN CORONARY PLANTS:
POT-HBRBS AND SIMILAR WILD HERBS
Of the times of sowing and of germination of pot-herbs
Of the propagation of pot-herbs, and of differences in
REE POOOES 6-9-0 eR ee ee eee CE eas
Of the flowers and fruits of pot-herbs ........
Of the various forms of some pot-herbs. . ......
Of the cultivation of pot-herbs ; manure and water . .
Of the pests which infest pot-herbs .........
Of the time for which seed of pot-herbs can be kept .
Of uncultivated herbs: the wild forms of pot-herbs .
CONTENTS
PAGE
Of other uncultivated herbs, which may be classed with
pot-herbs 551.00. . a. "hs sls eee 103
Of the differences in stem and leaf found in all herba-
ceous: plants ee.) See 107
Of other differences seen in herbaceous plants in general,
as compared with one another and with trees. . . 111
Of the seasons at which herbs grow and flower . . . . 115
Of the classes into which herbaceous plants may be
divided, as those having a spike and chicory-like
plente. og. 0 Wis: s See 119
Of herbs which have fleshy or bulbous roots ..... 125
Of certain properties and habits peculiar to certain
herbaceous plants. 6). 2. eis eie a ore ele 135
BOOK VIII
OF HERBACEOUS PLANTS: CEREALS, PULSES, AND ‘SUMMER
CROPS’
Of the three classes and the times of sowing and of
BOVTMINALION oe a> +)» "sles oe 143
Of differences in the mode of germination and of subse-
quent development 652°. oct Rene) ec 149
Of differences in development due to soil or climate . . 155
Of differences between the parts of cereals, pulses, and
summer crops respectively ........+.24.4-. 159
Of the differences between cereals .........., 165
Of the differences between pulses .......... 173
Of sowing, manuring, and watering ......... 177
Of the degeneration of cereals into darnel ...... 183
Of the peculiar character of chick-pea ........, 183
Of special features of ‘summer crops’ ........ 185
Of treatment of cereals peculiar to special localities . . 185
Of cereals which grow a second time from the same
| i en Sen Te 187
Of the effects of climate, soil, and manuring ..... 189
Of different qualities of seed ........ Ba) 8h =n ae
vi
EE ae
CONTENTS
PAGE
Of degeneration of cereals, and of the weeds which
Intest: particular erope:y so siiageteiis Se xized Rene 193
Of the conditions in the seeds of pulses known as.
‘cookable’ and ‘ uncookable,’ and their causes . . 197
Of the grains and pulses which most exhaust the soil, or
WME SENIROV OSI eso «ce ata. a «> oe Rape eee 199
Of the diseases of cereals and pulses, and of hurtful
SR 5 <5 aps Race cota ens 21 < + sel ea Da, nel poe ces 201
Of seeds which keep or do not keep well... .... 205
Of the age at which seeds should be sown ...... 209
Of artificial means of.preserving seed ........ 211
Of the effect of heat on seeds. . . 1. 2.45 + ees 211
Of certain peculiarities of the seed of lupin and aigilops 213
BOOK IX
OF THE JUICES OF PLANTS, AND OF THE MEDICINAL
PROPERTIES OF HERBS
Of the various kinds of plant-juices and the methods of
eollecking them. -.. sg. qcais i205 Walle 5 Ga whadite 217
Of resinous trees and the methods of collecting resin
SEE PIMC: |... 6 0 rea Stns oc hs EEC TB) WiC 223
Of the making of pitch in Macedonia and in Syria. . , 229
Of frankincense and myrrh: various accounts ... . 233
Of cinnamon and cassia: various accounts ...... 243
OF bataierol Mecca. .:.:) S4e5e ih gus> Ghar. kee ere suis 245
Of other aromatic plants—all oriental, except the iris . 247
Of the medicinal juices of plants and the collection of
them: general account i. Ried ee 251
Of the cutting of roots for medicinal purposes, and of
certain superstitions connected therewith . . 255
Of the medicinal uses of divers parts of plants .. . 261
Of hellebores, the white and the black: their uses ‘aie
RBEORNREMARAOIN, oo) oo 5 oc dal ened POL ee 8a EE Bates Ble 265
Of the various kinds of all-heal ........... 269
Of the various plants called strykhnos ........ 271
Of the various kinds of tithymallos. . , . .. 2... 275
CONTENTS
PAGE
Of the two herbs called dibanotts. . 2... 1... 277
Of the two kinds of chamaeleon. . ..... we ETT
Of the various plants called ‘poppy’. ........ 279
Of roots possessing remarkable taste or smell . . . . . 281
Of the time for which roots can be kept without losing
their vittie 9. sehen 8. S* ee 287
Of the localities which specially produce medicinal herbs 289
Of the medicinal herbs peculiar to Crete ....... 295
Of wolf’s-bane and its habitat, and of meadow-saffron . 299
Of two famous druggists and of the virtues of hemlock . 303
How use diminishes the efficacy of drugs, and how
they have not the same effect on all constitutions . 305
Of plants that possess properties affecting lifeless
GUMCUE +6 RG eee Sos See ee 4 te U8
Of plants whose properties affect animals other than
WHER Ss eo eg ee oe en ee 309
Of plants possessing properties which affect the mental
OWES: Se ce neta). waar, te ceases io ae 311
Of plants said to have magical properties. ...... 313
A problem as to cause and effect .......... 313
Of certain plants, not yet mentioned, which possess
special properties. 3.6 os ys. aye Le 315
MINOR WORKS
INTRODUCTION TO THE TREATISES CONCERNING ODOURS
AND CONCERNING WEATHER SIGNS ......ee-. 324.
CONCERNING ODOURS
Introductory: Of odours in general and the classifi-
cation-of them’ 955 68 262.496) Sa 327
Of natural odours ; of those of animals and of the effect
of odours on animals). o! )./ai« aide Gees 329
Of smell and taste |... .....s is. 2-5. sessiee he acl ee 331
Of odours-in plants... .. ...../ 4S eG 333
Of artificial odours in general and their manufacture :
especially of the use of perfumes in wine... . . 333
Vili
CONTENTS
Of the oils used as the vehicle of perfumes ......
Of the spices used in making perfumes and their treat-
MOG a bcc. <. 6 Weg ato ad eeel ae Ro 88 Seat
Of the various parts of plants used for perfumes, and of
the composition of various notable perfumes
Of the properties of various spices... .......
Of the medicinal properties of certain perfumes . . . .
Of rules for the mixture of spices, and of the storing of
AEE OXIME. 5 Suara sw eee ey ol eB) as
Of the properties of certain perfumes ........
Of other properties and peculiarities of perfumes
Of the making of perfume-powders and compound per-
1008 ose RTE Oe ee Son ee eh ee,
Of the characteristic smells of animals, and of certain
curious facts as to the smell of animal and vegetable
WLOGROS Ps Seo, ae A te tee FPO ees
Of odours as compared with other sense-impressions. ,
CONCERNING WEATHER SIGNS
Introductory: general principles ..........
oe By ee ne a em aoe RTA eS
ney CANE CS SEOL, Su) Peheeete Was, S ee s
ene menn Of tar weather 05543. es
TENORN WANE os Sees alse. oe Me ees
INDEX GF “PUANTS «is: 6 oe mtg ere 8 A ir are ey nah ee
KEY TO THE INDEX—
I.—List of plants mentioned in the Enquiry under
RIGCRIOML PINOR: 62 Si TSA oe ce aoe Ge ne
II.—List of plants mentioned in the oaths unde
popular names... ...+. + ee. : .
487
494
ix
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A
THEOPHRASTUS
ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS
BOOK VI
- VOL. Ti B
SEO®PASTOY
IIEPI ®YTON IZTOPIA®
Z
T. Tlept pév ody dévdpav cai Oduvov elpnrat
TpOTEpov" Errouevov © Eltrely TEpL TE TOV Hpvyai-
KOV Kal TroLwo@V Kal el Tives ev TOUTOLS ETEpaL
cuptTepirAapPavovrar dices: olov } ye oiTnpa
Towwons éoTi.
IIpa@rov bé Néywpev rept ths Ppvyavixhs: abry
yap éyyutépw TOV Tpoerpnuevoy Sia TO EvAwdSHsS
elval. TavTayov pev ovv iaws aiel TO aypLoV
ToD pépou mAciov, e& Sé uy, Tepl ye THY Ppv-
yavikny ovoiav: odtyov yap TO tuepov avThs,
émep oyedov ev Tois ctepavwrtiKois eat, olov
podovia iwvia SvdcavOos auapaKkos nmepoKkadnrés,
ére O€ EprvAXos oicvpBpiov ér€éviov aBporovor.
dnavTa yap Tatra Evriwdn cal pixpodvrra, Ov
26 xal dpuvyavuxa. Kal éml tav AaxYavnpav
ef G. 6, A,
2 This hardly corresponds to the definition of ¢ptyava
2
THEOPHRASTUS
ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS
BOOK VI
Or UNDER-SHRUBS.
Of the classification of under-shrubs: the wild kinds. the chief
distinction that between spinous and spineless.
I, We have spoken already of trees and shrubs,
and next we must speak of under-shrubs and
herbaceous plants and of any other natural classes
which are included with these; for instance, cereals
come under herbaceous plants.
But first let us tell of under-shrubs, for this class
comes near those mentioned above because of its
woody character. Now it may be said that with all
plants the wild kinds are more abundant than the
cultivated, and this is certainly true of the under-
shrubs. For the cultivated kinds of this class! are
not numerous, and consist almost entirely of coronary
plants, as rose gilliflower carnation sweet marjoram
martagon lily, to which may be added tufted thyme
bergamot-mint calamint southernwood. For ll
these are woody and have small leaves; wherefore ?
they are classed as under-shrubs. This class covers
given in 1, 3. 1, nor do some of the plants here mentioned
come under the description. St. considers the text defective.
3
B 2
THEOPHRASTUS
omoiws, olov padavos myavov Kal 6oa Tapa
TAHT LA TOUTOLS coriv. vmrEp @V OVX ATTOV | iows
cpporrer KATA TV olKetay Tpoonyopiav elTrety,
éTav Tepl orepavapatov wal ax aver TovmpeBa
pvetav. vov o€ ™ p@TOV mepl TOV aypiov éywpev.
eoTw aAvuTa@V eld Kal pépn Treo, & de? dvarpetv
Kal Tois Kal’ ExaaTov yévos Kal Tots Gdols Eldect.
Meyiorny 8 av tis AaBot Stahopav toy brwv
yev@v, OTL TA pev avaxavOa Ta dé axavOwdn
Tuyyave. mwdduw 8 év éxatépw TovT@Y Toda
Siadopal yevov Kai eidov, vrép wv Kal? Exatepa
Pen PS 8
Tevpatéov eiTreiv.
Tay axavOtxov 61) Ta bev aThas elo axavOau,
aoTep aapapayos Kal oKopTios” ov yap éyouat
pvrAXov ovdev Tapa THD axavar. Ta O€ pur-
Adkavéa, Kabdmep a aK avOS nh puyyLov KviKos* Taba
yap Kal Ta TOLAUT A émt TOV PUAN@V EXEL THY
dxavOay, Oe 0 Kal purdaxavOa KQNELTAL. 7a dé
Kal Tapa THD axavdar é er Epov EXEL pudnror, MOTrEp
7 ovavis Kal Oo TptBoros Kat 0 péas, O ov 6 TLWeES
Karovar otaBnv. o 6é _TplBoros Kal TrEPLKALp-
mudKav0os éoruy" exel yap axavOas év TO Tept-
KapTip, dc 6 Kal Todt idtov mpos amavta as
el Trey émel mrophaxavdd ye TOG Kal TOY
dévdpov Kat TOV Oapvwdav eat, olov aypas poa
mantovpos Batos podwvia KadmTapis. €v meV ov
tois axavOixois tavtTas adv Tis ws cimely TUTO@
AdBou Tas Svadopas.
1 rw... eldeor: text needlessly altered by Sch. and W.
Sch. himself shews that T. uses efSos and yévos almost in-
discriminately. Here tév dAwy yevav means the same as Tois
4
ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, VI. 1. 2-3
also pot-herbs, such as cabbage rue and others
like them. Of these it is perhaps more appropriate
to speak under their proper designation, that is,
when we come to make mention of coronary plants
and pot-herbs. Now let us first speak of the
wild kinds. Of these are several classes and sub-
divisions, which we must distinguish by the char-
acteristics of each sub-division as well as by those of
each class taken as a whole.!
The most important difference distinguishing class
from class which one could find is that between the
spineless and the spinous kinds. Again under each
of these two heads there are- many differences
distinguishing kinds and forms, of which we must
endeavour to speak severally.
2Of spinous kinds some just consist of spines, as
asparagus and skorpios; for these have no leaves
except their spines. Then there are the spinous-
leaved plants, as thistle eryngo saflower ; these and
the like have their spines on the leaves, whence
their name. Others again have leaves as well as
their spines, as rest-harrow caltrop and pheos, which
some call stotbe. Caltrop is also* spinous-fruited,
having spines on the fruit-vessel. Wherefore this
peculiarity marks it off from almost all other plants ;
though many trees and shrubs have spines on the
shoots, as wild pear pomegranate Christ’s thorn
bramble rose caper. Such® are the general dis-
tinctions which may be made among spinous plants.
dAos efdeor; and below yevéy and eidéy both refer to the
smaller divisions called uépn above. 2 Tlin. 21. 91.
3 6 méws dv conj. Sch.; 6 gAews 6 Ald. H.; Kal 6 54 ries Kar.
or. Py. of. 6.5. 1 and Index.
Kal mepixapraxavdos conj. Sch,; «al % mepixapria puddd-
kavOov UMVAId, ef. 6. 5. 3, 5 ov add. Sch.
5
THEOPHRASTUS
"Ev 6€ tots avaxavOolts ov« éotw otTws S1a-
lal al / lal
NaBelv toils yéveow: 7 yap TOY PUAN dvoparia
peyéeOes Kal puKpoTnTL Kal oXHwacW aTeLpos Kal
adcadys' adnra Set retpaicbar Kat addov TpoToOY
a / /
Siaupety. TrElw O€ €ott TA yévN TA TOUTwY Kal
Siahopas éxovra peyddas, olov xicBos pyndw@Opov
/ /
épevedavov omretpala Kvéwpov opiyavos Ovu8pa
/ , / / ,
opdKxos €dXediohaxos mpdotov Kovula pedoco-
durdov Erepa Towadra* mpos TovTos ete Ta
/ \ > / / /
vapOnxnadn Kai évvevpokavra, Kabatep pwapabov
e / / / \ \ 4
immounapabov vapOnxia vapOnE Kal rd Kadov-
pevov U6 TLVwY pvopovoy Kal Goa Gmota TOUTOLS.
amavTa yap av Tis Kal tadta Kal Odws el TL
vapOnxadés éote THs Ppvyavixhs Vein picews.
Il. Eién 5€ kal Stapopai nal’ Exactov tav
eipnuévov eiol tov pev havepwrepac tav 6é
/ 4 fal
abavéotepat. Kai yap KiaOov dvo yévn Statpodeou,
\ \ ” \ be OAr A \ \ an \
TO pev appev TO O€ OFAV, TO TO pev petfov Kal
oKANpOTEpov Kal NuTrapwrepov eivar Kal TO aVvOos
> / BA \ oa al > , e/
érritrophupifov: audw dé dora Tols aypiors podois,
Try ENaTTO Kal docpa.
Avo Sé ei8n nal Tod Kve@pou: 6 péev yap NevKOS
6 5é pédas. exer 5€ 0 pév RAEevKOS TO PUAXOV
1 j.e. there is a gradation.
2 xla@os conj. Sch.; xioods Ald. H.
3 gmreipala conj. Sch. from Plin. 21. 53; ounpéa Ald.G.
4 @buBpa opdxos conj. Sch.; @uBpas paxds UMVAId.
5 of. 6. 2. 5.
6 yap0nx#dn =hollow-stemmed, évvevpdxavAa=plants with a
plain unjointed stem, solid with ‘immersed’ fibres, In the
6
l thomsen Whew Veh Viren (5S
i
Ann tA An. } Po ce To beh tke *h At fe rt
cera
ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, VI. 1. 4=1..2
With spineless plants it is not possible to make
such ‘generic’ distinctions; for the variation of
the leaves in size and shape is endless, and the
differences are not clearly marked!; but we must try
to distinguish on another principle. There are many
classes of such plants and they differ widely, as
rock-rose* bryony madder privet® kneoron marjoram
savory sphakos* (sage) elelisphakos® (salvia) hore-—
hound konyza balm, and others like these; and in
addition to these we have the plants with a ferula-
like stem © or with a stem composed of fibre, as fennel
horse-fennel’ narthekia (ferula) narthex (ferula) and
the plant called by some wolf’s-bane,® and others /
like these. All these, as well as any other ferula-
like plants, may be placed in the class of under-
shrubs.
Of spineless under-shrubs and their differences.
II. The various forms and the differences between
the above mentioned plants are in some cases more,
in some less easy to distinguish. Of rock-rose ® they
distinguish two kinds, ‘male’ and ‘female,’ in that
the one is? larger, tougher, more glossy,! and has a
crimson flower; both however are like the wild
rose,!2 save that the flower is smaller and scentless.
There are also two kinds of kneoron, one white,
the other black. The white has a leathery oblong
examples given here the two classes are taken together,
vapOnxla being vapOnxodns, the others évvevpdxavaa; hence the
article is not repeated. 7 of. 6. 2. 7.
8 Lit. ‘mouse-bane’: for other Greek names see Index.
® «te@ov conj. Sch., cf. 6 1.43 xioood Ald.H.; Plin. 24. 81;
Diose. 1. 97.
10 efva: conj. W.; éxew UMVAIA. (7d PvAAov Exewv conj. Sch.).
ll 7.e. has more glossy leaves.
12 of. Plin, 21, 55; Theocr, 5. 131. See Index.
¢
THEOPHRASTUS
Sepuatades T popnxes Spovdaxnpov TpoTov Tiva
TH éhda, 0 O€ pédas olov 1 puplen oapK aces
émiryevos 5é paddov O AeuKos* éort be do w@dns,
6 6é pédas doo 10s. THY e piSav THY els Bdos
dpeo peyahny éxouer Kal Tous axpepovas Ton-
Aovs Kal maxets Kal Evrwders am’ adths THs ys
pixpov ava ayfopevous, Evtwdeotdtyny Oé.
eS
yrioxpov é opoopa, &2 0 Kal Xpavrat T pos TO
KaTadely Kal mepthapBavew, _@aomep T@ ola.
Bracraver dé kai avbet per’ ionpepiav peTto-
Tepiwiy Kab avbet ToNvy Xpovor. .
Kai TIS optyavou 6e ” pédawva, aKapTos y) 6é
AevKy KapTrim“os. Kal Ovpov TO méev NevKOV TO dé
pérav evavbes 5€ apodpa: tepl TpoTras yap avOet
Gepwas. ad’ od Kal uy) pédutTa Aap Paver TO were,
Kal TovTm gacly oi pehutroupyol Ojdov eval
TOTEPOV ebpedtTodar ) Ov’ KaX@s yap atrar-
Onoavtos evpediteiv' Brame S€ Kal awoAdvoL
THv avOnow éav bSeop em UyEVATAL.
2m éppa 6é KapTLpov ev OvpBpa Kal ért
HadXov 1) opiryavos EXEL pavepov, ToD Ovpov
ovx éoTt AaBeiv, arr ev TO avOe. Twas avae-
HLKTAaL’ OTTELpOVEL yap ToOvTO Kal avaBdacTdvet.
tntovor 6é Kal ANapwBavovow ot eEdyew “AOnvyae
Bovdopevor TO ‘yéVOS. idvov dé éxer Kal mpos
Taira Kal axedov mpos Ta d\Na TO KaTA TOUS
Tomous: ov yap gace SvvacPa dvecOar kal
1 of. 1. 10. 4.
2 Apparently an afterthought, suggested by the mention
of the woodiness of the branches.
8 mepitAauBdve: conj. W. from G; meprrauBdvew Ald,
* Plin. 21. 56,
8
’
ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, VI. 1. 2-4 ©
leaf, somewhat like that of the olive; the leaf of
the black is like that of the tamarisk! and fleshy;
the white grows more on the ground and is scented,
while the black is scentless. In both the root, which
runs deep, is large (and the branches which divide at
the ground level are numerous thick and woody),
and the root is also very woody.? It is also very
tough, wherefore it is used for binding and to put
round things, like the withy. It grows and flowers
after the autumnal equinox, and remains in flower a
long time.
4 Of marjoram the black form is barren, the whine
bears fruit. ° There is a black and a white thyme,
and it flowers very freely: it is in bloom about the
summer solstice. It is from this flower that the bee
gets the honey, and by it ® beekeepers say that it is
made known whether they have a good yield of
honey or not ; for, if the thyme flowers abundantly,’
_ they have a good yield, but the bloom is injured or
even destroyed if it is rained upon.
Savory, and still more marjoram, has a conspicuous
fruitful seed, but in thyme it is not easy to find,
being somehow mixed up with the flower; for men
sow the flower and plants come up from it. ® This
plant is sought and obtained by those in Athens who
wish to export such herbs. But it has a peculiarity
as compared both with similar plants and with most
others, namely the kind of region which it affects °
they say that it can not be grown or become
5 Plin. 21. 56 and 154.
€ rovTw conj. Sch.; rovro Ald,
7 kad@s mBod.; &AAws UMVAId H.
8 Plin. 21. 57.
9 +b Kata tovs témovs conj. W.; Kal xara Tovs Tr. Ald.; rai
kara témous P,
9
fox)
THEOPHRASTUS
NapBaverv O7rou 1) avaTrvon Svixvetrat ” ATO THS
Oararrns: dz’ 0 ov’ év “Apkadia yiverau OvpBpa
dé kal dpiryavos Kal ta TolavTa TOANG Kal TON-
Aaxyov. TapaTda}ovov ovv 70 oupu.Baivoy TOUTO
Kal é7i Ths érdas' ovdé yap ovd éxelyn Soxel
Tplakociwy atadiiov and OarattTns émdve
pvecbar.
_2pdos dé Kal edeMapaxos diag épovew @oay
TO [ev Tjpepov TO 6€ yptov: AevorEpov yap TO
pvdRov TOU apaxou Kat €XNaTTOV kal avy unpote-
pov, TO 0€ Tob éhedua Paxov TPAXUTEpOD.
Avo 6é evn Kab TOU mpactov" TO pev yap exer
mo@des 70 pUrrov Kal adrov émixexaparyLevor,
ETL 6é Tas évytouas évdndovs apodpa Kal Babeias,
@ Kal ot pappaxoTm Arar XpOvrat mpos évia* TO
88 Srepov oTporyyuNoTEpov Kal aux pades opodpa,
cabarep TOU opakou, Kal Tas evTopLas apaupo-
Tépas exov Kal em iKeX apary LEVOV TTOV.
Kovutns dé TO pev dippev TO O€ Ofrv. d1a-
popas 5é Eyer Kabamep Ta GNAA TA OUTH Scau-
povpeva: TO pev yap Onru AemropuANOTE pov Kal
EvvertnKos paddov Kal To O6Xov édXaTTO?, 70
dé dppev petfov Te Kal TAX UKAVAOTEPOY Kal
TohvKOvOTE POV Kal TO puvrdov petfov Kal
ALTrAPwTEPOV exon, ére O€ TO avOos Lape po-
TEpov. Kaprropopa dé dupe TO O€ Ghov one
Braorte? Kal oyriavOet mept “Apxtovpov Kal per’
1 NauBdavew PAld.: lit. ‘ take hold,’ ef. 6. 2. 6; BrAaordaverv
conj. W.
2 oddkos conj. Sch.: opdxedos UMVP,Ald.; Plin, 22, 146
and 147,
Io
ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, VI. 1. 4-6
established 1 where a breeze from the sea does not
reach. This is why it does not grow in Arcadia,
while savory marjoram and such plants are common
in many parts. (A similar peculiarity is found in
the olive; for it appears that it likewise will not
grow more than three hundred furlongs from the
sea.)
The difference between sphakos* (sage) and
elelisphakos (salvia) is like that between cultivated and
wild ; for the leaf of sphakos® is smoother smaller
and less succulent, while that of elelisphakos is
rougher.®
There are also two kinds of horehound: one has a
narrow leaf with a more jagged edge, and the notches
are very conspicuous and deep, and this is the plant
used by druggists for certain purposes; the other has
a rounder ® leaf, which, like that of sphakos, is not at
all succulent; the notches are less conspicuous and
the edge less jagged.
Of konyza’ there is a ‘male’ and a ‘female’
kind, the differences between them being such as
are usual between forms so distinguished; the
‘female’ has slenderer leaves, is more compact, and
a smaller plant; the ‘male’ is larger, has thicker
stalks, is more branched, has larger glossier leaves,
and moreover the flower is more conspicuous. Both
bear fruit; the plant as a whole is late in growing
and in blooming; it blooms about the rising of |
3 gpdxov conj. Sch.; opaxéAov UMVP,Ald.
4 W. omits frrov before abxunpdrepor.
5 rpaxvtepoy conj. Seal. from G ; Bpaxvrepoy Ald. H.
@ ° orpoyyvAdrepov: cf. 1. 10. 4n.
7 See Index. Plin. 26. 58. cf. Nic. Ther. 875; Diosc.
3. 121,
HI
THEOPH RASTUS
‘A pxrobpov Aap Paver. Bapeta &é 4 oom) TOU
dippevos, » O€ THS Onretas Spimvtépa, Ov 0 Kal
Tpos TA Onpia xXpnotun.
avTa pep ovv Kal Ta TolavTa @amep S1a-
pépovra. mad é ada povoetds) TUyxXavorTa
Kab TOV TpoTepov elpnuévor Kat Erepa rapa TadTa’
TAELw yap éoTL.
To 6€ vapOnx@des, Kal yap Kat todTo Tov
Ppuvyavix@v, TorAras TepieiAndev idéas: év ois
Tp@Tov wvIrép TOU KowWov Tact exréon, vmep
vapOncos Te Kal vapOnkias, elre TO avTo yévos
early apotv Svapépov 6é Kara Kevebos, el TE
kal érepov @OTEP TUWves hacw. 7 5’ ov dhavepa
puats app oiv oLola Téa Kara TO péyeBos- 0
pev yap va pnt yiverau peyas opodpa n 6€
vapOnkia piKpad. ovoKavra & duper Kal yova-
THON, ah ov Ta Te PVANA BraGTAaVEL Kat KAUNOL
TIVES puLK pot’ Praoraver oe Taparrag Ta purra:
eyo b€ Taparrak 6 6Tt OUK €K TOU aUTOU pépous
TOV yovarov arr’ évarra€& Tepe pora, dé Tov
KAaVXOV 7 TONY, Kadamep Ta TOD Kardon, ™ayy
amokekMipéva TATA paddrov S1a THY padaKo-
TNTA Kal TO _eyeBos: péeya yap TO purdov Kal
panakov Kal mova xL0ES, Gare Eivat oxedov
T pix a@des” eel be peyota Ta KaTw TpOS THY
yay Kal ael Kara Aoyov. avOos &é parwwoeves
apuaupov, KapTrov Sé Tmapopoltoy TO avnbw mrAHY
1 AauBdve: Ald.; adpvve: conj. W. But ef. the somewhat
similar use 6, 2. 4.
2 contra bestiarum morsus Plin, l.c.
3 Plin. 13. 132 and 133.
4 The form of expression in the repeated trép seems loose,
12
ae
ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, VI. 1. 6-8
Arcturus and is full grown! after his setting.
The smell of the ‘male’ plant is strong, but that of
the ‘ female’ more pungent ; wherefore both of them
are of use against wild beasts.?
These plants then and others like them have, as
it were, different forms. Again there are some
which have but one form both among those already
mentioned and others as well;; for there are numerous
plants of this class.
’ The class of ferula-like plants (for this too belongs
to the under-shrubs) comprises many kinds: here
we must first speak of the characteristic which is
common to all, including ferula itself+ (narthex) and
narthekia, whether they both belong to the same
kind and differ only in size, or whether, as some say,
they are distinct. ‘The obvious character of both is
alike, except as to size; for narthex grows very tall,
while narthekia is a small plant. Each of them has a
single stalk, which is jointed; from this spring the
leaves and some small stalks; the leaves come
alternately—by which I mean that they do not
spring from the same part of the joint, but in
alternating rows. For a considerable distance they
embrace the stalk, like the leaves of the reed, but
they turn back from it more owing to their softness —
and their size; for the leaf is large soft and much
divided, so that it is almost hair-like ; the largest
leaves are the lowest ones next the ground, and so
on in proportion. The flower is quince-yellow® and
inconspicuous, the fruit ® like dill, but larger.’ The
and above éy ofs is hardly satisfactory. Sch. suspects
corruption.
5 undwoedes: cf. 7. 3. 1.
§ duavpdy, kapmov d¢ conj. Sch.; duavpdcaproy Ald.
7 wel(w conj. Sch.3 pwetCoy Ald.
13
THEOPHRASTUS
peifw. €& axpov dé oyiferar Kal éyer Tivas ov
peyadous Kavrovs: évtad0a 6é TO Te advOos
Kal 0 Kaptos. exer dé Kal avOos Kal Kaprrov
Kal év Tois mapaxavrtifovar ou’ brov, Kabarep
TO avnOov. émetetoKavAov é, Kal » BXdoTN-
avs TOU pos Tp@Tov pev TOV PUAN@V érELTA
Tov Kavdov, Kabarep TOV adrwv. pilav Oé exer
Babeiav, gore dé povoppifov. 06 pév ody vapOné
TOLOUTOS.
Tov & addr\wv Ta pév omoLoTepa TOUTm TOV
Kavrov exe <Kotdov>, Kaarrep 6 wavdparyopas Kal
TO K@vELoV Kat 0 é€rEBopos Kal 0 avOépiKos: TA
& olov évvevpoxavra Tvyxavet, KabdTep apabov
pvopovoy Ta Guota TovTOLS. idtos 5é 6 KapTrOs TOD
pavopayopou TO MéXas TE Kal Paywdns Kal oivwdns
elVaLT@ YULO.
III. Meyiotat b€ xal idvotatar dices TE
Tov olApiov Kal 7 TOV Tatvpou év AiyiTTo:
vapOnkwoon yap Kat tadtd éotw: brép wv tod
pev Tamtvpov mpotepov elmomev ev Tois évvdpa.s,
umép Oatépou S€ viv NexTéov.
To &€ ciddiov exer pifav pev moArAAnY Kal
maxetav, Tov b€ KavdAdvy HArLKoV vapOnE, ayedov
Sé Kal TO TaYEL TapatAHcLOV, TO bé HUAXOV, O
Kadoval paoTreTOV, Gwolov TO GErLV@' OTréppa
1 xotAov add. W.
2 See Index: the stalk is specially in question here.
3 of.6.1.4n. éexvevpdcavaa P,Ald., ef. éeAevxos, ‘ whitish’;
évveupdxavaa conj. Sch. as in 6. 1. 4; but ofoy indicates the
coinage of a fresh term. xévewov seems to be placed in the
wrong list.
4 Plin. 25. 147-150 describes mandragoras, but his descrip-
tion is not taken from T. cf. Diosc. 4. 75, where three kinds
14
ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, VI. u. 8-m. 1
plant divides at the top and has some small branches,
on which grow the flower and the fruit. It also
bears flowers and fruit on the side-stalks all the way
up, like dill. The stalk only lasts a year, and the
growth takes place in spring, the leaves growing
first and then the stem, as with other plants. It
roots deep and has but a single root. Such is the
ferula.
Of the others some to a certain extent resemble
ferula, that is, in having a hollow stem!; for instance
* deadly nightshade hemlock hellebore asphodel ?:
Wille “coins have a stem more or less, as it were,
consisting of fibre,? as fennel aconite and others like
these. The fruit of deadly nightshade * is peculiar
in being black and like a grape and like wine in
taste.
Of certain specially important spineless under-shrubs—silphium
and magydaris—belonging to ferula-like plants.
III. Most important and peculiar in their characters
are the silphium and papyrus of Egypt. These too
come under the class of ferula-like plants ; of these
we have spoken® of the papyrus already under . the
head of plants living in water; of the other we have
now to speak.
6The silphium has a great deal of thick root;
its stalk is like ferula in size, and is nearly as
thick ; the leaf, which they call maspeton, is like
celery: it has a broad fruit, which is leaf-like,
of uavdpaydpas are described; there being only two known
species of mandragora, the third may be atropa Belladonna ;
and to this plant may also refer an interpolated sentence in
Diose. 4. 73 (&vO0s . . . orapvany).
5 4.8.3 and4. Papyrus is loosely classed with ferula-like
plants, as it has not a hollow stem. § Plin. 19. 42-45.
T5
7 CH, |.
i)
THEOPHRASTUS
& €vet wAaTv, olov purr0d0es, TO evyopevov pur-
dov. emeTevoxavrov 6 éorty, OoTEp a) vapOné.
dua pev ovy TO Hoe TO pedomerov TOUTO adinow, 6
xadaiper ra mpoBata Kal TAX uel ood pa Kal Ta
Kpéa Oavpacra Tove TH nooviy” pera d€ tadta
Kavnon, <ov> éobier Bau mavra TpoTov ep Oov
OmTTOV, cabaipery 6¢ Kal TovTOV dact Ta oopata
TeTTApaKoVTa HLepass. Orrov be Out TOV EXEls TOV
pep aro TOU kavdod TOV 6€ amo THS pions, ov
) Kadovar TOV peer KavAtav Tov 6 prfiav. n O€
pia TOV pdovov eXel pérava, Kal ToUTOV TreEpt-
arpodow. éoTe be OoTEp péTarha TOV putoro-
pov avrots, e& @v om da ov ay Sox ovpdéperv
TapLevopLevot 7 pos Tas TOMAS Kal TO ‘mpotmdpxov
TEuVOUo LW” ovx é&eote y4p ouTe Tapare ver
ouTE eto TOV TETAYHEVOD™ Kal yap diapOei-
peTat Kal onTETaL TO dpyov éav ypovity. KAaTEp-
yalovrar dé ayorvTes eis TOV _Tlerpara Tovoe TOV
TpoTov" Orav Barwor eis aryyeta Kal devpa
pi€wor, cetovor x povov cuXvOr, d0ev Kal TO
Xpopa AapBdver Kal épyacber a donnTov mn Oua-
HEVEL. TA MeV OD KATA THY Epyaciav Kal TO“nY
oUTws Evel.
‘Torov dé modu érexes THs AtBuns mrelw
yap dacw i) TeTpaKtox! Aba oTddia’ TretaTta O€
ryiverOat mepl THV oupTw avo TOV Eveorepidor.
idcov O€ TO hevyew THY épyafoudvny Kal del
ovvepyavouérns Kal curvnpepoupévns eEavaxywpely,
oiov mudd. Td Aey. conj. W.; PvAA. ofoy Td Aey. Ald. H.
” 2 have added by.
3 wéradAa U; uwérpa Ald.; ? év werdrAdros pérpa,
4 of. 9. 1. 7; Diosc. 3. 80.
16
—. ee
ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, VI. m1. 1-3
as it were,! and is called the phyllon. _ The stalk
lasts only a year, like that of ferula. Now in
spring it sends up this maspelon, which purges sheep
and greatly fattens them, and makes their flesh
wonderfully delicious ; after that it sends up a stalk,
which ? is eaten, it is said, in all ways, boiled and
roast, and this too, they say, purges the body in
forty days. It has two kinds of juice, one from the
stalk and one from the root; wherefore the one is
called ‘stalk-juice, the other ‘root-juice.’ The
root has a black bark, which is stripped off. They
have regulations, like those in use in mines,’ for
cutting the root, in accordance with which they fix
carefully the proper amount to be cut, having regard
to previous cuttings and the supply of the plant.
For it is not allowed to cut it wrong nor to cut more
than the appointed amount; for, if the juice is kept
and not used, it goes bad and decays. When they are
conveying it to Peiraeus, they deal with it thus 4 :—
having put it in vessels and mixed meal with it, they
shake it for a considerable time, and from. this
process it gets its colour, and this treatment® makes
it thenceforward keep without decaying. Such
are the facts in regard to the cutting and treatment.
~ The plant is found over a wide tract of Libya, for
a distance,® they say, of more than four thousand
furlongs, but it is most abundant’ near the Syrtis,
starting from the Euesperides islands. It is a
peculiarity of it that it avoids cultivated ground, and,
as the land is brought under cultivation and tamed,
5 épyacbev: ekopyacdev conj. Salm.; from Plin. /.¢., argu-
mentum erat maturitatis color siccilasque sudore finito.
8 of. Strabo 2. 5. 20; 17. 3. 20: Scyl. Periplus, Libya.
7 wreiora conj. W.; wAelova U; Ta mAsiova MAIA.; yiverOat
conj. W.; yevéo@ar Ald.
17
VOL, Il. Cc
THEOPHRASTUS
as ov SeopLévov O7jov Ott Oepatreias adX’ dvTOS
aryptou. ghaci 8 of Kupnvaior pavivat TO otn-
pov éreot Tm poTepoy 7) avbrol THY TONY @enoay
eT Ta" oiKxodor dé pddiota Tepl Tpiakocia els
Lereovidny a dpxovra AOnvyow.
Oi peev obv oUT@ Aéyovow. ol be ToD oudpiou
TY piav pact yiver@ar mxXvaiav i) HK PO pelt.
TAUTHY dé é ew él Tob péoou kepadyy, 0 Kal.
HeTE@poTaTov éoTe Kal oyedor vmép is, Kanel-
a0at dé yara: €& hs 67 hvecOar peta TadTa Kal
Tov Kavrov, éx Sé TovToV payvdaply TO Kal
KaNovpevov purrov" TOUTO S elvat omépua Kal
STaV VOTOS apm pos TVEVTD pera Kiva Stappin-
TeoOat, é& ot hvecOa TO oihgpuov. TO AUTO O€
ever Tip Te pitav yiver Oat Kal Tov Kavrov" ovbev
dé TodTo idtov, Kal yap ém addr, ei pH TOUTO
Néyouvat Ott EvOds hHveTas peta THY Ocappiw.
Kat ToOTO iScov Kal Sudhopov ToLS ™ pOTEpov, OTL
pact Seiy opuTrey erréTeLov éav 6¢ éa0n, péperv
bev TO onéppa Kal TOV Kanon, xetpeo 88 ylverOa
Kal TAVTA Kal THY pifav, opuTTopevas dé Bedrious
yiver Oat dua TO peraBarreo Gar Tay ynv. €vav-
Tiov 6é TovTO TO hevyeww THY épydotpov. éoOi-
erOar Kal Tas pitas Tporpatous KATATEMVOMEVvAS
eis O£0s. TO dé hvAXOY TH Xpold Ypvaoedes
A cf. Hat. 4. 158. 2 B.c. 310.
3 rabtny 8... 7d olAgpiov: text as restored conjecturally
by W., chiefly by alteration in the order of the words in Ald.
+ nareiaGar Be yada after pvecGa: in Ald.
5 In 6. 3. 7 this name is applied to a distinct plant. say.
7 Kal conj. Salm.; pay. cal 7d P,Ald.H. 6 of. 6. 3. 2.
7 rovto conj. Salm.; rovrov UMVAId.; rodrov P,.
18
ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, VI. m. 3-5
it retires, plainly shewing that it needs no tendance
but is a wild thing. The people of Cyrene say that
the silphium appeared! seven years before they
founded their city; now they had lived there for
about three hundred years before the archonship at
Athens of Simonides.*
Such is their account. Others however say that
the root of the silphium grows to the length of a
* cubit or a little longer, and in the middle of this is a
head,® which is the highest part and almost comes
above ground, and is called the ‘milk’,* from this
then presently grows the stalk, and from that the
magydaris,> which is also called the phyllon®; but it?
is really the seed, and, when a strong south wind
blows after the setting of the dog-star, it is scattered §
abroad and the silphium grows from it. The root
and the stalk grow in the same year; nor is this a
singular feature—unless they mean that it grows
immediately after the dispersal? of the seed—since
the same thing occurs with other! plants also.
There is this singular statement, which is incon-
sistent with what was said above, that, it is said, it
is necessary to dig the ground eyery year, and that,
if it be left alone, it bears! the seed and the stalk,
but these are inferior and so is the root; on the
other hand, that with digging they are improved
because the soil is changed. (This is inconsistent
with the statement that silphium avoids cultivated
land.) They add that the roots are cut up into
vinegar and eaten fresh, and that the leafis of a golden
8 Siapplrrec Oat conj. Sch.; diapplrrerar Ald.; Siappimretra: U ;
Siappimrnrat M.
9 Sidppipiv conj. Sch.; dipupiv UM; expupw Ald.
0 é’ &AAwy conj. W.; Tay &AAwv Ald. H.
1 uty conj. Sch.; wav Ald,
‘3
~THEOPHRASTUS
6 elvat. évavtiov Sé Kal TO pH KabaipecOar Ta
mpoBata To hvdXov écOiovta: haci yap Kal Tod
Hpos Kal TOV yEeLtma@vos els dpos adiévat, véwerOat
5é€ TodTO Te Kal ETepov Guotov a8poTove: Oeppav-
> x aA 3 \ / A >
Tuna © audw Soxet eivas kal KadBapow pév ov
moveiv, avaknpaivey 5é Kal cuptrértew éav O€ TL
vooodv h Kakas éxov eicéXOn tpoBaror, byidbe-
/ xX > , id > > \ \ \
bat taxéws 7) aTroOvncKe, @s 8 eri TO Todv
cotecOar paddov. Ttadta pév oTrotépws exet
OKETTTEOD.
7 ‘H 8 xarovpévn paytdapis érepov éote Tov
airdiov pavoTtepoy Te Kal rrov Spiyv Kal Tov
’ \ > + / vi @ \ lal v a
omrov ovK exer Siddnros S€ ott Kal TH drvreu Tots
éurretpois. ryiverar dé mepl Yuplav Kal ovK év
/ a \ \ \ > A 7 vy
Kupyvy pact oe KaL €v 7 Hapvacip opel
TodAnv: éviot 6€ ciAdiov TodTO KadovdaL. Et OE
cA
pevyet THY Epyadoimov waoTEp TO ciddiov oKeET-
téov, @cavTas O€ Kal et TL Gpotoyv 7) TapaTAHCLOV
/ nr
éyes PUANOV TE Tépt Kal KavrOd, Kal Ee Gras
> / 4 lA \ \ 3 /
adinot tt. Saxpvov. THY péev ovV vapOnKwoy
\ eo \ 3 , / > nr 4
[cal dAws THY axavOadn] hvow év Tots ToLOvTOLS
Gewpnréov.
IV Ths 8 axavOixhs, émdpevov yap tovdto
’ a >’ \ / \ \ > a e \
eimrety, érrevdy Sinpyntas TO péev axavO@des bdws TO
dé dudddxavOov, b7ép Exatépov yYwpis exTéor,
1 cf. Arr. Anab. 3. 28. 6 and 7.
2 Artemisia camphorata: Index App. (24).
3 Plin. 19. 46; Diosc. 3. 94; Hesych. s.v.; Photius, Gloss.
a.v.; ef. 6. 3. 4n.
20
=
ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, VI. mt. sav. 1
colour. We have also the inconsistent statement
that sheep are not purged by eating the leaves; for
they say that in spring and in winter they are driven
into the hill-country, where! they feed on this and
on another plant? which is like southernwood ; both
these plants appear to be heating and not to cause
purging, but, on the contrary, to have a drying effect
and promote digestion. It is also said that, if a sheep
which is sick or in bad condition comes to that
district, it is quickly cured or else dies, but usually it
recovers. Which of these accounts is true is matter
for enquiry.
3The plant called magydaris is distinct from sil-
phium, being of later growth and less pungent,
and it does not produce the characteristic juice ;
experts can also easily distinguish it by its appear-
ance. It grows in Syria and not in Cyrene, and they
say that it is also abundant on Mount Parnassus, and
some call it silphium. Whether however, like sil-
phium, it avoids cultivated ground is matter for
enquiry, as also whether it has any resemblance or
likeness in leaf and stalk, and, in general, whether
it produces a juice. In these examples we may
consider the class of ferula-like plants [and, in
general, that of spinous plants.*]
Of spinous under-shrubs and their differences.
IV. Taking next the class of spinous plants (for
we must next speak of them), we have already dis-
tinguished® those which are altogether spinous and
those which have. spinous leaves, and now we must
4 kod... dxav0e5n. These words occur only in U: they
cannot belong here. Note that 7d uév dxavOGdes SAws occurs
just below. ©6.' 1, 3.
2I
i=)
THEOPHRASTUS
\ , Py \ a \ \ \ ” 6
Kal tpitov 62 mepl Tov Kal Tapa THyv axavOav
c
éxovTos PUANOVY, WaoTrEep 6 TE Héws Kal o TpiBoXros.
54 \ \ /
Kal ) KamTapis idvov Exet TO fq) Lovoy THY éx
TOV KavAOV axavoav Exe AAA Kal TO hvUAXOV
> , a \ / 0A =
érraxavoitov. Tav dé dunpnuévov eldd@v mrELaTOV
/ > \ / @ > / be e >] a
bev €oTe TO hvAAaKAVO OY, ELaYLTTOV OE WS ELTrELD
ee | A e/- \ 4 4 > ,
TO axavOades dros. Bpayvu yap Te wautray éotiv,
¢ > / \ \ : a F a s
woTrep EhéyOn, Kal oxedov ov pddtov NaBeiy Tapa
& As ‘
Te TOV Aodapayoy Kal TOY oKOpTroOV.
> / be a) > Q a \ > /
Apdotepa 0€ TavTa avlet peta tonpepiav
e n
hOwoTrwpiwyy. oO “ev oKopTrios év TO capKwdet
TO €moidovvtTs TH UTO TO AKpov THS axavOns
54 \ + > > a \ \ c b)
éxwv TO avOos €& apyijs wév NevKov Vortepov 6
“ , ¢ \ 3 , > , \
éritroppupifov. o d€ achdpayos éxpivwy Tapa
Tas axavOas Kopuva@des pixpov, éx TovTou bé éoTt
/ e \ z
TO avOos pixpov. o O€ cKoprios movoppitov Kal
4 € \ /
Babvppifov, 0 Sé aoddpayos Babdppitov te eb
4 an al
para Kal trodvppifov tuxvais tais pitas, doTe
TO Gvw avuvexés eivat avTav, ad od Kal ai
Bracthces avTav ToV KavrAov: avaBXacTdveL
\ lel > an A
dé 0 KavdOs Ex THs achapayias TOD Hpos Kat
edadip0s éotiw: €i8’ ovTws amoTpayvveTa Kal
fol - / an
éEaxavOodTat mpoiovons THs BOpas: 1) dé avOnous
/ a
ovK €k TOVTOV Lovo GANA Kal eK TOV TpOTEpoY:
,
ov yap émeTevoKavrov €or. TA Mev OV OAWS
/
axav0edn ToravTny Twa ever hvowr.
Tav dé ¢udXraxdvOav TO TrEloTOY yévos ws
—— ee
1 géws conj. St.; prews Ald. cf. 6. 1. 3.
‘2.0 4.3; * Plin, 21. 913 22. 39,
22
ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, VI. rv, 1-3
speak of each of these classes separately, and also, in
the third place, of those which have leaves as well
as their spines, such as pheos! and caltrop. More-
over caper has the peculiarity of possessing not only
spines on its stems but also a spinous leaf. Of the
classes thus distinguished that with spinous leaves
is the largest, while that which is altogether spinous
is about the smallest. It is indeed, as was said, a
very small class, and it would not be easy to find
examples of such plants besides asparagus and
skorpios.”
3 Both of these flower after the autumnal equinox.
Skorpios produces its flower in the fleshy swelling +
below the top ® of the spinous twig ; at first it is white,
but afterwards it becomes purplish. Asparagus pro-
duces alongside of the spines a small knob, and from
this grows the flower, which is of small size. Skorpios
has a single root which runs deep; asparagus roots
very deep and its roots are numerous and matted,
the upper part of them being in one piece,® and
from this the actual shoots spring. The stalk comes
up from the plant in spring and is edible; after-
wards, as the season advances, it acquires its rough
and spinous character’; the bloom appears not only
on this stalk, but on those of previous years, for the
stalk is not annual. Such is the character of
plants which are altogether spinous.
8 Of those which have spinous leaves the largest
class, one may say, consists of those plants which
4 eroidodvr: conj. Scal.; erwdodvT: U; eomodotvt: MAId.
5 +b &kpov conj. Scal.; 7d &kparov UMAId.; rijs axdvOns om.
Seal.
6 7.e.tuberous. cf.Col. 11. 3.43; Pall. 3. 24. 8; 4. 9. 11.
7 éfaxavOovTa conj. Link. ap. Sch.; ékavOoira: UM; étav-
Getra: Ald, 8 Plin. 21. 94,
23
~
THEOPHRASTUS
aTAOS elmeiy dxavades Tuy aver eyo dé 70
axavades, 6 OTL 70 Kuna Kal év @ TO avdos 7) Kal o
KapTos dxavos i) axavades TAaVTOV eal. Duago-
pay dé exe év éavT@ Kal peryeber Kab TXPATL
Kal XpoOmare Kal TrjOee Kal OmyOTNTL TOV aKay-
Oav cal tov adrAov. Fw yap Or YOv Tavu,
Kabdrep tod atpoviiou te Kal TOD coyKoU Kal el
TVOY éTépaor, TH Aouma mavra @S elmety TOLAUTHV
ever THV puow: érel Kab o coryKos THY ye pvow
axavOady éxyer, TO O€ OT EPHATUKOY ovxX Golo"
av\rAa Ta ye TOLAdTAa TavTA olov dxopva NEVK-
axav0a xa dxeos KVI}KOS TohvaKavOos aT paKxTums
ovoTruEos iSivn Xamarreov" ™ayy ovTOS ov duAd-
dxavOos, oxdrvpos Oé, ds Kal AEetmwvia, dudAr-
adxavlos’ Kat TAXA, TAELW yap éoTL. Stadhépovert
& adda ov 7 pos Tots elpnyevots TO Ta pev TONU-
Kavra eivat Kal arrodbces € evel, @omrep 0 aKxavos,
Ta bé povoxavra Kal pay eye, WoTrEp 0 KVIKOS,
évia 8 avobev éyew é& dxpov, kaOdtep TO pUTpos.
Kal Ta. ev evOds. Tols T POT OLS veTots Bhat dvew
Ta Oo Dorepor, évia O€ Kat Tod Oépovs, & OomEp Kab y
TeTpaneé vir TUVOY Kadouperyn Kat D) b&ivn: Kal
éml TOV avOav opotws: ovriavOns yap 0 oKOAUpOS
Kal éml ToAvY Xpovor.
1 éxav@des mBas.; axavOa@des Ald. cf. 1. 13. 3, where
&xav@des is restored by W.’s certain conj.
2 axavedes con}. Sch.; axavOades Ald.H.; acanaceum G.
3 &kavos } axav@des Ald.; &xavOos } a&xavOGdes mBas. v.
supra.
4 dynos conj. Sch.; xvjxos Ald. The correction seems
necessary in view of 6. 4. 8.
5 &xopva conj. Sch.; &eapyva Ald. ef. Plin. J/.c.
8 ds kal Aemwria I conj.; Kal Aetuwvia conj. Scal, from
24
a
ENQUIRY INTO .PLANTS, VI. tv. 3-4
are thistle-like,! by which? I mean that the swollen
part, that part which contains the flower, or, it may
be, the fruit, is in all cases a thistle-head,? or has
that appearance. However there are differences in
the ‘head’ itself, in size shape colour number of
spines and in other respects. For, apart from quite
a few plants, such as soap-wort sow-thistle and
possibly some others, nearly all the rest have this
character (even sow-thistle * has a spinous character,
but its seed-process is different). The list includes
all the following: «akorna® milk-thistle shalkeios
saflower polyakanthos distaff-thistle onopyxos izxine
_ chamaeleon (the last-named, however, has not spinous
leaves, though golden thistle, which is also called
‘meadow-thistle,’ ® has’), and so on, for there are
many more. ‘These differ from one another not only
in the aforesaid ways, but in that some of them
have many stalks and side-growths, like the pine-
thistle, while some have a single stalk and no side-
growths, like the safflower, and some again have
out-growths above from the top of the plant, like
the globe-thistle.* Again some grow directly the
‘first rains come, others at a later time, some again in
summer, as the plant which some call yellow star-
thistle, and zzine.° So too !° the flowering-time differs :
golden thistle blooms late and is in bloom for a
long time. °
Plin. 22. 863; #AvAemwvia UM,; jAvAcmwria M,Ald. kad
Aeytwvla conj. W. But Aemevia is not mentioned again in
the following description, which is against its being a
distinct plant from oxéAvpos.
7 pvrAdAdkavOos I conj.; gvAAdcav0a MSS.
8 juTpos: rhutrum G ; but Plin. /.c. has eryngen.
*'Plin. 22.23. 10 kal émt conj. Sch.; «al m ém) Ald. H.
1 étiav0hs conj. Bod, from Plin. d.c. floret sero et diu;
evav0)s Ald. :
alg 25
5
THEOPHRASTUS
Avadopat S& Tav pév aKkavev ov« eict, THs
xyyikov © eloiv: 4 pev yap aypia % 8 ipepos.
ths © aypias dvo eldn, TO mev mpoceudhepes ao-
Spa re Hep Tv evOvKavdOTEpov, év 3 Kal
mynvians éviar TOV apyaiwy éyp@VTO yuvaLKOr.
KapTrov Oé exer wédava Kal péyav Kal TuKpoVv. 4)
& érépa daceia Kal Tovs Kavrovs Eyer coyKw@dets,
@oTE TPOTOY TLVa éTrUyELOKAaUAOS yiveTat Sia yap
HaAaAKOTHTA TOV KAVAMY KATAKAIVETAL TPOS TAS
apovpas: Kaptrov © éyeu pixpov Twywvos’ oTeEp-
patodes Tacalr, TAY perloor Kal TuKVOTEpOLS
ai dypiat. idvov dé Eyer Tpos TA Aa aypiar Ta
bev yap okAnpoTepa Kal axavOwbéctepa ToY
Hugpov, avTy S€ wadaKwTépa Kal NeLoTépa.
‘H & dkopva mpoceudepns ws ards eizeiv
KATA THY TpOTOWLY TH KYNK® TH Huepw, XpOpma
8 éri€avOov éye Kal yudOv ALTTAapOV. aTpaKTU-
Als S€ Tus Kareltar Kal NevKoTépa TOUTMV: idLoV
dé eyes TO Tepl TO PUAXO?, Ste abatpovpevoy Kal
Th capkl mpoadepdpevov aipataedn Tote? Tov.
xurov, dv’ & Kal povov éviot KaODoL THY axavOav |
ravTnv: eve 6€ Kal THY OopHny Sewviyy Kal povedn:
owe O€ kal TedeLot Toy KapTroVv mpos TO peETO-
1 dxdvwv Ald.; axapvav mBas,; axavov or axdpyns conj. Sch.,
the plural being awkward.
2 wnvtors conj. R. Const.; orAnvelois U; omdnviocs MAId ;
colu G and Plin. l.c.; ¢f. Diose. 3. 107.
3 goyxédes: Plin. /.c. seems to have read dyxdders (torosiore
caule).
4 «avaay conj. Scal. from Plin. 1.c.; @vAAwy Ald.
eer conj. Spr. from Plin. /.c. (minutum semen) ; mixpdy
8 xéywvos: omepuarwdes Ald,: soU, butarwywvos, and M, but
20
ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, VI. tv. 5-6
Pine-thistle! has but one kind, but there are
different kinds of safflower, the wild and the culti-
vated. Again of the wild kind there are two
forms, one very like the cultivated except that the
stalk is straighter ; wherefore in ancient times women
sometimes used it to make distaffs.? It has a fruit:
which is black large and bitter. The other is leafy,
and its stalks are like those of the sow-thistle,? so
that to some extent it comes to have a prostrate
stem; for on account of the softness of the stalks 4
it bends down towards the ground; and it has a
small® fruit, which is bearded. All the forms pro-
duce abundant seed,° but it is larger’ and more
crowded in the wild forms. This kind has also a
peculiarity as compared with other wild plants ; these
are usually coarser and more spinous than the culti-
vated forms, but in this plant the wild form is softer
and smoother.
The akorna resembles in a general way in appear-
ance the cultivated saflower, but has a yellowish
colour and a sticky juice. There is also a plant
called distaff-thistle, which is whiter than these. <A
peculiarity of the leaf of this is that, if it is stripped
off and applied to the flesh, the contact makes the
juice blood-coloured,® wherefore some call this kind
of spinous plant ‘ blood-wort’ ; also it has an abomin-
able smell, like that of blood ; it matures its fruit late,
mwyovos: G. has fructum amarum (see last note) frequentem
barbaeque modo hirsutum gignit: sunt ambo seminosa. W.
conj. twywvoonepuata 8 eiot maou, which is not convincing.
I have retained the corrupt text and translate in the light
of G.
7 welCoor: sc. oméppacit, but cmepuardbders cannot be right.
8 xvddv add. St.; om. Ald.; succo pingui G3; pinguiore succo
Plin. /.c. 9 of.9. 1.1. Plin. 21. 95,
27
THEOPHRASTUS
TOpOV. To 8 6Xov ws amas eimey amraca 1)
AKAVLKN) puors opixapTos. dmavra dé Tatra
puerar Kal amo Tov OT EPLATOS Kal amo Tis
pins, OTE Bpaxty TWA yiver Oar TOV ava pécov
Xpovov Tips expivoews TE Kal THS TOV oméppaTos
TENELWT EWS.
Tod cxorvpou Sé ovx OTL TovTO povov iStov, 6 ore
THY pifav edad pov exer Kal EfOnv Kat apurpy,
GXrXa Kal OTL TOTE apia Thy dtav avon al OTe
oKANpUvopLEDN adinaw Omron, idtov O€ Kal TO THs
avOnoews érel mepl TpoT as.
Zapxa@dys dé Kal ed@d.os 1 H) Tod cOyKou: ” be
KONTIS ovK axavodys GNXNA TpounKNs avTOd" Kal
TovT idiov povov exer TeV pudr\aKdvOov avT-
eo T pappevens oO Naparreov- O pev yap apurn-
dxav0os @v axavicet. ynpaoKov 6é 70 avOos
exam TovTal, Kkabamep TO Tis ananns Kal TO THS
pupixns Kal boa Taparhynova ToUTOLS. Tapako-
ovbet bé péx pl Tov Gépous TO pev Kvovv TO be
avOobv 70 dé oméppa TiKTor, pucpay ixpasa Kab
KEVT pov exov" Enpawvopevov 5é 70 PvAXOv Siayei-
Tat Kal OVKETL KEVTEL.
‘H igivy dé pverat Mev ov TOA OD, prlopun-
Nov 6é ear. amo O€ THS piEns péons 0 omep-
MaTLKOS akavos émuTépuKEv, OoTEP prov ev
axaviky conj. Bod., cf. 6, 4. 4. nn.; akavOny Ald.
cf. Hes. Op. 582.
odyKov conj. C. Hoffmann ; dyxou Ald.
Kbnots: 1.€. flower-head. cf. xinua 6. 4. 3; Plin. 21. 94.
axavedns conj. Scal.; axavOddns Ald. cf. 6. ‘4. 3mn.
cf. 6. 4. 3. T.’s information seems to be incorrect, as
an p © ©
28
ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, VI, tv. 6-9
towards autumn. Indeed, generally speaking, all
plants like the thistle-tribe ! are late fruiting. All
these plants grow both from seed and from the root,
so that there is but a short period between the
beginning of growth and the maturing of the seed.
Golden thistle has not only this peculiarity, that
it has a root which is edible, whether boiled or raw,
but the root is best when the plant is in flower, and,
as it becomes hard, it produces a juice. The flowering
time ? is also peculiar, about the solstice.
The root of the sow-thistle® is also fleshy and
edible ; but the swollen part‘ is elongated and not
thistle-like®; and, alone of the spinous-leaved plants,
_it has this peculiarity, in which it is the reverse of
the chamaeleon,® (for that plant, though it has not
spinous leaves, has a thistle-like flower-head). The
flower of the sow-thistle, as it ages, turns into down,
as do that of the dandelion’ the tamarisk § and other
plants like these. In its growth® there is a succes-
sion up to the summer, part forming flowers, part
flowering, and part producing seed!°; this !! has little
moisture in it and has a sharp point. The leaf, as it
dries, becomes flaccid and no longer pricks.
Ixine does not grow in many places, and it has
leaves on the root. From the middle of the root
grows the seed-bearing thistle-head, which is like
both of the plants which he calls xauarAéwy (see Index) have
spinous leaves.
7 a@xdxns conj. Sch., cf. 7. 8. 3; mamvns U; damdvns P;
ddgvns Ald.
§ wuplens conj. Sch.; uvplyns M ; mupptyns Ald.
9 cf. Plin. /.c.
10 omépua tiktrov I conj.; omépparos piv Ald.H.; ozep-
potéxouy conj. Sch.
11 Text perhaps defective.
29
10
1l
THEOPHRASTUS
/ 5) , ee a , e
MaXa ETLKEKPUELpEVOY UTO THY PvANwV" OUTOS
dé éml tod adxpov héper ZO Saxpvov evatopor,
n \ a
Kal TOUTO éoTW 1) aKkavOiKn pacTiyn. Tav-
\ a an
Ta pev ovv Kal Ta ToOLadTAa TravTayod axedov
éoTiv.
‘H 6€ KaKTos Kadovupévyn rept Sxedav povov,
) a ¢ / \ > ” ] \ x
év TH “EdAddt 5 otK Eotw. idiov Sé Tapa
s \ / b] / \ > \ > \ a
TaAXa TO huTov: adinat yap evOds amo THs
c/s \ > / \ \ / »”
pitns Kavrovs émuyetovs, TO 6é€ PvAXOV exer
TAaATY Kal akavO@des: KaXodaL b€ TOVS KaUAOUS
ToUTovs KaKTOUS ed@dspor Sé Eliot TEpLAETTOMEVOL
puxpov émimiKkpot, Kal Onoavpifovaw avtous év
aN. 3
: \ b] \ / a
"Etepov 6€ kavdov opOdv adinow, dv Kadodor
mrépvika’ yivetar S€ Kat ovTos ed@dip0s THY
\
aOnoatvpiotos. TO O€ TEpiKdpTioy, ev & TO
\ \ \ n
oméppa, THY mev popdnv aKkavades, apapeOev-
Tov O€ TaY TanT@d@V oTrepuadTwov edwdipov
a \ na a
Kal TovTO Kal éudepes TH TOD oiviKos éy-
Kebadrw Karovo. 6€ avTo cKadiav. TH pev
ovv gudd\dKkav0a oKxeTTéov év TovavTais 8d1a-
dopats.
\
V. Ta &€ Kat wapa tHv axavOav éxovta
@UAAOV, Olov TA ToLlavTa héws Ov@Vis TaVTa-
dovaa TpiBoros immopews pudKavlos .... TE
, \ \ UA 4 a
opodpa Kal TO pvdAdov Exel GapK@des* ToOAv-
1 §rd conj. Sch.; ém) Ald.; Plin. dc. malum contectum sua
fronde. 2 £f, Oekid. 3 of. Plin. 12. 72.
4 Plin. 21. 97; Athen. 2, 83.
5 gAard add. Scal. from Athen. U.c., cf. Plin. 1.c.; om.
Ald.H. The ‘stems’ are the petioles of the leaves.
6 axav@des conj. Sch.; axavOGdes Ald,
39
ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, VI. tv. 9-v. i
an apple and well hidden by! the leaves ; this on its
head produces its gum,? which is pleasant to the -
taste, and this is the ‘thorn-mastich.’ ® These
plants and others like them are found almost
everywhere.
4 But the plant called saktos (cardoon) grows only
in Sicily, and not in Hellas. It is a plant quite
different from any other ; for it sends up straight from
the root stems which creep on the ground, and its
leaf is broad® and spinous: these stems are called
kaktoi; they are edible, if peeled, and are slightly
bitter, and men preserve them in brine.
There is another kind which sends up an erect
stem, called the pterniz. This too is edible, but can-
not be preserved. The fruit-vessel, which contains
the seed, is in shape like a thistle-head®: and when
the downy seeds are taken off, this too is edible and
resembles the ‘ brain’? of the palm ; and it is called
skalias.§ Such are the different characteristics in
the light of which we may observe the spinous-
leaved plants.
V. Examples of plants which have leaves as well
as spines are pheos® rest-harrow star-thistle caltrop
‘ horse-pheos’ 1° (spurge) butcher’s broom™ . . . ,!?
and it has a fleshy leaf: it is much divided and has
7 4.e. ‘cabbage.’ cf. 2. 6. 2.
8 ascaliam Plin. l.c.3 &oxdAnpov Athen. /.c. Modern Greek
oxddnpa. English ‘bottom.’ See Index «dros (2),
® géws conj. St,; pdcws Ald. of. 6. 1. 3.
RK: as oe conj. Salm., cf. 6. 5.25; inwédpvoy Ald. ef. Plin.
11 Diose. 2. 125; Plin. 19. 151.
22 Text defective : the end of one sentence is missing and
the beginning of the next, containing the name of a plant.
G attaches the following description to géws. The plants
presently described do not correspond to this list.
31
THEOPHRASTUS
oxedes dé Kal rontpputor, ov paV Kara Babous
‘ye Tas pitas éyov. Brac raver dé dua TT herdou
LS)
Kal Tots TPOTOLS aporous al apinar TOTE 70
@UAXNov' ov yap éotiw éréTEtovy AAA YpoVie-
TEpOD.
To dé Tis KAT TAPLOS | ioLov, wWoTeEp ehéx9n,
mapa TavTa Kab yap TO pudrov émaxavOifov
EXEL Kal TOV KavXOD, ovx OO TEP 6 peas Kab
inmopews avacavOa TOUS pudrous: poovoppiCov
dé Kal émiryetov Kab Napatcavrov" Brac raver
d€ Kal wei Tod Gépous Kat diapéver TO HvAXOV
XAw pov axpu TTA evddos. Xaiper dé Upappors
Kab Nem Toyetous Xwptors® eyeTar 5é ws év tots
épyactpous ov Géneu pvecbat, Kal TavTa mept Ta
adorn Kal év evryelous TOTFOLS propery Kat ovx
OomeEp aiddiov év opetvots TovTO ev <odV> ov
TavTos arnbés.
‘O 6é TptBonros iovov eXEl, duoTe TeplKcapTt-
dxavOos éott. Sto & avtod yévn* TO pev yap
exel pvAXov EpsBud bes, & Etepos dé pudraKavOos:
emriyeor O€ aupe Kal Toaxh oxlopevor’ ope
Praoris dé pardov 0 pudrraKcavlos Kal puerta
Tept Tas avhas. TO O€ oméppa TOU bev, mpwiov
onoapides, 70d b¢ oxpiou oTporyyurov émipenav
év 08d. Kal Ta pev ovv mapa Ta PvAXNA Kal
dxavOav eXovTa oxedov €v TOUTOLS.
‘H o dveovis éott mTopOaxavOov: éréretov O¢
TO @UVAXOV EXEL THYyAVodEes TapaTredUKOS Tap’
1 &pdrots conj. Bod.; a&pérpas Ald. ef. 8. 1. 2.
2 rére conj. St.; rodro Ald. 3 cf. Pall. 10. 13. 2.
4 6 péws conj. St.; dpews Ald. Bas.Cam.H.; 6 prAevs mBas.
§ Plin, 21.°91.
32
ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, VI. v. 1-3
many roots, but is not deep-rooting. It grows at the
rising of the Pleiad, the first seed-time,' and then #
puts forth its leaf; for it is not annual, but lives
longer than one year.
8 Caper, as was said, is quite distinct from these ;
it has a spinous leaf and a spinous stem, whereas
pheos* and ‘horse-pheos’ have no spines on their
leaves®; it has a single ® root, is low-growing,’ and
has a creeping stem ; it grows and flowers in summer,
and the leaf remains green till the rising of the
Pleiad. It rejoices in sandy light soils, and it is said
that it‘is unwilling to grow on cultivated land, and
that though it grows near towns and in good soil,
and not, like silphium, in mountain country. This
account however ® is not altogether accurate.
®A peculiarity of caltrop is that it is spinous-
fruited.1° There are two kinds; one has a leaf like
that of chick-pea, the other has spinous leaves.
Both are low-growing and much divided, but the
spinous-leaved form grows later and is found near
enclosures. The seed of the early kind is like that
of sesame, that of the late kind is round and blackish
and enclosed in a pod. These may serve as examples
of plants which have spines as well as leaves.!4
12 Rest-harrow has spines on the shoots; the leaf,
which is annual,!* is like that of rue, and grows right
along the stem, so that the general appearance is
$ Diosc. 2. ig gives a different account.
7 | Ae 7. 8.
8 ody add. W. (in comm.) from G.
® Plin. 21.98. of. 6.1.3,
11 +a wey ody mapa Ta PYAAG Conj. Sch. (ody add. W.); 7d ey
obv domep avapuddAa Ald. H. 12 Plin, 21. 98.
13 T have altered the punctuation ; rrop@dnavOov, éréresov 5é-
7) >. TA. W. after UMP.
33
VOL, IL. D
—
THEOPHRASTUS
v4 \ , oA / / A
OXOV TOV KAaVAOV, WOTE Kkalatrep atepavouv THV
OAnv elvat popdnv, SiartapBavopevwv émadd1-
ov: KoroBoavlys dé Kal éAXd0BoKapTos adia-
Pac 2 / ,
ppdxtws pvetar & év tH yrtoxpa Kal yavader
kal pddtota év TH oTopiw Kal yewpyoupuern,
db’ 0 Kal Todéutov Tois yewpyoiss Kal éott
r \ ‘ val
duva@AO pos’ Stav yap AdBn yopas Babos, we? -
Tat KaTw evOds Kal Kal’ Exactov éTos atrodicets
> 7 ? \ / / ? \ A
abewevn els TA TraYIA TradW Els TO ETEpOV
@bcital KdTw: aoTactéa pev ovv GAy‘, TOUTO
/ n a
bé Bpaxetons yivetat THs ys Kal amodduTat
en 3\ \ \ \ > 0 a $-5 N s
pdov: éav b€ Kal puxpov azrorerpOh, aro TovToU
/ / ba \ A /
mad Bractaverr apxetat 5é€ Tis BLaotHocews
Pépous TerevodTat 5€ peToT@pov. Ta pev ovr
aypia Tov ppvyavikay éx TovTeV Dewpcicba.
VI. Ta dé juepa Bpayeiay tia éyer Oewpiar,
amep €v Tos cTehavw@patiKots €oTL.
Ta be fal <4 f \ /
Ta 5€ xa? drov reipatéov Tepl cTehavwpatov
a n \
eiteiv, OTws Atay TwepiknpOH To yévos. 1 yap
\ 4 PANE A \ »” 4
otepavapatixyn gvais idiay twa exer Taku,
emupuyvupern O€ Ta pev Tots PpvyaviKxols Ta Sé
Tois mowwdecu' Ot 0 KaKEelva cupTEpiAnTrTéoV
/
ETLULLVNOKOMEVOUS WS ay 7 O KaLpos, ap~apévous
mTp@Ttov ato Tov dpvyavixav. diy dé 7) TovTwY
1 Evidently some conventional way of making a wreath.
2 SiarkauBavonévwev emadrdAnaAwy conj. W.; diadrdauBavouéerny bx’
&AAhAwy Ald. cf. Plat. Prot. 346 B, where the verb means
‘to punctuate.’
3 KodoSoavbys ; cf. 8. 3. 3.
34
ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, VI. v. 3—v1. 2
that of a garland,! the leaves being set at intervals
alternately along it 2; the flower is irregular,’ and the
fruit contained in a pod,‘ which is not divided into
compartments.° It grows in sticky rich soil and
especially in sown and cultivated land; wherefore it
is an enemy to husbandmen, and it is hard to kill;
for, when it gets hold of a piece of ground, it im-
mediately pushes its roots down deep,® and every
year it sends up new growths at the sides and the
next year’ it roots these again. Wherefore it has to
be dragged up entire®; this is done when the ground
has been moistened, and then it is easier to destroy.
But, if but a small piece is left, it shoots again from
this. It begins to grow in summer and completes its
growth in autumn. Let these examples serve for
a survey of the wild forms of under-shrubs.
Of cultivated under-shrubs (coronary plants), with which are
included those coronary plants which are herbaceous.
VI. The cultivated kinds need but a brief survey ;
these ® come under the class of coronary plants.
Of coronary plants we must endeavour to give a
general account, so that the whole class may be
included. This group has a semewhat peculiar
position, since it overlaps partly the under-shrubs,
partly the herbaceous plants; wherefore the latter
must also be included and we must mention them
as occasion serves, taking first the under-shrubs.
éAAoBexapmos conj. Sch.; éAAoBodvéns Ald.
cf. 8. 5. 2.
@0eira: KadTw Cconj. Sch.; a6? ra Kdrw Ald.
eis TO Erepov, Sc. Eros ; TP Etépw conj. Sch.
oractéa wev obv bAn Con). W.; ocrabeioa wey ofrws 8An Ald.
dep conj. Sch.; e%rep UMAIA.G.
oon an
35
p 2
THEOPHRASTUS
/
Suaipecis ) KATA THY KXpEiav. TOV pev yap TO
, 4
avOos movov Ypnotmov' Kal TOUTMY TO MeV EVOT MOD,
ef 7 \ > + ef / ,
@oTEp lov, TOS avoopov, WBaoTrEp StocavOos Pro€.
Tov 6€ Kal of KXOVES Kal Ta PUAXA Kal bros
e a 4 bd e Us e /
" Taca divas evoopmos, olov épTUAXNOU éEdevioU
“4 n 7 + \ /
cicupBpiov Tav add\ov. audw Sé dpvyaviKd.
> / a b] a a e /
Kakelvov TOV avOiKoav TOAAa@Y 7 hvats dpvya-
voons, 7 bev eTéTELOS OvTA povov, 7 dé ToAv-
/ \ ? , an /
YpoviwTépa, TAnY Lwvias THS peraivns' avTy
yap akr\wv brXws adrAA TpoapLfopuAdos Kal dei-
durdos, ws Sé tives hace kal dvvapévyn Sv 6rov
ba \ /
héperv TO avOos, éav TpoT@ Tiwi OepaTrevynrat.
TovTo mev idiov av Exot.
n ” a a §
Tov dé dd\Xov padrov S€ Tov TavTwY ai pev
¢/ \ \ a} , > /
bra. wophal oyeddov tact havepai: ei dé twas
” > , 4 7 / c
anXas iduoTnTAaS €XOovol, TAUTAS AEKTEOD, olov €t
\ \ e la} a a) 4 s \ \ »
Ta bev aTAG Soxel Tols eideow elvar Ta SE Exe
dvadhopds.
a \
‘ATAGa pev ody ta EvAwdn, KaOdTEp EoTTUANOS
4 e, / \ > \ \ ” \ x
cicvpBpiov éEdéviovy TAY ef TA pev Aypla Ta Oe
Hepa Kal <Ta pev> evoopa TA O€ doo moTeEpa EoTL:
toutwy 6é Kal ai Oepamreiat Kal at y@par bia-
hopot Kai oi aépes. Evia O€ Kal THY avr, olov
\ / x” > \ »” a fal \
TO péXav tov: ov yap éyew Soxel TovTO Siaphopav
1 Plin. 21. 59.
2 So Plin. /.c.; but Nic. ap. Athen. 15. 31 calls this flower
fragrant.
3 roAA@v conj. W.; moAAa UMAId.
4 ofoy ei conj. W.; 87: Ald. 5 ody conj. W.; ciov Ald.
36
ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, VI. v1. 2-3
1These may be divided into two groups according
to their uses. Of some only the flower is service-
able; and of these some are sweet-scented, as
gilliflower, some scentless, as carnation? and wall-
flower. Of others again the branches leaves and in
fact the whole growth are sweet-scented, as with
tufted thyme calamint bergamot-mint and the rest.
Both groups however belong to the under-shrubs.
And of the first-mentioned, those valued for their
flowers, the growth is in most 3 cases that of under-
shrubs, (in some annual merely, in others of longer
duration) except in the violet; for this is altogether
without branches, its leaves grow close to the root,
and it is always in leaf; while, as some say, it is
able to bear flowers continuously, if it is tended in a
certain way. This may be considered a peculiar
characteristic of this plant.
Of the others, or rather of all the group, the
general appearance is in each case plain to all;
any peculiarities that they may exhibit we must
mention, for instance, if* some appear to have but
a single form, while others have various forms.
Thus ® those of woody character, as tufted thyme
bergamot-mint calamint, have but one form, un-
less one counts wild and cultivated, scented and
scentless plants, as belonging to distinct forms ;
and again there are with these plants differences
of culture of position and of climate. Some also ®
of the group valued for their flowers’ have each
but one form, for instance, the black zon (violet) ;
for this does not appear to have different forms
6 Za d€ kal conj. W.; gor 5 UMAId.
7 @v@av in the sense of dv@inav § 2, which perhaps should
be read here. .
37
or
THEOPHRASTUS
ov ‘ / > ‘ \ e rs \
@omep TO NEUKOY Euhavns yap TovTwY xYpoLa
5 , Ni Ie 67; A ¢€ aA ,
laXraTTOVEA, KAL ETL ON MAaAOY H TAY KpiVw?, -
v / / , »” \ as
elmep 57, Ka@drep paciv, éma Kal Tophupa éott.
Téav d& pddmv morral Siahopal mrAHOE Te
4 \ > U4 \ / \ UG
PUAAWY KAL OALYOTHTL KALTPAYUTHTL KAL NELOTHTL
/ nr
Kal evypoia Kal evocpia. Ta wey yap TreEioTA
\ \
mevtapurnra, Ta O€ Swdexdguarra Kal ecxocidurra,
. ow » ~ a G , , ”
Ta & ETL TOAA@ TAELOV UTTEpaipovTa TOUTwWY" evia
yap elval hac & Kal Kadodow EéExatovtadurAXra:
al \ \ n / > \ /
mreiata b€ TA ToOLAavTAa é€oTL Tept Didimovs:
ovToL yap ANapBavortes €x TOD Ilayyaiov dutev-
ovo. éxet yap yiverar TONKA opikpa bé odddpa
\ 5] \ 4 e \ ” > a ?
Ta evTos pudrNa 9H yap Eexhvals avTa@Y oOUTwWS
ef S \ \ 5) \ \ 2799 U4 > ” :
@oTE clval Ta péev EKTOS TA O EVTOS* OUK EYOTA
\ »>O\ , “ / > \ a /
dé ovde peydda Tols peyéBeow. év dé TOis peya-
a \
ols EvHdN padroV oY Tpayd TO KadTw. TO é
e/ e re Oy 4 eee? BA Sere ? /
OXov, MaTrEp EXEXON, Kai 1) EVYpOLa Kal H EvOT La
, fal
Tapa TOVS TOTOUS eoTiV’ éTEl Kal TA EV YR TH
avuTH yiwopeva Toles Twa Tapadrdayny evoopias
\ » / > / \ Xe sf >
Kat aoopias. evoopotata dé ta év Kupiyn, &
aA \ \ 4 v4 e lal be \ a y
0 Kab TO pvpoy HoroTov. amos 56 Kal TOV tov
‘ Oe + > n 7 , > cal
Kat TOV GdAr\wv avOdv aKkpaTot padtota éxetOr
1 cf. 6. 8. 1 n.; Diose. 3. 102.
2 Plin. 21. 14-21; Athen. 15. 29.
3 i.e. of the bark. ef. Plin. 21. 17, scabritia corticis.
4 Se. in ‘double’ roses. -
5 i.e. the hip; called dugmados Arist. Probl. 12. 8, where
the same statement is made; called ujAov below, § 6.
33
ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, VI. vi. 3-5
like the white ion (gilliflower) in which the colour
evidently varies; as does still more that of the
lilies, if it be true, as some say, that there is a
crimson kind.!
2 Among roses there are many differences, in
the number of petals, in roughness,? in beauty
of colour, and in sweetness of scent. Most have
five petals, but some have twelve or twenty, and
some a great many more than these; for there
are some, they say, which are even called ‘ hundred-
petalled.’ Most of such roses grow near Philippi ;
for the people of that place get them on Mount
Pangaeus, where they are abundant, and plant
them. However the inner petals+ are very small,
(the way in which they are produced being such
that some are outside, some inside). Some kinds
are not fragrant nor of large size. Among those
which have large flowers those in which the part
below the flower is rough are the more fragrant.
In general, as has been said, good colour and scent
depend upon locality; for even bushes which are
growing in the same® soil shew some variation in
the presence or absence of a sweet scent. Sweetest-
scented of all are the roses of Cyrene, wherefore
the perfume made from these is the sweetest.
(Indeed it may be said generally that the scents?
of the gilliflowers® also and of the other flowers
of that place are the purest, and especially the
8 rh abrq conj. Sch.; Tory U; rowira M.
7 &xparo uddwra exetOe af Sopat conj. Sch. after Saracenus
on Diose. 1. 25; Athen. l.c. (&kparo: pddAwora Kal Beta ai
dopal) ; &Kparot udmuore ® exelvov ai doual Ald.; exe? af dcua)
(rest uncertain) U. ef. CP. 6. 18. 3.
8 ? violets and gilliflowers: see Index.
39
o
«J
ie 2)
THEOPHRASTUS
ai dopat, StadbepovTws Sé Tod KpoKoU* TEiaTOV
yap ovTOS Soxet TApanraT rel. puerta bev obv
2) podovia Kal €k TOU oT épwaros: éxer 5€ Ud TO
avios év TO wHr(@ KnKa@des 7) 7) axavaces, € éyov Oé
TWa xvoby bore eyes elval TOV TaTTwOOV
CTEPUaTwOV* OU pany ANNA ba TO Bpadéws Tapa-
yiver Oat KATAKOT-TOVTES, @S ehex On, TOV Kavdov
puTevovow. emexavopern oe Kal em eTEMVOMEV)
BéXr10v pépes TO avOos: e@pen yap eEavferar
Kal aTroox poor at. def 5é Kal petapuTevery
TOANAKLS’ Kab yap obT@ pact KaddMov yiver Ba
TO pocov. ai & drypraw Tpaxvrepar Kal Tats
paBoors Kal Tots purrors, éte 5€ avOos aypov-
oTEpoy éyovot Kal €haTToOV.
To d€ tov ro péhav Tob Aevicod Suadéper KaTa
Te dd\Aa Kal Kay’ avTHY THV ioviar, OTL TAATU-
purr,0s Te Kal eyyeropurros Kal capKodvaAnds
éoTl, TONNHD éxouea piSav.
Ta 6€ xpiva TH pep xpord THY elpnpevny exer
dtaopav. povoKxavha 6¢ €oTL @S éml may,
Suxavnel dé aTavios: Taxa d€ TovTO xepas ral
dépos Svapopas. Kal exao Tov dé KavAOV OTE pev
éy Kpivoy OTe O€ Treto yiverau’ Bracraver yap
TO ax pov" OT AVLOT Epa 6é Tavta: pitay bé ext
ToAAnVY capKoon Kal oTpoyyvAnY: Oo € KapTros
1 Siapepdvtws 5€ Tod xpoxov conj. Saracenus from Athen.
l.c.; Siapepdvrws 8h rod xpdvov Ald. cf Callim. Hymn to
Apollo 83, whence it appears that an autumnal crocus (crocus
sativus) is meant. See below § 10.
2 &xavdbdes conj. Sch. from G, acanaceum ; av0ades UMAId.
3 ramrmwdav conj. Sch.; mparov Ald,
4 Phin, 21. 27.
40
ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, VI. v1. 5-8
scent of the saffron-crocus,! a plant which seems to
vary in this respect more than any other). Roses can
be grown from seed, which is to be found below the
flower in the ‘apple,’ and is like that of safflower
or pine-thistle,? but it has a sort of fluff, so that it
is not unlike the seeds which have a pappus.? As
however the plant comes slowly from seed, they
make cuttings of the stem, as has been said, and
plant them. If the bush is burnt or cut over, it bears
better flowers ; for, if left to itself, it grows luxuriantly
and makes too much wood. Also it has to be often
transplanted; for then, they say, the roses are
improved. The wild kinds are rougher both in
stem and in leaf, and have also smaller flowers of a
duller colour.
*The black zon (violet) differs from the white
ion (gilliflower) not only in other respects but in
the plant itself, in that in the former the leaves
are broad, lie close to the ground, and are fleshy, and
there is much root.
5 Krina (lilies) shew the variation in colour which
has been already mentioned. The plant has in
general a single stem, but occasionally divides
into two, which may be due to differences’ in position
and climate. On each stem grows sometimes one
flower, but sometimes more; (for it is the top of
the stem which produces the flower*) but this
sort is less common. ‘There is an ample root, which |
is fleshy and round. If the fruit is taken off, it
5 Plin. 21. 25. The account of herbaceous ae ee plants
seems to begin here. cf. 6. 6. 10. 8 6
7 Siapopas U; Siapopa W. after Sch.
8 Braoraver. But this word in T. has usualky a more
general sense. ? ‘for in that case the top of the stem
branches’ (lit. ‘ makes fresh growth’),
41
10
THEOPHRASTUS
adatpovpevos éxBractdver Kal arodidwor To
, \ A a bé ,
kpivov TMyv EXaTTOV. TroLel Oé TLvVa Kal Saxpvwdy
cuppony, iv Kal puTEevovoly, WoTeEp ElTroper.
‘;O de / Xx ».' , ¢ \ \ a
é vadpKiaaos 7) TO AElpLOV, OL eV Yap TOUTO
e ’ > lal . a \ \ - TU A a /
oi & éxeivo Kadovaot, TO pev ETL TH YH PUAXOV
aapodenwbes ever, TAaTUTEpoV Sé Tov, KaDaTrEp
e / \ \ \ ” \ 36
» Kptvwvia, Tov 6€ KavAov apvrAdov péev TOwdY
\ b > »” \ BA \ > e / \
dé cat é& dxpov ro avOos, cai év buen TivI
/ > 5] , \ / iy / \
Kabatrep ev ayyceiw <KapTov> péyav ev pada Kai
pédava TH Xpord ox wate S€ mpounKkyn. ovTos d
extintov toi Brkdotnow avTowatov’ ov pay
> \ \ / 4 \ \ ce;
GXXG Kal ovrdEyoVTES THYyYVOVGL Kal THY pifaVv
dutevovaw. éyer pitav capnadn oTpoyywrmv
peyddny. oypiov dé opodpa peta yap Apktodpov
» avOnows Kal Tept tonueptav.
‘O dé Kpoxos mowdns ev TH pvoet, KaOdtrep Kal
a \ / a \ \ 4
Tadta, TAnY PIAAW GTEVO, TXEdOV Yap WaTrEp
Tpixopurrov éativ: oriavbes Sé aopodpa kai
> \ BY ” / e / /
oyiBra0Tés 7) TewiavOes, oTrOTEpwS TLS NawSdvor
tiv @pav' <peta> redda yap avéet Kal driyas
€ / Wen) S ied lal 4 \ \ ”
nméepas: evlus apa T@ hvdAdAgWw Kal TO avOos
> a a \ \ / He \ \ \
abet Soxet € Kal mpotepov: pila O€ MOAN? Kal
gapxwons, Kal TO 6dov evSwov: ide SE Kal
mateicOat Kal yivetar KadXNwv KataTprBomervns
1 of. 2.2.1 n., 9.14; C.P. 1.4.4-6. Plin. 21. 26 describes
a method of artificially producing crimson lilies from the
bulbils of a white lily. ef. Geop. 11. 20.
2 ef. 6.8. land 3. See Index. 8 of. 7. 13. 1,
4 rowdy: cf. 4. 10. 3.
42
ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, VI. vi. 8-10
germinates and produces a fresh plant, but of
smaller size; the plant also produces a sort of
tear-like exudation, which men also plant, as we
have said.
The narcissus? or /eirion (for some call it by the
one name, some by the other) has its ground-leaves
like those of the asphodel,? but much _ broader,
like those of the krinon (lily); its stem is leafless
and grass-green* and bears the flower at the top;
the fruit® is in a kind of membrane-like vessel,
and is very large, black in colour, and oblong in
shape. ‘This as it falls germinates of its own accord ;
however men collect and set® the seed, and also
plant the root, which is fleshy round and large. The
plant blooms very late,’ after the setting of Arcturus
about the equinox.
8 The saffron-crocus is herbaceous in character, like
the above-mentioned plants,? but has a narrow leaf ;
indeed the leaves are, as it were, hair-like; it
blooms very late, and grows either late or early,
according as one looks at the season '°; for it blooms
after}! the rising of the Pleiad and only for a few
days. It pushes up the flower at once with the
leaf, or even seems to do so earlier. The root}?
is large and fleshy, and the whole’ plant vigorous ;
it loves even to be trodden on and grows fairer
when the root is crushed into the ground by the
5 kaprov omitted in MSS.; add. Dalec. from Diose. 4. 158.
6 anyviover: cf. 7. 4. 3n.
7 ef. C.P. 1. 10. 5; Plin. lc. (a much confused passage).
8 Plin. 21. 31-34.
9 Sc. xpivoy and vapriogos ; cf. 6. 6. 8 n.
10 7,.e, whether at the end of one season or the beginning of
the next. cf. C.P. 1,10. 5. AapBdvor U; AauBave: Ald.
1 yera add. W. 12 cf. 7. 9. 4.
43
is)
THEOPHRASTUS
TAT@ THS piSns- du) 3 Kal Tapa Tas 0dovs Kal év
Tois Kpotntois KdddoTos. % Sé gduTeia azo
plens.
Taira fev ovv obT@ yevvarat. Ta, & ddXa
avOn Ta ™ poeupnweva. TavTa amet peTat, olov
leovia Siocavbos ipvov proé 7) ME pOKAANES” Kal
yap aura Kal al pitar Evhoders- OTELpeTaL be
Kal 7 oivav0n: Kai yap Kal ToUTO avO@6des. Ta
pev_ovv avOina oxedov év TovTOLs Kal Tots OpotoLs
AnRTEéov.
VII. Ta & erepa mavTa pe avbet kal oTep-
popopet, Soxet dé ov mavTa dia TO By pavepov
eival TWOY TOV KapT ov" érel Kal Td advOos
évioy apau pov: arn’ OTe Bpadéos Kal yaXeTro-
TEPOS Taparyiverat, TH pureig Xpavrat fLanXop,
aoTep éhex On) Kal KaT apxas. Kaitou dsaret-
vovtal Tives @S OUK EXOVT@D KapTov" of Te
memerpac Oat pdcxovres nat TOUT@V etoty, avTol
yap Enpavat TOAAAKLS Kal amor pinyat Kal ometpat,
Kab ovderoTrore Brac reiv ovTe EpmuAXoy ovTE
éhéviov ove Tur UB prov OUTE pivOay: merrerpaia Bat
yap Kal Tavrys. ann’ ums €xelvo arn bea repor,
) Te TOV aypiov duos é€miyaptupel Kal yap
epTuhnos EOTLV drypLos, Ov xopilovTes €K TOV
opav gutevovet Kal év YKvoV Kal "AOnvyow € éK
Tob ‘Tyunrrod: map dAdo oe dhos 6pn tAHnpn
kal Aopor, KaOatrep év TH Opdkn: Kai cvcvpBprov
1 adr conj. Turneb. and others; xdrw Ald.
2 xporntots: Plin. l.c. tuata semitas ac fontes. Did he read
Kpovvots ?
3 av0ixd conj. Scal.; &xavOina Ald. cf. 6. 6. 2.
4 GAX’ Br: conj. W. from G ; &AAa 5 UMPAId.
44
ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, VI. vi. 10o-vu. 2 .
foot!: wherefore it is fairest along the roads and in
well-worn places.?_ It is propagated from the root.
These are the ways then in which the above plants
are grown. All the above-mentioned flowers are
grown from seed, as gilliflower carnation spike-
lavender wall-flower martagon-lily; these plants
themselves, as. well as their roots, are woody.
Drop-wort is also grown from seed; for that too
is a plant grown for its flower. These and other
plants like them may serve as examples | of plants
grown for their flowers.®
VII. All the others flower and bear seed, though
they do not all appear to do so, since in some cases
the fruit is not obvious. Indeed in some the flower
too is inconspicuous, but, because * these grow slowly
and with some difficulty, men propagate them rather
by off-shoots, as was said at the beginning. How-
ever some contend that they have no fruit: and
there are men who have actually tried with the
following plants®; they have, they say, themselves
often dried and rubbed out and sown the apparent
fruit of thyme calamint bergamot-mint and green
mint (for even that they have tried) and there was
no germination from such sowing. However, the
account given above is the truer, and the character
of the wild forms testifies to this; for there is
also a wild thyme (Attic thyme ®), which they bring
from the mountains and plant at Sicyon, or from
Hymettus and plant at Athens; and in other
districts the mountains and hills’ are quite covered
with it, for instance in Thrace. There is also a
5 of re... eloly transposed by Sch.; in MSS. after aanéé-
OTEpov.
6 Plin. 19. 172; Athen. 15. 28,
- 7 Adpar conj. W.; témo: Ald.
45
oo
THEOPHRASTUS.
Sé Kal TadAXrXAa SpiuuTépay éxovTa THY dopnr
éoTuAdros 8 éviote Kai TravTehos Oupwdnss &
OfpAov OTL TAVTHY THY yeverw AapBaver.
A Bporovov dé Hadov amd oméppatos BXa-
or avel i) amo pitns Kal Tapacmdoos® VANET OS b¢
Kat amo oT EPMATOS” TE POLO X EVO [LEVOV <e> ép
OoTPaKoLs, GomEp ol ‘Adavibos KHTOL, TOD Oépous:
Sve puyov yap apodpa Kal OAWS émrixenpov Kal OTL
O Atos apodpa Adres: euBia@cav d€ Kal avenGev
péya Kal loyupov Kat devdpddes _OoTep TO m™ya-
vov, TAD Evdwdéotepov TONY TOTO Kal EnpoTepov
Kal avxypwdéoTEpor.
‘O 6€ audpaxos audhotépws Pvetat, Kai arro
Tapacmddos Kal amo OTE MATOS" TOAVOT Ep Lov
dé, Kal TO om éppa eVoopov damn pahaxortépa:
duvarat dé Kat peradutever ban. TONG TEP LOV 58
Kal 70 dBporovov Kat ovK doo pov. TOUTO d€ piSas
ev exe opOas Kal Kata Ba0ous. éatt yap OoTep
povopprSov TH TAX Elg tas 8 ddras <agpinow> an
auTns: o O dpapaKos Kal 0 epTrudNos Kal 70
oto vp SpLov ral TO €\évlov EmtTroAaious Kal
Todua x woes Kal Tappodets” Ev woes 6é TAO AL,
TONV O€ pardov » Tov aBpoTtovov Kat d1a TO
péyeOos kal TH Enpornte.
1 évlore conj. W.; évfos Ald.
2 Plin. 21. 57. Description of various forms of EpmudAos
has perhaps dropped out after this word: cf. § 5, ra@dmep
€A€x On.
3 7.¢. from seed. tadrnv con]. W.; mdvtra UMAId.; ? tava
TavTn Vv.
3 Plin, 21. 34: ef. C.P. 1.4.2. aBpdrovov .. . bépous, text
nearly as given by Ald. and by UM (?) supported by Plin.
40
ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, VI. vu. 2-4
wild bergamot-mint, and wild forms of the other
plants mentioned, having a more pungent smell.
Thyme is sometimes! quite like cultivated thyme.’
Now it is plain that these wild forms possess _ this
means of reproducing themselves.®
Southernwood actually grows more readily from
seed than from a root‘ or a piece torn off (though
it grows even from seed with difficulty); however
- it can be propagated by layering in pots in summer-
time, like the ‘gardens of Adonis’®; it is indeed
very sensitive ® to cold and generally delicate even
where the sun shines brightly; but, when it is
established and has grown, it becomes tall and
strong and tree-like, like rue, except that the latter
is much more woody drier and less succulent.
7Sweet marjoram grows in either way, from pieces
torn off or from seed ; it produces a quantity of seed,
which is fragrant with a delicate scent; it can also
be transplanted. Southernwood also produces much
seed, which hassome scent. ‘This plant has straight
roots which run deep; it has, as it were, its single
stout root, from which the others spring;* while
sweet marjoram thyme bergamot-mint and calamint
have surface }° roots which are much divided and
matted ; in all these plants the roots are woody,
but especially in southernwood, because of its size
and because it is so dry.
l.c. so far as that passage is intelligible—but 5 before év
darpaxoas add. W.; after ey dorp. supply BAaotavei.
5 cf. Plat. Phaedo 2768 and Thompson’s n. Sir W,
Thiselton-Dyer in Companion to Greek Studies, § 99, p. 65.
6 of O.P. 4. 3. 2. 7 Plin. 21. 61.
8 wetapuTeverba conj. Sch. from G; wetadver@a: Ald.
9 adinow add. W.
10 éximoAatovs conj. Scal.; ém) woAAov’s MAld. cf. C.P. 2.
16. 5.
47
5
a
THEOPHRASTUS
Tod d€ épmtrrov idsos 7) avEnows 4 TOV Bra-
a > ¢c fa) ”
oTav Svvatar yap éf ocovody mpoiévar Kata
Kos Xdpaxa NaBov 7 pos aipaciav duTev-
/
Geis 7) Kato Kalléuevos: evav&éctatos 8é eis
/ 16 be n \ e / lal >
gpéap. eldn d€ Tov pev nuépov AaBeiy ovK
4 / 4 n \ > / \
éotlt, Kalarep €déxOn. Tov dé aypiov daciv
cival. Tov yap év Tots bpeowv TOV pev OupBpwdy
~ b
Tia Kal Spiyuvtatov Tov 6 evoopmoy eivat Kal
MANAKOTEpOV.
‘ol , ,
“Opa dé tis hutelas TAELTTwY pETOTMpoOL, ev
/ e an 4 > \ > >
aTevooval ws mpaTa puTeverv* ov pv arr
éyia Kal TOU Hpos puTevovolw. atavta PirocKia
kal dirvdpa kal diroxoTpa pwddiota: avypov Sé
- €
déyeTar Kal ddws oduyoudpoTatos oO EpTuAXos.
’ \ , 4 \ \ A Le] 7
KoTp@ O€ xaipet, wadioTa bé Kal TH TOV Nodod-
pov: pact dé Kai petaduteve deity ToddaKis:
c /
KaANw yap. TO é ctcvuBpLov, WoTrEp EhEXON, Kal
eElotatat wn peTapuTevopevov.
VIII. Tav & avOdv To wév Tp@tov éxhaivetac
\ fw iA \ € >\ / > \
TO NEVKOIOV, OTTOU MEV O ANP madaKwTEpOS EvOUS
a lal ,
Tov xXeLm“a@vos, Omrov dé aKkANpPOTEpOs LaTeEpor,
a a a t
éviaxod Tov Hpos. aya S€ TO im 7 puKpoV TL
e/ \ \ / 4 \ yw
VoTEpov Kal TO hrOYyLVOVY KaNOUVMEVOY TO aypLoV’
S"Se
1 of. Plin. 20. 245 and 246 (not frem T.); OP. 2. 18.2;
Diose. 3. 38; Index €pmuaAdos.
2 cf. Plin. 19. 172, which refers however to ciavuBpior ;
Nic. ap. Athen. 15. 31.
3 Plin, 21. 61.
48
ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, VI. vir. 5—vin. 1
1The growth of the shoots of thyme is peculiar.
If it has a stake, or is planted against a wall, it can
send them out to any length; so also if it is let grow
downwards; indeed it is most vigorous when grown
into a pit.? It is not possible to distinguish different
forms of the cultivated kind, as has been said, but
they say that of the wild kind (Attic thyme) there
is more than one form; for that of the kind which
grows on the mountains one form is like savory and
very pungent, while the other is fragrant and more
delicate.
8 The season for planting most of these is autumn,
and then men hasten to plant them as early as
possible; however some are planted also in spring.
All of them love shade, water, and especially dung ;
however thyme is patient of drought and, in general,
needs moisture less than the others. These plants
especially delight in the dung of beasts of burden ;
and it is said that they should often be transplanted,
for that it improves them, while bergamot-mint, as
has been said, actually degenerates® if it is not
transplanted.
Of the seasons at which coronary plants flower, and of the
length of their life.
VIII. ®Of the flowers the’ first to appear is the
gilliflower ; where the air is mild, it appears as soon
as winter comes, but, where it is more severe, later,
sometimes in spring. Along with the gilliflower, or
a little later, appears the flower called the wild wall-
4 piAdoxia conj. Scal. fromG; girolkia UMAId. ef. Plin. l.c.
5 etiorara: conj. Seal. from G, degenerat; e&fracrac MAId.
6 Plin. 21. 64-66; Athen. 15. 26 and 27. dyv@dv: ? in the
sense of av@ica@v, as in 6. 6. 3.
7 +d conj. Scal.; rod Ald.
49
VOL, IL. E
i]
oo
THEOPHRASTUS
Taita yap ov ot otehavntrAoKoL YpovTaL TOAD
EXT PEVEL Tov addr. peta O€ TadTa oO vap-
KLOaOS Kal TO AEiplov, <Kal TOV aypioy ave“o-
vns yévos TO KaXovpevov bpEetov,> Kal TO TOD
BorBod Kodvovr éumréxovat yap évor Kal TodTO
eis Tovs aotedavous. él Sé€ TovToIs 7 oivavOn
Kal TO péXav lov Kal TOV aypiwy 6 Te édeELO-
Xpucos Kal Ths avepovns Aerpoovia Kadou-
pevn Kat Oo Eigiov kal bdxwOos Kal axedov
Oaols aAXNOLS XpHOVTAL THY Opeiwy. TO é pPodov
totepes TovTwY Kal TedEUTAioy pev daiveTat,
7 P@TOV & amronhet met TOV €apwav* odLyoOXpoVia
yap » avOnots. orgsyoxpovia Oé Kal TOV ay-
plov Ta NoLTa TAH THS vaKivOov Kal THs aypias
Kal THs oTapTHs avTn 5é Svapéver Kal TO AevKOY
lov Kal ére TAELw TO pAroyLVOV* TO Sé O62) wéXar lor,
@omep eipntat, du’ évavTod Oepareias TUyxXavov.
moavtTws 6é Kal 7 oivavOn, Kal yap todTo avbu-
Kov pev To@bes O€ THY Hiow, édv TLS atroKvitn
Kal apaiph To avOos Kal pr €& orreppatodcPat
Kat éTt TOTOV EvEerLov Exn* TO Sé avO0s BoTpYadbes
Kal NevKOV KADaTEp THY aypiov .. . TadTa per
ovv wotrep capa haiveTat.
Ta dé Oepiva paddrov h TE AvxVIs Kal TO.
SuocavOos Kal TO Kpivov Kal TO ipvoy Kal o
1 Evidently both distinct from the vapxiocos } Aclpiov of
6. 6.9; 6.8 3. See Index.
2 «al trav... dpeov ins. Sch. from Athen, J.c. with
alteration of dpefwy to ayplarv. cf. Plin. /.c,
3 7.¢e. the flower of muscari, mentioned in this way because
elsewhere (e.g. 7. 12. 1) the edible root is in question, which
was properly called BoABés.
4 of. 9. 19. 3. 5 See Index.
5°
ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, VI. vit. 1-3
flower. These, of all the flowers that the garland-
makers use, far outrun the others. After these come
pheasant’s eye! and polyanthus! narcissus (and, among
wild plants, the kind of anemone which is called
the ‘mountain anemone ’)? and the ‘ head’ ’ of purse-
tassels; for this too some interweave in their gar-
lands. After these come dropwort violet, and of
wild plants, gold-flower,t the meadow kind of
anemone corn-flag hyakinthos (squill), and pretty
well all the mountain flowers that are used. The
rose comes last of these, and is the first of the
spring flowers to come to an end, as it is the first to
appear, for its time of blooming is short. So too is
that of the rest of the wild plants mentioned, except
hyakinthos,> the wild kind (squill), and also the culti-
vated (larkspur); this lasts on, and so does the gilli-
tiower, and for a still longer time the wallflower,
while the violet, as has been said,® blooms throughout
the year, if it receives tendance. So too dropwort?
(for that too is one of the plants valued for their
flowers, though it is herbaceous’ in character) if
one pinches off and removes the flower instead of
letting it go to seed, and if, further,’ it has a sunny
position. The flower is clustering and white, like
that of the wild... .° These then are, we may
say, the plants of spring.
‘The following belong rather to summer: rose-
campion carnation krinon!? (lily) spike-lavender and
° 6.6.2; cf. C.P. I; 13. 12. 7 of. 6. 6. 11.
8 mo@des: sense not obvious; evades conj. Dalec. cf. C.P.
1. 13. 12. 9 %rt conj. W.; 67s UMAId.
10 Ut labruscae oy perhaps a guess: see oivdv@n in Index.
11 Plin. 21, 67 and 68.
cf kplvov Sch. from Athen. [.c.: ; so also Plin, /.c.3 «hpi ov
Al
51
z 2
THEOPHRASTUS
apdpakos 6 Ppvytos: ett 5é 0 TOPOS KaXovpeEVOS"
ovtos © éoTi Surros, 0 pev eY@Vv TO avOos Gjwovov
7 baxivO, 0 o bé é érEpos aX pous AeuKos, o Xpav-
Tal rept Tous Tadous: Kab Xpovierrepos OUTOS.
avOet 5é Kai 7 ips TOU Oépous Kal TO oTpovdtov
KaNOUpEvov" TH pev ayes KaNOv TO avOos a doo pov
dé. peToT@pou be TO Aeiplov TO Erepov Kal 0
KpOKOs, 6 TE opeevos doopos Kal o Tjmepos evO0s
yap avOobar Tos Tpwrots vdact. Xpavrar b€ Kab
TOV ary plov TO THS OfvaKxavOov KapT@ Kal TO
av0e TO THS pidaxos.
Kat rais pév @pats oUTWS EXATTOV 1) yéveots.
@S be aTAOS Eltrety ovdElS Sadeimerar Xpovos
ove éotiw avavdys, ara Kal 0 NELMOV EXEL Kal-
ep ayovos Soxav eivar dia THV creeite TOV
peToT wpe peTarapBavovror, éav be 69 Kal
parakos 9, TOAAD adXov. aTROS yap TwavT 7)
7a TmoNNa Kal emekTeiveTat THS oixelas Gpas, Kal
éav 0 TOTOS EVELOS 7 Haddove du’ 0 Kal _Tuvexera
ryiveTat. Ypovor WEv OV ovTOL Kal MpaL KATA
TAS YEver es.
Bios d€ iwmvias ev THS Neves ern) padiora
Tpia* ynpacKkovea bé eMaTTOUTAL Kal ia AevKo-
TEpa peper. podwvias O€ 7évTE Ta T pos THY
akpnvy eTLK GOMES" xeLpo b€ Kal TAUTIS Ta
poda ynpacKovons. ™ pos evoo wiay dé Kal pode
Kal tov Kal TOV dAXwY avOdY péyLoTOY O TOTTOS
Be Ee i Ry S
2 ef. the Eng. plant-name ‘ love-in-absence’; see 2é@os in
Index.
3 AevKds. Exdevxos, ‘ whitish,’ Athen. /.c.
4 Evidently the vapxiocos # Aclouor of 6. 6. 9-5; cf. 6. 8. In.
52
ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, VI. vit. 3-5
the Phrygian sweet marjoram! ; also the plant called
‘regret, ? of which there are two kinds, one with a
flower like that of larkspur, the other not coloured
but white,? which is used at funerals; and this one
lasts longer. The iris also blooms in summer, and
the plant called soap-wort, which has a beautiful
flewer but is scentless. In autumn bloom the other
kind of narcissus,t the crocus, both the scentless
mountain form and the cultivated one (saffron-
crocus); for these bloom directly the first rains
come. The fruit® of the cotoneaster and the flower
of the smilax, both of them wild plants, are also
used in garlands.
Such are the seasons at which each appears ; and,
to speak generally, there is no interval of time nor
flowerless period, but even winter produces flowers,
for all that it seems to be unproductive by reason of
the eold, since the autumn flowers continue into
winter, and to a much greater extent if the season
be mild. For all things,® one may say, or at least
most of them, extend beyond their proper season,
and all the more if the place be sunny; so that there
is a centinuous succession. These then are the
periods and seasons at which the various flowers are
produced.
™The life of the gilliflower is at most three years;
as it ages it degenerates and produces paler flowers.®
A rose-bush lives five years, after which its prime?
is past, unless it is pruned by burning !°; with this
plant too the flowers become inferior as it ages.
Position and a suitable climate contribute most to
5 xaprg: Phin. /,c. apparently read &véeu.
6 ray’ 4 conj. St.; wdyrn Ald. H. 7 Plin, 21. 69,
8 fa canj. St.; aed Ald.
9 dxuhy con}. Seal.; derhy. Ald. 10 ‘of. 6. 6. 6.
53
THEOPHRASTUS
, \ € xv \ fd 3 n
oupBdarr€eTar Kal Oo anp mpos ExagTOV oiKElos:
> Ag 7 \ \ \ tAXKa wa > » \
év AiytmT@ yap Ta mev a vt adoopa Kal
/ e \ /
dv0n kal apopata, ai Sé€ puppivat Oavpactat
A a , a a
Th evocpia. mpoTepelv SE pact TaV éevTavfa Kal
e ca
ev Shae \ \ » BA \ , \
poda xai ia cal ta adda avOn Kal Siunve, Kai
Stauévery TACi@ TOV Tap Hiv 7 OvK éXATTw
xpovoy TadTa.
a \ \ \ > / / 4
Aoxe? &€ modv mpds evoopiav Siapépev, @oTEp
c a al
€éxOn, kal 0 éviavtds totos 7) Totes yevopevos,
, a nr
ov povov érrouBpias Kal avxpots adda Kal TO
Kata Katpov yivecOar kal data Kal TrevpaTta
Kal d@A@s TAS TOD dépos peTaBoras. ta Sé év
Trois Opec @ ATABS eivreiv Kal pdda Kat ta Kal Ta
drra <Karas pev avOciv> rH 5é doph morrga
\ a
xveipw yiver Bat. Kal Tepl pev TOV oTEehavo-
HaTLKOV Kal aTrABS TOV dovyaviKav ayxedov év
ral id /
TOUTOLS Kal TOS Opmolots éotiv 7) ioTOpia.
1 violets and gilliflowers ; so also below.
2 Plin. /.c.; of. C.P. 6. 18. 3.
8 %yvOm conj. St. from G ; dvavOy Ald. ef. C.P. 6. 19. 4.
4 Plin. 15. 37.
54
ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, VI. vut. 5-6
the fragrance of roses gilliflowers! and other flowers.
Thus in Egypt,? while all other flowers? and sweet
herbs are scentless, the myrtles* are marvellously
fragrant. In that country it is said that the roses
gilliflowers and other flowers are as much as two
months ahead of those in our country, and also that
they® last a longer, or at least not a shorter, time
than those of our country.
And, as has been said, the particular season ac-
cording to its character, makes a great difference to
the fragrance, not only by reason of rains and
droughts, but also according as rain, wind, and in
general, the changes of climate occur or do not occur
at the fitting moment. Also it appears that in
general roses gilliflowers and the rest bloom well on
the mountains, but many of them have there an
inferior scent.® Concerning coronary plants and
under-shrubs in general these examples and others
like them suffice for our enquiry.
5 radra conj. W.; tovrov Ald.
8 &vOn TH Gop wWoAA@ Ald.; &vOn TH 5 donq woAAKG UM,
whence Sch. and W. conj. that some such words as Kad@s wév
have dropped out and dyéeiy has been altered to &vén. cf.
C.P. 6. 20. 1.
55
ee ey
FOL BILE (¥
hp Sek ay _
Sash ay ie
wh
rf
é «
Uitte
» —. Fees “
hapa rs
PLB NA (adem adh
Co
athe tal
ar”
TUGBA OF
J * + #>
x) 2, ee
1 MAS
*«
“BROAD
je)
:
Oo
a
rious Wp
fie
H
:: ‘Enropevov dé Tots elpnpevous mept TOV TrOlo-
Sov eitre? TOTO yap core Aowtrov Tov €E apxis
diarpeDévtav yevav, év ® cupTrepiriapBavortai
a." lal a
TwS TO NaYaVNpOY Kal TO GLT@ES. Kal TP@TOV
mepl TOU haxaveodous ex Téov ap§apevous amo
TOV MHEPOY, rel yv@ptya paddov Tuyxaver TOV
aypiov.
Eiol 82 tpets dpoto: wdvtwy TaY KyTrEvOMEVO?,
év ols Exacta otreipovot Statpovvtes tais wpats.
@ \ 9 e / BA \ ec ,
€ig fev OUY O xELMEpLVOS, AdXAOS dé 6 Oepivos,
/ \ e \ 1d > e / A
tpitos 5é€ 6 petakd TovTw@Y pel HdLov TpOTAS
n 2
veimepivds. Karodor S ovtws ov mpos THY
\ / > \ \ \ / \
omopav Brérrovtes AANA POs THY Yéverw Kal
\
THY Xpelav ExdoTou: éTel ye omopa ayedov
éy toils évavtiow yivetat. TOU YeEtmepwod pév
yap apy peTa TpoTras Bepwas tod Merayert-
cal /
VL@VOS NVOS, €v © oTelpovat padpavoy padavida
/ a
yoyyvAioa kal Ta Kadovmeva éerrioTOpa: TadTa
& éoti tevtAL0v Opidaxivn ebf@pov Radtrafov
varru Kopiavvov avnOov xdpdamov' Kanovor Oé
1 of. C.P. 3. 20. 7 and 8.
58
~
BOOK VII
Or HERBACEOUS PLANTS, OTHER THAN CORONARY PLANTS:
PoT-HERBS AND SIMILAR WILD Hepxps.
Of the times of sowing and of germination of pot-herbs.
I. Next we have to tell of herbaceous plants: for
this class remains of those which we distinguished
at the outset, and it includes to some extent the
classes of pot-herbs and of cereals. And first we
must speak of the class of pot-herbs, beginning with
the cultivated kinds, since it happens that these are
better known than the wild kinds.
1 There are three seed-times for all things grown
in gardens, at which men sow the various herbs,
distinguishing by the season. One is the ‘ winter’
seed-time, another the ‘summer, and the third is
that which falls between these, coming after the
winter solstice. These terms however are given in
regard not to the sowing, but to the growth and use
of each kind; for the actual sowing takes place, one
might almost say, at the opposite seasons. Thus,
the ‘winter’ period begins after the summer?
solstice in the month Metageitnion,? in which they
sow cabbage radish turnip, and what are called
‘secondary crops,’ that is to say, beet lettuce rocket
monk’s rhubarb mustard coriander dill cress; and
2 Gepwas conj. Scal.; xewepwas U(?)MP,Ald.G (ed. Bas. and
Par. but not ed. Tarv.).
8 July. 5 before M, om. Sch,
59
THEOPHRASTUS
Kat mpa@tov todTov Tay aporov. tov Sé dev-
TEpou mad ped aaou Tporras Tou Dayndrdvos
Ives, év @ omelpovolt Kab myvuovar Tpdcov
o éXVvov ynOvov adpapakuv. Tov Tpitou 6é, 0 ov
Karodat Bepivor, TOU Mouvuyedvos: év ToUT@
dé omelpeTat oikvos KONOKUYTH Britov Cio Ov
avdpaxyn OvpBpor. TovobvTat de m)elous apo-
TOUS TOV omotwy Kab éxdoTny @pay, olov paga-
vidos « xi pou TOV GdArXwv. maar dé otrelpeTat Tos
apoTols Ta emia Topa.
Avadveras S ovK év tools TavTa Xpovors, anra
TA pev Oarrov Ta be Bpadvrepov boa duo gvi.
TaXLoTO pev ouv CIC MOV kal BriTov Kal evto-
pov kal TOV YELwLEepwav papavisy TpiTata yap
@S elmetv. OpSaxivar dé TeTapTaias 7) TeMTT-
aia. oiKvos bé Kal KodoKuvTn Tepr Tas TEVTE
y] e, ot 5€ hacw érra: T poTepov b€ wal Oarrov
0 aiKvVOS. av0paxyn & év mreloor TOUTMD. avn-
Bov dé TeTapTatov. Kapoapov dé kal vary TEepmTT-
aia. tevtTdoy 5é Oépovs peév ExTatov XeLwdrvos
dé€ dexataiov. adpapagus dé oySoaia. padavos
be dexaTata. _ Tpacov dé «at ynOvov ovK év
ious, GANA TO pev évveakaidexaTaioy éviaxod
dé elxooraiov, ynOvov dé dexataiov uh dwdexka-
Tatov. Koplavvov bé Suadues: ovoe yap €Oére
Braoravev TO véov éav py Spex 97. OvpuBpa oe
Kal Oopiyavos év reloow 7) TplaKovTa. dvo-
pvéo Tatov dé TaVT OV TO oéAwov" TET TapaKo-
otaiov yap pacw of Ta cvVTOMwWTEpA déEYorTES,
1 January. 2 April. 3 Plin. 19. 117,
4 ray xemcpwav: ef.
6s
ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, VII. 1. 2-3
this is also called the ‘first’ period of cultivation.
The second period begins after the winter solstice
in the month Gamelion,! in which they scatter or
plant the seed of leeks celery long onion orach.
The third period, which is called the ‘summer’
period, begins in the month Munychion?: in this are
sown cucumber gourd blite basil purslane savory.
Moreover they make several sowings of the same
herb at each season, as of radish basil and the
others. And at all the periods are sown the
‘secondary crops.’
3Not all herbs germinate within the same time,
but some are quicker, others slower, namely those
which germinate with difficulty. The speediest are
basil blite rocket, and of those sown for winter 4
use, radish ; for these germinate in about three days.
Lettuce takes four or five, cucumber and gourd about
five or six, or, as some say, seven ; however, cucumber
is earlier and quicker than the others. Purslane
takes a longer time, dill four days, cress and mustard
five. Beet in summer takes six days, in winter
ten, orach takes eight, and turnip ten. Leek?
and long onion do not take the same time, but the
former nineteen to twenty days, the latter ten to
twelve. Coriander germinates with difficulty; indeed
fresh seed will not come up at all unless it is
moistened.® Savory’ and marjoram take more than
thirty days; but celery germinates with the greatest
difficulty of all; for those who make the time com-
paratively short say forty days, and others fifty, and
5 apacov conj. Bod.; mpdo.ov P,Ald. H.
$ BoexOf conj. Bod. ef. C.P. 4.3.1; eracxen Ald.; ércxef
P,Bas.; so also G.
1 of. CP. 4. 3. 1; Plin. 19. 7.
61
i
Loa)
for)
THEOPHRASTUS
ot S€ mTevTnkootaiov, Kal TovTO KaTa TavTas
/ an
TOUS apoTous* émioTretpovot yap Ties éTl Taw.
7 be ee \ , iA /
Ordws d€ 07a KaTa TrElOVSs Was oT ElLpETal,
a 3 »O\ al } , n /
TavT ovdev Oartov Térdeva yivetat Tov Pépous.
\ \ > \ \ ec @ /
Kat Oavpacrtov et Kat pnOev 1) Opa cvpBddreTAL
Ni ee oe DA \ \ a >\ \ \ \
Kat 0 anp mpos TO OatTov, éav b€ pwoxOnpa Kai
a \
wuypa kal TO dépe wepicxeT@ns Bpadvtepov: érrel
A lal / a /
Kal YELMLOVOV 7 EVOLOY ETTLyLVOMEVWY TOIS apPOTOLS
e"* \ Aa ae \ n e /
oTé pev Bpadvtepov oré O€ Oattov 7» BrRaoTHaLS
n /
Siabépe. 5€ TadTa Kata Tos apoTOUS ExdoTwV'
mpwiaitatov yap év Tots eveidols Kal EevKpact.
‘oO \ e n ? an > / é al \ pees
S$ Yap aTrAOS ELTrEeWV EV TAELOTL OEL TAS ALTLAS
n lal 4 a
UrovaBely THY ToOLOUTwV, év TE TOLs OTréppaclW
tal \ al , \ a / \ fal e
AUTOLS KAL EV TH YOPA Kal TO aépl Kal Tats Wpats
/ : / n
als éxaoTa omeéipovot Kal Yelm@vev Kal evd.iov.
GANA TOUTO ev oKETTTEOY, eh @V TE TAapadraT-
, 3
TovgwW ot xpovot Kal ép @y ov Kal yap THY
e , / "d \ / \
pahavida ghacit tives Tpitaiay Kat Oépovs Kal
XELU@VOS, TO S€ TEVTALOV, WaTrEp ElpnTat, Tapar-
\ id 4 ] a
NaTTEL KATA TAS Wpas. Ypovot & ovv ovTOL TIS
’ /
BraaTHoeEws clot Kal A€yovTat KAP ExacTov.
\ n
Avadéper Sé mpos to Oattov Kat Bpaddvtepov
Kal 7) TOV oTrEpHaTwY TadaLoTNS. Ta bev yap
, cal
avo véwyv Tapayivetat OatTov, olov mpacov yHOvov
1 épas Vo.H.; x@pas UM; so also G.
2 réxera conj. W. (comm,); ye woAAd MSS.; 7a morra
Vo.Sch. W. (text); yivera: conj. Sch. from G ; ylveo@a: Ald.
3 nal tH Gépt... Bpaddtepoy: grammar doubtful and text
perhaps defective: so given in UM; xal 6 ahp meptoxenis
62
ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, VII. 1. 3-6
that too, at whichever period it is sown, for some
sow it as a ‘secondary crop’ at all the periods.
Generally speaking, those herbs which are sown at
‘more than one season! do not mature? faster in the
summer. Howbeit it is strange if the season and
the state of the atmosphere do not contribute at all
to quicker growth, and if, when there is an un-
favourable cold season and the atmosphere is cloudy,
these conditions do not tend to make growth slower,®
seeing that, when stormy or fair weather follows the
sowing, germination is slower or quicker accordingly.
And there is another thing which makes a difference
as to the raising of the various herbs; germination
begins earlier in sunny places which have an even
temperature.
As a matter of fact, to speak roundly, the causes
of such differences must be found in several different
circumstances, in the seeds themselves, in the ground,
in the state of the atmosphere, and in the season at
which each is sown, according as it is stormy or fair,
However it is a point for consideration with which
herbs the time of sowing makes a difference and
with which it makes none; thus it is said that
radish germinates on the third day whether it be
sown in summer or in winter, while beet, as has been
said, behaves differently according to the season.
Anyway such are and are said to be the seasons
of germination in each case.
4 Another thing which makes a difference as to the
rapidity with which the seeds germinate is their age ;
for some herbs come up quicker from fresh seed, as
mpos To Bpadvtepoy conj. Sch, (with nox0. kK. Wuxpa supply
i &pa fi).
4 Plin. 19. 118. 8& conj, Scal.; yap Ald. H.
63
THEOPHRASTUS
ciKvos KONOKUYTN’ EVLOL 6é Kal m poBpéxouar TOV
oiKvov Tm pos TO OatTov 7 i) év yaraxre n év Boaru.
Ta © amo Tadawy, olov oédivov TEUTALOV Kap-
daj.ov OvpBpa Koplavvov opiryavov elmrep pen
<utevetat> avTa a0 TOU véov, KAOaTrEp elIro per.
idtov bé pacw éml Tov TevTALOU oupBaiver: ov
yap Siapver Var Tay evOds arr Dorepov TOANO,
TO dé Kal TO eXoMevep ever Kal TO TPLT@, Ot 0 Kal
€k TONANOD TTEPLATOS ONO Braoravew.
"Exaotov 6€ Tav aomepudtorv, €av adpuvbévta
aromérn, Siapévet Tpos THV pay THD EavTov Kal
ou 7 poTepov éxBaoraver Kal KaTa Ovov ear:
Kal yap él TOV aypi@v opajuev cupBaivor, éav
Tay pap7. at Oe TENELOTELS TOV KapTrav am dap-
TOV yivovtat TOU Gépovs, 1 POTEpov 6 Kat OatTov
@S ATAOS ereiy TOV TpOTepov TT ApEVTOV. dia-
héper dé Kal 7) Opa: Ta yap év tals eppnpeptacs
omapevta Oadtrov éxxavrct Kal éxomepmatovrat,
Kabatrep padhavis yoyyvAis. via b€ ovK éviatova
péper TOV KapTov adda, dieva, cabarep oéNvov
Tpdcov yndvor, a Kat Siapever Xpovov Tetova
Kal ovK éoTiv eTéTELA’ Ta yap TONNA TOUT@Y dma
‘TH TENLOTEL TOV OTEPUATWV AVAaivETal.
Iladvra 5€ ws eitety doa exkavrget Kal TEdELOt
TOV KapToOV aTOTENELOUTAL KATA TO TXHMA TOD
TapaBracTHoELs eK TMV KaVAM@VY EXEL aKpeE-
poviKas, TAD doa povoKauna, Kalarep tpacov
Kal y)Ovov cat Kpopuoy Kal oKopodor.
Pirvdpa in kal diroxompa TavTa, madrov Oé
1 guteverat alta conj. W.; od ro UMAId.
2 Sc. soaking,
64
ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, VII. 1. 6-8
leek long onion cucumber gourd; (some even soak
the seed of cucumber first in milk or water, to make
it germinate quicker). Some come up quicker from
old seed, as celery beet cress ‘savory coriander
marjoram (unless indeed they are raised + from fresh
seed in the manner? which we have mentioned).
There is, they say, a singular feature about beet®;
the seed does not all germinate at once, but some of
it not for some time, some even in the next or in the
third year; wherefore it is said that little comes up
from much seed.
Any of the seeds, if they are ripe when they fall,
last till their own proper season and do not sprout
till then. And in this they are consistent ; for we
note that the same thing happens with the seed of
wild plants, unless it is destroyed. However all
mature their fruits in the summer, though sooner
and quicker, generally speaking, when they are sown
earlier. The season also4 makes a difference ; things
sown in the hot season push up their shoots and go
to seed sooner, as radish and turnip. Some however
bear their fruit not in the same year but in the next,
as celery® leek long onion, which plants also last
a longer time, and are not annual; for most herbs
wither with the ripening of their seed.
Generally speaking, all those that push up shoots
and mature their fruit reach their perfection of form
in having side-shoots branching from the main stem
—except those which have but a single stem, as
leek long onion onion garlic.
All these herbs are lovers of water and of dung, °
* of. C.P. 4..3, 2; Plin. ¢.c.
4 S¢ conj. W.; yap Ald.H.
5 Plin. /.c.
65
VOL. Il. F
THEOPHRASTUS
¥>-S 4 \ , > , U '
Ta acOevéotepa Kal TElovos emipedetas Seomeva,
Ta O€ Kal Tpodis.
, \ / > \ a / ”
II. Bvetrar 5€ wavta ato Tov OTEPUATOS, EVLA
\ \ > \ / \ \ \ e/7
Sé Kal amo Tapaotddos Kal KdXwvos Kai pifys.
amo péev Tapacmddos 1 pdpavos* Set yap Te Kat
pel@des mpooraBeiv. amo b€ Tav BrNacTaV TH-
/
yavov opiyavos @Kimov' aTopuTEvovat yap Kal
TovTo OTav oTOapuaiov 7) wetfov yévntrat TemovTes
\ \
els TO Hyutov. aro pitns dé cxdpodoy Kal Kpopvov
\ \ \ » VAs lal \ a a
Kal BorBos Kat dpov Kat amdOs TA ToLadTAa TOV
4 \ \ v S<iz sf
xehanoppivov. vetar Sé Kal el Tivwv ai pitar
Siapevovow éml qAéiova xpovov ETETELOKAUAOV
dvt@v. b7t dé aro oméppatos TdavTa BracTavet
f \ \ / /
davepov' Kal yap TO THyavov, OTEp OV hadi TwWes,
arra Bpadéas, dv’ 6 Kal atodutevovar.
/ /
"Oca 5é aro pitns Pvetat, ToUTaY 7 pev pita
/ > \ 1 3 / xa \
xpovios auTa dé émeTEevoKavara, dv’ 0 Kal TapaBXa-
, a
otdvovow at pifat TOY ToOLOVTMY Kal .yivoyTaL
Ld “a :
mAeELovs OU povov év Tots npepors Kal “nT evo-
Mévols GAAA Kal év Tots aypiots, domep el TOME,
olov BorBois rynP vous oKidXais Kal Tots AXXots.
mapaBraotdve 5 ea Kal TOV jw) Keparoppifwv
ypoviwtépwv Oé, olov céAtvov Kal TEVTALOV’ adiaor
yap pitas ad’ av dvovtat PvAXA Kai KavXoi.
2 Plin. 19. 121. 2 of. C.P.1. 4. 2.
3 Sei yap t1 UP. del ydp 7s Ald.H.G; Sch. suggests de for
yep, missing the sense.
* Braorey corresponds to kAwrds above.
66
ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, VII. 1. 8-1. 2
aia especially the weaker ones, which require more
attention or in some cases more feeding.
Of the propagation of pot-herbs, and of differences in their
roots,
IJ. 1All these herbs are propagated from seed, and
some also by a piece torn off, a shoot, or a piece of
root. Cabbage is propagated by a piece torn off,?
since it is essential® in this case to take a piece
which has root attached to it. From cuttings‘ are
grown rue marjoram basil; for slips of this too men
plant when it has grown to the height of a span
or more, cutting off half the plant.° By root® are
planted garlic onion purse-tassels cuckoo-pint and in
general such bulbous plants. Such propagation is
also possible in cases where the roots persist for
more than a year, though the shoots last but for a
year. And it is plain that all these herbs can be
grown from seed; for even rue can (which some
deny), though the process is slow, and so cuttings
are also taken.
Of those which are propagated by a piece of root
the root is long-lived, though the plant itself may be
annual; wherefore the roots of such plants make
offsets and so increase ; and this is true not only of
plants cultivated in the garden, but also of wild
plants, as we have said, for instance of purse-tassels
long onion’ squill and so forth. Some plants even
which are not bulbous § but longer-lived make offsets,
as celery and beet; for these send out roots from
which grow leaves and stems. Long onion and
© of. CPt Ac Bi 5 t.e. offsets.
7 yndtois om. some editors, as not being wild.
® «.e. and so annual.
67
F 2
THEOPHRASTUS
mapaBhacr aver dé Kal yyiOvov Kal T pao ov Kal
Tapapver KaT@Oev olov BorBadn Twa cepariy,
€& Fs 7) Braaornous yiveTau TOV pudrwv, avav-
Oévtos 38 TOD KavAoU Kal Tob OEP LATOS: ap aupe-
Oévros: adda bua TO pa) XpnTiwas civat Tas
ToUTwY Kepards ov cvAXEyoveWw eis Enpaciar, Ov
0 Kal ov duTevovat. Taxa dé TadTAa Kal opmoryerh
Kal ctveyyts Twas TH TOD Kpopvov dices, du’ O
Kal ov Oavyactov. adr opolws [Kal] érl mavtev
kal nuépwv Kal aypiov, doa ypoviwrepa pév
éoTiv émeTeloKavra O€, TOUTMY Kal ai pia éri-
Bractavovew, boTEep Kal emit TOV PpvyariKoY
Kal Tov Oayvwdov" arr él TOV Kpopvov Kal
ocKopodev Kal BorBav Kal WOTrEp aprO wos TLS
yiverau TOUTOD. =) 67) yeverts, @oTEp elpnTat,
TPLXOS coTW, aro oT EPMATOS pev TavT@v, aro bé
Kavdrov Kal pitns Tov el PN LEVOV.
Tay dé cavi@v KodovebévTav TavTa pev @S
eitrety BNacTaver TAHY TOV aTroKAavAwY, Euhave-
otata & @oTEp Kal eis Ypelav wKLLOV Opidak
pagavos. Kat THS pev Opidaxos notous act TOUS
TrahiuBraoreis eivat Kavos: TOV yap 7 P@TOV
oman Kal WiKpov eivat ws amen Tov" ot bé TO
évavtiov oTwbdertépous ToUTOUS GAN Ews ay WoL
amanrol dhaivesbar yAvKuTépovs. GAA ert THs
1 rpdoov conj. St.; mpdoiov Ald. H.
2 31a 7d wh conj. W.; wh 8:4 7d UM(?2) Ald.
3 i.e, offset bulbs.
4 W. omits wey (Ald. UM(?)) after cvAdAéyoua:.
5 7.e. the plant is increased by seed only and not by offsets.
cf. 7. 4. 10; Plin. 19. 103.
8 éuolws conj. Sch.; duws PAld.H.(UM 2).
7 émeresdxavaa conj. Sch.; émryeidrepa PAld. H.
68
ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, VII. 1. 2-4
leek! also make offsets, sending out a ‘ head’ below,
like the bulb of purse-tassels, from which the leaves
spring; but this only takes place when the stem
has withered and the seed has been removed. But,
as ? the ‘ heads’ ® of such plants are not useful, they
do not collect them ‘ for storing dry; wherefore also
they do not plant these.’ It may be that somehow
these are akin and closely allied to onion, wherefore
what has been said is not surprising. However in
all those plants, both wild and cultivated alike,®
which have an annual stem,’ but yet live longer than
a year, there is an outgrowth of the roots, just as
there is in under-shrubs and shrubby plants: while
in onions garlic and purse-tassels even a number,®
as it were, of such roots is formed. In fact,® they
are reproduced in three ways, as has been said ; from
seed in all cases and from the stem?! and root in
those specified.
11 Almost all shoot again if the stem is broken
(except those which are stemless), but most obviously
basil lettuce cabbage, which are, as it were, broken
for a practical reason. Indeed they say that the
stems of lettuce which thus grow again are sweeter,!?
for that the original stem has a taste like fig-juice
and is bitter, as being not properly ripened. Some
however say that the later stems have the taste of
fig-juice more than the original one, but that, so long
as they are tender, they appear sweeter. Be that as
8 ap.Oubds is clearly corrupt, and has displaced an unusual
word for which éo7ep apologises,
® 8) conj. Sch.; d¢ Ald.
10 kavdod is here that part of the plant which is above
ground. 1 Plin. 19. 122.
12 j8tovs Vo.mBas.H., so too G, Plin. l.c., Athen. 2. 69;
idfovs UAld. ef. C.P. 2. 15. 6.
69
1 THEOPHRASTUS
paddvov TOUTO OMoAOYoUpeEvor, Os ef Tau Bhra-
TTT ELEY noiov apaipeOévtwv ye TOV PUNY TPO
tov dtakavrica.
Atapévover 5é ai pifar mrevovav, GAN ai pev
Bractavovet Tadw ai dé ov. padaris yoor Kal
yoryyunrts Svapévovar ys emBreions axpt
Bépovs Kat avénow AapBavovew, 6 dmep Trotovat
TLVES eferritndes TOV Kn Toupa ov Bracrdvovar
be ove adidon puddov ovd «é THs apéror TID
emioer aywevny viv. idety 5é€ todTO Kal éml TOY
adrov éori, Ta dé TheioTa TOV Aaxaveov Hovop-
pica TH TaXela KATA Badous pity Kal yap doa
mrapapier Tas iconaxeis TavTas, Oomep oéALVov
Kal TEUTMOD, amo TiS eons: TWS y) mapaduats
EoTL ral ovK evOds aro TIS apxs 1 oxiois" ex
dé TAVTNS TiS pas darnpTnvrar ai amopudses ai
puxpal Kal TiS papavidos Kal THS yoyyuMcos.
Kal abrat pev 57) Tact pavepat d1a Thy xpetav.
‘H 6€ tod TevtALov pha poev paKpa Kal Taxela
Kal op0n, xadamep 9 4) TOV papavider, arropcers dé
exet Taxelas OTe wey Svo 6 ore be Kal Tpets ore Oé
Kal pay, Tas 5é puxpas ek TOUT@D. capKodns
dé 7) Y pita Kal TH yevoet yAuxeia. Kal noeia, bu 6
Kal @pEnv éoBiovei TLVES* o 6€ droLds ov maxvs
ovoée cpauper os, OOTEP 0 TOV papavider, adda
pad)ov olos 0 TaD immocehivey, OTAUTWS be
Kal THS adpaddEvos pia pev eis Babos ék
TauTns O€ ddrat.
1 Bracrhoeey conj. Sch.; BAaorhoe Ald.
2 obd’ ef tis Ald. H.; €i wh tis conj. Scal. supported by G.
% ée... pixpal conj. W.; eis 5¢ radrny rhy ulav 7 aw airijs
72
ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, VII. u. 4-6
it may, it is admitted that in the case of cabbage the
stem is sweeter if it should have grown! again after
being broken, provided that the leaves are stripped
off before the plant runs to stalk.
In most cases the roots persist, but they do not in
all cases produce fresh growth. Thus radish and
turnip persist till summer, if earth is thrown on
them, and they increase in size; and some gardeners
do this deliberately ; but they do not make fresh
growth nor send out leaves, even if one ? removes the
earth heaped over them. And this may also be
observed in other plants. However, most pot-herbs
have the single stout root which runs deep ; for even
in those which produce these side-roots of equal
stoutness, as celery and beet, the side-growth comes,
as it were, from the middle root and it is not
separate to start with; but to this single root are
attached the small out-growths,’ both in radish and
in turnip. These instances are familiar to all because
of the use * which is made of these plants.
' The beet has a single long stout straight root like
that of the radish, and has stout out-growths, some-
times two, sometimes three, sometimes only one, and
the small ones are attached to these. The root is
fleshy and sweet and pleasant to the taste, wherefore
some even eat it raw. The ‘bark’ is not thick and
cannot be detached, like that of the radish, but
rather resembles that of alexanders. In like manner
the root of ‘orach is single and runs deep, and other
roots are attached to it.
Te Kal THs amopuddos Kal uixpa Ald. H.; so also M, omitting re.
W.’s restoration of a very corrupt text is at least consistent
with what follows in § 6.
+ 7,e. for food.
71
7
THEOPHRASTUS
Movoppifotatov 8é TovTwy mdvTwv TO Xa-
> \ BA / > / > \
mafov' ov yap éyer Tayelas atoptces adda
\ 7 / \ 4 »” \
Tas Nerrtas: BabuppiCotatov dé TavTar, Exe yap
a /
pelfo TpLov tpurTrodiwv: TO 8 dyptov Bpayutépar,
ToNvKavAov O€ Kal TONVKAASOY Kal 4 6An popd?
Terermbetca TapaTAncia TH TOU TevTALOU: TrONv-
xpovi@tepoy Sé€ Kal TOU aypiov Kal Odws 6é
TaVTOV TOV NAXdVMY ws EtTreivy Siapéver yap
a /
oTocovooy ypovoy ws dacw. exer € capKwdy
\ e/ A, oe > Fea \ > n a
Thv pilav Kat évixpmov, Ov 0 Kal éEaipeOcica fh
TONY Ypovon.
/ a
To & @xtpov pilav pév thy Taxelay THY KaTa
/ \ S A \ > / #X\
Badous tas 0 adXas Tas é€x TAayiov AeTTAS
ETLELKOS EVLNKELS.
v S > 4 \ / A > Q / x
Evia 0 ove exer THY piav THVv opOnr, olov To
Britov, adr’ edvO0 Twordads €E axpou Kai evTraxels
, n
Kal paKkpotépas THs adpadpdévos.
Tav 8 pilav Evriwdéctatat Tacdv ai Tod
> / / » Neen’ / e \ la} /
@Kiwov, KaOdTrEp Kal 0 KaUAOS. 7 yap TOU BXriTOV
Kal THs abdpadaévos Kal TOY ToLOvT@Y HTTOV
Evrwdns. elol yap ws amA@s Eitrety TacoV ai
é HdeLs at Oe 06 T°) tov 1)
pev capKabers at dé Evi@ders. <capKaders>, olov 7
Tov TevTALoU Kal TOD cerivou Kal immoceNivou Kal
, ia? , \ / \ ,
Aarrabov Kal papavidos Kal yoyyvAidos Kal tav-
7 a n > O\ \ >
Tov padoTta Tov KeparoBapav ovdé yap avakn-
/ / 4 , ,
pawopevar okdAnpivovTaL Terelws. EvrAwdELs Oé,
a a
2 ras Ald., cf. ras 5¢ wixpas §6; rivas conj. W. cf. Plin. 19.
98 (who mistranslates).
of. 7.6.1; OF, 3. 14. 4 SeejIndex,
72
ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, VII. 1. 7-8
Monk’s rhubarb ! however has a single root in a
truer sense than any of the others, for it has no
stout out-growths of root, but only the? slender
ones; its root also runs deeper than that of the
others, being more than a foot and a half long. The
wild sort? however has a shorter root, and has
several stems and branches, and its shape, as a
whole, when fully grown resembles that of beet.
Cultivated monk’s rhubarb moreover is longer lived
than the wild form,‘ and, in general, we may say,
than any other pot-herb, for, they say, it may live
any time. It has a fleshy root,’ full of moisture,
wherefore, if pulled up, it will live some time.
Basil has the single stout root, the one which runs
deep, and the others at the sides are slender and
fairly long.
Some herbs, as blite, have not the single straight
root, but a number of roots which start directly from
the top and are of a good stoutness® and longer than
those of orach.
The roots of basil are woodier than those of any of
the other herbs, as also is its stem; for those of blite
orach and the like are less woody. In general we
may say that the roots of any’ of these herbs are
either woody or fleshy. Examples of fleshy § roots are
beet celery alexanders monk’s rhubarb radish turnip,
and especially all ‘heavy-headed’® kinds, for the
roots of these do not wither up altogether even when
they are dried. Examples of those with woody roots
5 5iCav conj. Sch.; odpxa Ald,
6 Plin. lc. seems to have read a different word from
evmaxeis, or to have misunderstood it.
7 wacév conj. W.; map’ dv UMP; also Ald.H., omitting ai.
8 gaproders add. Scal. from G,
9 7,e, bulbous ; ef. 1. 6. 8.
73
Re)
THEOPHRASTUS
a /
@oTEp ai TOD @kimov Kal Brito Kal adpadhdévos
\ Iy/ 8 es ee \ , ee
Kal evlopmov Kai avyBov [xal rAamdbov)] Kal
Koplavvou Kal aTAMS TOV veuvpoKavrwY* ExEL yap
57) kal TO dvnOov Kal TO Kopiavvoy dvTa povoppita
, \ e7 \ > \ »>O\ \
Evhwdn te THY pifav Kal ov paKkpay ovde Tas
NeTTAas atropudbas EXovcay TOoANdS* TOAVKAVAA
be ” \ 4 8 2 4 \ > \ /
é dudw kal tmodvota, dv’ 6 Kal od Kata éyor
ovdEVL TOUT@Y TO AYwW pds TO KaTO. ;
Bpaxvppita S& tatta éotw, olov Opidaké av-
Spaxyvn, TH Op0H Kal tais eis Ta Aaya. 1H 2
Opidak, oTrep ovK EXEL TAS ToLAa’TAas aTropicets
> \ Ul \ / \ / \ U
GXXA fLovoy Tas eTTTAS, Kal wddioTta by povop-
e > a e a 8; / \ \
pifov ws eitety. atda@s 6) TdavTa ta Oepwa
/
Bpaxvppifa: cal yap 0 cixvos xal 1) KoNoKvyTH
\ ¢ / \ \ \ e7 ne + ay
Kal ) olka Kal dia THY pay Kat lows Ett MaXXOV
\ \ 4 4 4 an e \
dua THY hvowv, Hrep cuvvnKodovOnke TH @pa. 7 SE
/ a /
petagputevopérn OpidaE Bpayutépav exer thy
pilav THs omapeions: TapaBracTave yap éx TOV.
, na / \ . , nan
Trayiov wadrrov: Bpayutépav S€ Kal 1) aypia Tis
nuepov, Kal x TOV dv@lev TONVKAUNOTEpA.
Ill. “Av@e? 5 trav pév GdXwv Exactov aOpoor,
TO O€ WKLMOV KATA pépos, TA KATH TPOTOV elt
er al 5] / \ ” Dod \
é6tay Tadta amavOnon Ta dvw, OV 6 Kal TodDv-
1 After ayndov Ald. TI. have «at Aawd@ov: bracketed by W.
after Sch.
* amopuddas con}. Seal.; .3 dmopuaAddsas Ald.
3 radta conj. Sch.; ra roradra UM ; roadra Ald.
4 Athen. 2. 79. Sch suggests that the name of a plant
has dropped out after éarep: ? 7 avdpaxvy,
74
ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, VIL. nu. 8-1. 1
are basil blite orach rocket dill! coriander, and in
general, those with fibrous stems; for in dill and
coriander, which have a single root, the root is
woody and not long, and the slender side-roots? from
it are not numerous; but both plants have several
stems and branches; wherefore in neither of these
plants does the part above ground correspond to the
part which is below.
The following? have short roots: lettuce and purs-
lane, in which both the straight main root and the
side ones are short.. * Lettuce may be said to have
no such side-roots, but only the slender ones, and
may be called in the strictest sense a plant of a
single root. In general all summer herbs have short
roots: we may include cucumber gourd and _ bottle-
gourd, both because of the season to which they
belong and perhaps still more because of their
character, which corresponds to the season. How-
ever the transplanted lettuce has a shorter root than
one that is raised from seed, since it is more apt to
send out side-growths; also the wild kind has a
shorter® root than the cultivated, and the part above
ground has more stems.®
Of the flowers and fruits of pot-herbs.
III. 7All, except one, of these herbs produce all their
bloom at once, but basil has a succession of flowers,
the lower part of the plant flowering first, and then,
when that bloom is over, the upper part. Wherefore
its season of bloom is a long one, like that of the
5 Bpaxutépay conj. Sch.; Bpaxvrépa Ald.
6 &ywev moAveavdotépa conj. Sch. from G ; &vw: ra 5é woAvk.
Ald. ef. Diose, 2, 136. 7 Plin. 19. 100,
75
THEOPHRASTUS
Xpoviov év TO avdeiv, cabamep KUAaMOS Kal TIS
TOas TO NALOTPOTLOV KaNoupEvoV Kal adda O€ TOV.
aypiov. av0et dé Kat o oiKvos TONY Xpovor’
Kat yap émBhao rave TOUT@ ye cuuPaiver. Ta
é avon TOV pev ExNEVKA TOD dé pnrLvoeLdH TOV
bé pupov eruroppupivorra, cD pou S ovbev.
Ta 6é oméppara Siahéper Kal Tots oXNHATL"
Ta fev yap Trelora oTpoyyvvAa Ta 6é Tpounen
Ta 0 av TraTEA Kat PUAROSy), | Kabamep Ta THS
adpabagvos: dmotov yap T@ ToD ardour Ta be
oTeva Kal ypappodn, nab drep Tob Kupivov. Kal
Tos Yp@eMacLW Opmolws, TA Hey pédava Ta O€
Evhadn Ta dé LevKoTEpa. mara 67 €ANOBo-
oméppata 7 yupvooréppata i) euprovoorréppara
77 TANTOTT EPMATA padavis bev yap Kal var
Kal yoyyurls éAXoBoomépuata, Kopiavyvov é Kal
uapabor Kal dum O ov Kal KUPLVOV yupvoorépmata,
Bdrov dé Kal tevTALOy Kal adpadakus Kal
GL [Lov éuprotoomépuata, Opidaxivn O€ Tamo-
om éppatov.
Idvra bé TovKapTA Kal TohvBracTh, TONv-
KapTOrarov dé TO KU mLvOV: idsov O€ Kat 0 Aéyouct
KAT TOUTOU' pact yap beiv katapac at TE Kal
Prac pnueww omelpovTas, eb wédArEr KarOV ExecOau
Kal TOAD.
AvoEnpavta 6é mwavta pev Os eitrely TAHY TOU
KUplvoV, OVX wWS 0 altos: OUTOS yap Kav arak
1 For the collective sense of réa (=7a rowdn) cf 1. 3. 1.
2 rodby xpévov conj. W., which at least gives the required
sense ; Kadovmevos Ald
3 undwoedes: cf. 6. 2. 8.
4 ? ‘orange.’ 5 Plin. 19, 119.
76
ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, VII. itt. 1-3
bean, and among herbaceous plants! that of the
plant called heliotropion, and also other wild plants.
Cucumber also has a long period? of bloom, for this
plant has a second growth. The flowers are in some
cases whitish, in others quince-yellow,? in others
somewhat reddish*; but the flower is never of a
bright colour.
>The seeds too differ in shape; most are round,
but some are oblong ; some again are broad and leaf-
like, as those of orach, for the seed of this is like
that of silphium; others again are narrow or
marked in lines,® as those of cummin. They also
vary in colour, some being black, some the colour
of wood,’ some paler. The seeds of all are either
in pods or naked, or have an integument or have a
pappus. Radish mustard and turnip have their seeds
in pods; coriander fennel dill and cummin have
naked seeds; those of blite beet orach and basil are
enclosed in an integument; those of lettuce have a
pappus on them.
All have numerous fruits and numerous shoots,
but cummin has the most ® fruits of all. ®And there
is another peculiarity told of this plant: they say
that one must curse and abuse it, while sowing, if
_the crop is to be fair and abundant.
Nearly all of these, except cummin, are hard to
dry for keeping,—unlike corn !°; for this, when once
8 ypauuwdn: cf 4.12. 2. ; canaliculata Plin. l.c.
7 ?*brown’cf.7 9. 3.
§ cf. 8.3.5; CP. 4, 15. 2.
9 cf 9. 8.8; Plin. /.c. applies this to é«moy, Pall. 4. 9. 5
to mhyavor.
10 gitos: ovtos yap I conj.; otros yap UMH.; P omits
yap; otros ds W. after Sch.; nec modo frumenti consistunt,
quod G.
77
o
THEOPHRASTUS
‘ad puv0 A TAXV Enpatverat Kab amoninret: due-
EnpavToTepa bé Ta éuprovootéppata Kal TovUT@Y
e
<paNOTa TO @KLMOV. aravra bé Enpavbevra
TohvKapTOTEpa yiveTat, db: 0> Kal Tpoadar-
poovtes avta Enpaivovew. aravta oe ToNUXOa
Kal TOAVOTEPMATA, TOAVKAPTOTATOV dé TO
GKLLOV.
v \ \ \ > / / ”
Kore 6€ Ta perv axpoxapra, KaOdarep wKipmov
mpdoov Kpopvov' Ta S€ TAAYLOKapTAa padXo?,
\ a
olov pagavis yoyyuarts Kal Ta TolavTa’ Ta ©
apporéepos, olov Brérov adpapagus: apporepa
yap TavTa Kal éx TOD TAayiov, Kal TO YE PXérov
ev ds Tap €KacTov otov 7 poo KaOr}Levov ever TO
oméppa Botpud@bes. Tad ex Tahavoré pov omEp-
patov Oadttov éxxavrel, Taxytota b€ Ta ex TOV
,
axpalovtav’ €oTt yap Tis akpn Kal TOUT@Y. ava
, \ \ \ / > a lal >\
Aorvyov dé Kal 70 KadQos akoNovGet TOV . . . €av
Ta a\Na THY avTny EXOoL Geparretay.
Aoxet dé Kal eg TO AUTO a0 poa Oepeveov Kado
yiveoOat kai Bractdve: ovTw yap TO TOD
mMpacov Kal TO TOU cEerivou TIWéacW aTodynaavTes
eis OOovov Kal yivovTat weydra.
/ / Swe \ #
SupBarrerar 6ێ te Kal o Totes Tpos avEnow*
KeAevovalt yoor, Otay Tis peTahuTevyn Ta céduva,
TATTAXOV KATAKpOvEW HALKOV av BovrANTAL TroLEiY
\ / / \ \ > > / /
TO céAuwwov: TYWévar Sé Kal ev OOovim matTaXov
KaTaKpovoavTa Kal TANCAaVTA KOTpOU Kal Yi.
1 uddwora. . . 8’ § missing in UMAId. Bas.; text as restored
by Sch. from Cam., G and Plin. /.c.
2 76 ye BAlrov conj. W.; 76 ye tAciorov U; 1d Te mAciorov
Ald.H.
5 exxavdel: ef. 7. 1.7; 7. 4. 3, and esp. C.P. 4. 3. 5.
+ After &xoAovée? ray follows a lacuna of one and a half lines
78
ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, VII. ut. 3-5
it is ripened, quickly dries and is shed, and the herbs
whose seed have an integument are harder still to dry,
especially basil. All hewever, when dried, produce
more fruit : wherefore! it is the custom to gather the
seed early and dry it. All of them are prolific and
produce many seeds, but basil produces most of all.
Examples of those which produce their fruit at.
the top of the stem are basil leek onion: of
those which produce it rather at the sides, radish
turnip and the like; of those which produce it in
both ways, blite and orach; both of these produce it
at the side as well as at the top; in fact blite? has
its seed in clusters, closely attached to each branch.
Some push up their shoots® fairly soon from old
seed, but seed from plants in their prime is the most
rapid ; for these plants too have a time when they
are at their best. The beauty of the plant also
corresponds * in proportion, provided that equal care
in ° other respects is shewn in cultivation.
6It likewise appears that, if a quantity of seed is
sown in the same place, the resulting crop comes up
and germinates better; thus they tie up seed of
leek and celery in a piece of cloth’ before sowing,
and then there is a large § crop.
The position also contributes to growth ; at least,
when celery is transplanted, they suggest that one
should hammer® in a peg of whatever size one
wishes to make the celery ; and also that one should
sow the seed in a piece of cloth! after hammering
in a peg and filling the hole with dung and soil.
in UMAId.; text as given by Cam., which however omits
TaY; Tav cretponevav H.; Ta ToLovTwY Vo. Vin.
5 of. 7. 4,.7. § Plin. 19. 120. 7 of. C.P..5. 6.9.
8 ueydAa conj. St.; weydAa Ald. H.
® Made clearer C.P. 5. 6. 7. wa CF. &. 0.
79
i)
THEOPHRASTUS
a / a
"Evia 6€ Kal tois oxynpacw e€opo.odtar Kal
al ' / S
TOUS TOOLS’ 1) YaP TLKVA OpoLocyYHmeV yiveTat -€v
eK a 3 /
@ av TOF aryryeue. ;
Kai Siapopav rAapBavet Kata Todls yupods
/ ‘al ®
éua mpoVepatevOevta TOV oTEpuLaT@V, olov TO
Tov olxvou é€av év ydaraxte BpéEavtes otret-
pact. GANA TA péV TOLADTA tows oOiKELOTEpA
Ths Oeparreias.
IV. Tévn dé trav pév éott mreiw TaV S ovK
4 e > / / / /
EOTLY, OLOV WKL{LOU AaTabouv BriTov Kapod mov
> / > s / > / lA
evl@pmou adpapatvos Kopravvov avyPov mnyydvou'
7 X A > UA /
ToUT@Y yap ov daca evar <yévous diadopay.>
n Ve ¢ al € / i 4
Tov 5é ott, padhavidos paddvou TevTALov oiKVOU
KoXoKUYTNS KUpivou oKopodov Opidaxivns. Srat-
al \ n 7 \ val c/s \ a
povat O€ Tois Te HUAXOLS Kal Tals piCats Kal Tots
Xpouace Kal Tois YuUAOis Kal Tois adXots Tots
TOLOUTOLS.
Oiov ths padhavisos <yévn KopwOiav Krewvaiav
/ > / / > / \
AevoPaciav> auwpéav Borwtiav: evavEeotatny o€
\ / aA \ \ Lae4 ” /
tThv Kopwiiav, ) Kat thy pifav eyes yup
? val XN >? cea \ b] e cy ,
obeiTar yap eis TO dvw Kal OVX @S al ANrAaL KATO.
\ \ , aA ” an ,
tHv € AevoPaciar, iv évior Kadodot Opaxiar,
1 xal tots témos Ald.; xara tos témovs conj. W. cf. C.P.
5. 6. 7.
2 ayyelw... AauBaver om. UMPAId.; Siadopay dé kal Cam.;
Tom: Siapépew d¢ cal H.; ayyelm conj. W. from C.P. 5. 6. 7;
kat diapopay conj. Sch. cf. Geop. 12. 19. 6.
8 cf. 7. 1.6; Geop. 12. 20. 3.
4 After efva: there is a lacuna in UMAId.; Cam. supplies
ryevous diapopay: Tay 5& dvdmadw wArclw yéevn ; H. has wAciw yevn
80
ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, VII. m1. 5-1v. 2
Some things again come to resemble in their shape
even the position! in which they grow: thus the
bottle-gourd becomes like in shape to the vessel? in
which it has been placed.
Moreover differences in taste are acquired in some
eases when the seed has been treated specially
beforehand ; for instance, the seed of the cucumber
produces a fruit with different taste if it is soaked ®
in milk before sowing. But such matters belong
perhaps more properly to the subject of cultivation.
Of the various forms of some pot-herbs.
IV. Of some herbs there are several kinds, but of
others only one, as basil monk’s rhubarb blite cress
rocket orach coriander dill rue; of each of these
they say that there is* but one kind. But of others
there is more than one, as radish cabbage beet
cucumber gourd cummin garlic lettuce. Differences
are marked in the leaves, the root, the colour, the
taste, and so forth.
Thus of radish they recognise these various kinds
—the Corinthian, that of Cleonae, the Leiothasian,
amorea, the Boeotian. The Corinthian is said to
be the strongest in growth, and it has an exposed
root; for it pushes upwards, and not downwards like
the others. The Leiothasian ® is called by some the
ove yévous Siapopay: Tav St dvawadw wrelw yévn; Plin. 19. 123
rather supports H. ? read as in H.: ray 5& éor: is perhaps
an attempt to fill the lacuna.
5 cf. Plin. 19. 75 and 76, who gives a kind called viride in
place of T.’s duwpéa: see below. After papavidos there is a
lacuna in UMAId. (but U has thy 8 wdpay Bowwtlay). Text
restored from Athen. 2. 48 (cf. Plin. /.c.). Cam.H.Bas. (also
Vo. Vin.(?)) give substantially the same.
6 The name suggests Thasos, off the Thracian coast.
81
VOL, II. a
w
THEOPHRASTUS
\ a \ x
ioyupotatny mpos Tovs Yerpavas. tHv dé Bor-
/ / \ a / /
w@Tiav yAUKUTaTHY Kal TO TYNMATL STpOYyVANY,
> Lcd \ , / 4 é x 3
ovxX woTep THY KrXewvatav paxpav. dowv 0 av 7;
a 4 a ?
Aela TA HUVAXA, YAUVKUTEpat Kal HOLoUS, dowry 8 av
/ / LN a
Tpayéa, Optpytepar. yévos O€ TL Tapa TadTa
»” A ” \ UA > , ia e
éotiv 0 exes TO HUAXOV Evfopm Omotov. pada-
vidos méev ovv TadTa.
c~
Toyyuridos 5é€ of pév hacw eivat oi 8 ov
pacw, ad\r\a Te appevt Kal TH Onreia Siadéperv
@ dpp hy Onreta pee,
, > A b] fal / ”
yivecOar 5€ €x TOV avTod améppatos apydo.
\ ‘ \ b] / 4, lal ,
mpos 6€ TO aTroOnrvvec Oar mHyvivar Seivy pavds:
édy yap wuKvds, Tacas aTappevovalaL, TOY avTOV
5é TpoTroy Kav év yh moxXOnpa orrapwHct Ov 6 Kal
/
Tpos oTEeppatiapov petadhéepovtes PuTevovat Tas
expvoes kal wraTeias. Eats S€ Kal TO oTéppa
a \ a \ A , a \
TH Opes TO Xetpov Kal BérATLOV Pavepov* THs pev
yap xXpynotis ertov ths b€ pwoxOnpas dédpov.
yvetuatouevn Sé xYaiper Kal av’tn Kal 1) padavis:
olovrat yap dua yAucaiverOai Te Kal Thy avenow
> \ e/ / \ > > \ /
els THY pifav TpétrecOat Kal OvK eis Ta PUAXA.
tots € votiots Kal Tais eddiats exxavrc? Tax.
a n na e
TOUTO pev ovY AOyou OEiTaL THS Omotmoews ev
> a S \ /
apotv eivar Tas Stapopas.
1 Diose, 2. 112 mentions a kind called by the Romans
dpuopaxcov, Plin. 19. 82 has armoracia and says that this
was called armon in Pontus ; Sch. suggests that the latter
name may have given rise to both armoracia and auwpéa,
2 Plin. 18. 129, cf. 19. 75; Athen. 9, 7.
3 rnyviva. The verb is used of planting seeds singly 5 cf.
6.6.9; Fete Bp ies. 3,
82
ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, VII. tv. 2-3
Thracian radish, and it stands the winter best. The
Boeotian is said to be the sweetest and to be round
in shape, not of a long shape like that of Cleonae.
Those kinds whose leaves are smooth are sweeter
and pleasanter to the taste, those whose leaves are
rough have a somewhat sharp taste. Besides the
above-mentioned kinds! there is yet another, whose
leaves resemble those of rocket. These then are
the different kinds of radish.
Of the turnip? all do not agree that there are
several kinds, but some say that the only difference
is between the ‘male’ and the ‘female,’ and that
both forms come from the same seed. In order
to produce ‘ female’ plants it is said that the seed
should be sown ® thinly, for that, if it is sown thick,
the result is all ‘male’ plants; and that the same
result follows if the seed is sown in poor soil.
Wherefore, when they are shifting plants for
seeding,* they plant the seedlings® wide apart.®
Good and inferior seed can be easily distinguished
by their appearance ; the seed of a good plant is fine,
that of a poor one coarse. Both this plant and
radish like exposure to winter; for it is supposed
that this makes them sweeter and that they are
thus made to grow roots rather than leaves. With
a south wind and warm weather they run up quickly.
It needs explanation that both plants should thus
adapt ’ themselves in special ways.
4 mpds omepuario dy con). W.; robs ay em Ald H.
of. 7. 5. 3. 5 éxpioes: cf. 3. 3. 7
6 xol wmAareias corrupt. Sdveornxvias (W. ) gives the required
sense ; but there may be a loss of some words, mAartelas in-
dicating that the object is to produce broader plants. cf.
C.P. 5. 6. 9 and Sch.’s note.
7 ris duomcews probably corrupt: no correction suggests
- itself.
33
a 2
THEOPHRASTUS
Tis be pagpavov TpLYn Scacpouperns, ovNo-
purnov TE Kal Aevopvhrov Kal TpiTNS THS arypias,
<1 arypia> TO pev pUAXOD & Exet Nelov [bk pov be Kab
Tepupepes, TOAVKAASOS xa ToNpUANOS, ere be
xuAov éxovea Spiwoy Kat pappaxedn, be 6 Kal
T™pos Tas Kounias avT@ KP@vTac ob ‘arpot. opotws
88 cab év éxetvars Soxodat diabopal Kal’ éExarépav:
émrel domeppov TL yevos avT@Vv éoTW 1%) Kako-
oTEPHOY. TO © OAoY 7} OVAN THS AéElas €VYUAO-
Tépa Kal peyaropurnorepa.
Evxvdorepov be Kal TOV TEeVTrALwY 70 NevKOV
TOU péNavos Kal ddLyooTTEppoTEpoY, 5 Kadovci
Tives YoKEALKOD.
‘Ocattas 5é cai TAS Opidaxivns: 7 yap evK2
yAuKuTépa Kal atranwtépa. yévn dé avTis éotilv
advXa Tpia, TO TE WAATUKAVAOY Kal OTPOYyUAO-
KavAov Kal tpitov To AakwviKov" arn dé TO pev
pvrXov Ever oKohupades, opOn dé cal evavEns Kal
amapdSraaros € €K TOU Kavnov. TOV be TAT ELOV
ovT@ TWes TAaTUKAVADL YyivovTaL WoT éviouS
gact Kal Ovpais xpho Gas knmoupiKais. TO O€
OTT @OES opodpa Kal puxpopvddrov Kal evKo-
KAUNOTEPOV EOLKEV ary/pla.
Téav dé cediveov Kal &v Tots pvrrous Kab év Tots
Kavrots ai Siapopat: TO pev yap TUKVOV Kat
ovAop Kal Sacv TO puAXov EXEL, TO € pavorepov
Kal TAaTUTEPOV KavAOV 6é peifw. TOVT@Y 6
Tad TA pev ANEUKOKAVAG TA O€ TOppUpoKavAG 7)
mouxtrokavAa: TO & Grovy amav TO ToLOUTOY
éudhepéstepov TO aypio.
1 Athen. 9.9; Plin. 19, 80. 2 Wild radish. See Index.
84
ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, VII. tv. 4-6
1Of cabbage three kinds are distinguished, the
curly-leaved, the smooth-leaved, and thirdly, the
wild form.? The wild form*® has a small round
leaf, it has many branches and many leaves, and
further a sharp medicinal taste ; wherefore physicians
use it for the stomach. Between the other two
kinds *¢ there seem also to be differences, inasmuch
as one of them bears no seed or only inferior seed.
In general the curly-leaved kind has a better flavour
than the smooth and it has larger leaves.
5So too with beet; the white kind has a better
flavour than the black and produces fewer seeds ;
some call it ‘ Sicilian’ beet.
So too with lettuce; the white kind is sweeter
and tenderer. Of this plant there are three other
kisds,® the flat-stalked, the round-stalked, and the
Laconian; the last-named has a leaf like the
golden thistle,’ but is erect and strong-growing and
has no side-shoots*® from the main stem. Of the
‘flat’ kinds some have such flat stalks that some,
they say, use them to make a garden trellis.2 The
third kind, which has much milky juice and. small
leaves and a whiter stem, is like a wild plant.
10In celery the differences between the various
kinds lie in the leaves and stem; one kind is close
and curly and has rough leaves, the other is more
open in growth and flatter, but has a larger stalk.
Again there are kinds with stems white, red or parti-
coloured ; and in general all such forms resemble
more the wild kind.
3 4 dypla add. W.
4 éxelvats conj. Sch. from Plin. /.c.; ékeivm Ald. H,
5 Athen. 9. 11; Plin. 19. 132.
6 Plin. 19. 125. 7 Athen. 2. 79. Rafe Fo@e 4.
9 ostiola olitoria Plin. 19. 125. 10 Plin, 19, 124,
85
THEOPHRASTUS
Luxvov Sé kal KoroxvyTns TOD pév elval act
/ a a a
yéevn ths 8 ovK eivat, KaOadrep THS padhavidos Kat
a / > > > n > An / A \
THS yoyyvAtoos, GAN €v TO AVT@ yévet Tas pev
, \ \ , a 4
Bertious tas 5€ yelpovs. tod 5€ otxvov pia,
A
Aaxevixoy cxvtadiav Borwtiov: tovtwv 8é o péev
\ /
Aaxwvikos si ste Bertiov, ot 8 report
avvdpevTot.
Avadéper 5é vévet Kal Ta Kpopva Kal Ta
aKopoba. rciw dé Tov Kpouvov Ta yévn, olov
\ \ \ , > 7 / /
Ta KaTa TAS YoOpas émiKadovpeva Yapdia Kvidia
LapoOpaxia, kal Tadd Ta oNnTdvia Kal oxXLoTA
kai “Acxadovua. totvtav Sé Ta péev ontavia
pixpa yruKéa b€ ed para, ta 5é cyiota Kal
ackarovia kal tais Oepareiais Siadépovta Kal
Sirov Ott TH hvoe TO yap oxXLoTOV TO pev
an \ a / a a
NELMOVL [ETA THS KOuNs E@ow apyov, awa O€ TO
Apt Ta PUAAA Trepltatpodar Ta éEw Kal Ta ara
Oeparrevovor tmeptarpeBévtmy dé Tav dvdAXwv
’ ; \ oo y , > a
érepa Bractdver kai dwa.nadtw oxifera, dv 3d
a / e \ \ \ /
Kadodat oxioTd. of S€ Kal dros dacl Tavtev
Seiv, drrws 7) Stvapus eis TO KaT@ Kal [1 OTEP-
pobun. tay Sé Ackadrovior idia tis 7 pious:
pova yap <ov> oxXLoTa Kai WorrEp Gyova aro Tis
ec? 4 be > > a > lal \ > 7
pitns, ére b& év abtots avav&h Kai averidota:
1 Athen. 3. 4; Plin. 19. 68.
2 Plin. 19. 101-104.
$ Sdpd.a conj. Meurs. from Plin. /.c. ; yapdia Ald, H.
4 7.e. making offsets.
5 "Ackadoévia, whence Eng. shallot ; though this name is
applied to x. cxirrdr. 8 7d add. W.
86
ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, VII. tv. 6-8
As to cucumber and gourd, it is said that
there are various forms of the former, but of the
latter, just as in radish and turnip, the differences
are only between better and inferior individuals.
1QOf the cucumber there are three forms, the
Laconian the cudgel-shaped and the Boeotian. Of
these the Laconian is better with moisture, the
others without it.
2 There are also various kinds of onion and of
garlic; those of the onion are the more numerous,
for instance, those called after their localities
Sardian,? Cnidian, Samothracian; and again the
‘annual’ the ‘divided’* (shallot) and that of
Asealon.® Of these the annual kind is small but
very sweet, while the divided and the Ascalonian
differ plainly as to their character as well as in
respect of their cultivation. For the ‘divided’ ®
kind they leave untended in winter with its foliage,’
but in spring they strip off§ the outside leaves and
tend the plant in other ways; when the leaves
are stripped off, others grow, and at the same
time division takes place under ground, which is
the reason of the name ‘divided.’® Some indeed
say that all kinds should be thus treated, in
order that the force of the plant may be directed
downwards and it may not go to seed. The
Ascalonian kind has a somewhat peculiar character ;
it is the only kind which does not?° divide and
which does not, as it were, reproduce itself from
the root; moreover in the plant!" itself there is no
power of increasing and multiplying; wherefore
7 «duns @@ow conj. Scal.; korunoéws UMP,Ald,
8 mepiatpovo. conj. Scal. from Plin. /.c, and G3; mepid-youor
P, Ald. H. 9 of. Pall. 3. 24. 3.
10 od add, Seal, 11 j,e. the part above ground.
87
©
10
THEOPHRASTUS
\
Sc: 6 Kal od mnyviovew adda oTelpovew avTa
\ , sppt th \ A ore ' 9n>
Kal omelpovow owe mpos TO ap, ei Sta
Bractnon petadvtevovor terevodTar b€ ovTw
/ ¢ > vd a 7 x \ 4
taxéws Wo Gua Tos addOLS 7 Kal TpOTEpoY
a \ , / A
éEapeiobar: mréova dé xpovov éeabeyta év TH
n , s 3 \ 247 \
yn onmeta: putevlevTa oe KavAov adinot Kai
a /
oméppa pvet fovov, ETA KEVOUTAL Kal avaiveTat.
TOUT@V MeV OLY TOLAUTN Tis H PUOLS.
UA > + ‘ a“ , ] b] A
Avapeper o evi Kal Tos Xpopnacw: ey loo
\ > o ny >
yap Ta pev Ara Gpmota ToOis AdXoLs, NevKA OE
/ A lal / / ¢ n
ahodpa Th xpod: hépew 5é hdacw byora Tois
a by / Vee 7 € n n .
Lapoiavois. iswwtatn bé y hvows } TOV Kpyntixor,
\ n
maparAnotia O€ TpoTov Twa Tols ’AcKanroviots, €f
pn dpa cal) avtn. év Kpyrn yap éoti te yévos
& omerpopevov pev pilav moet huTevopevov 6é
\ \ / \ be > y A
KAUNOV KAL OTTEPUA, KEPAAHY O€ OVK ioyEL, YUKU
na A a \ rn
dé. TO YUL@? TOdTO yap olovy avaTradw éyeL Tos
7 vA \ / \ /
dddols. aravta yap whyvipeva Kal Berio
a \
Kal OadtTov twapayivetar. wdavta Oé duTeverat
pet “Apxtovpov étt Oepuns ovons THs yijs, Oras
\ e/ f / 1
Ta voaTa TwehuTevpéva KaTadapBavyn. Kal dra
/ \ \
dé dhuteveras Kat Stateuvopeva Tapa THY Kepa-
Anv. ovy bmorar Sé ai éexBracTHoELS, AAN ex
pev Too KaTwM yiveTat Kpomvor, EK 6€ TOD avo
1 gynyviover: cf. 7.4. 2n. The word evidently has a dif-
ferent sense here; cf. § 10, where ryyviw and dutedw seem to
be synonymous.
2 otrw conj. Sch. from G; rom %AAos Ald.
2 z.e. instead of being raised from seed. cf. what is said
7. 2. 2 of the offsets of yhOvor,
88
ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, VII. tv. 8-10
many do not plant! these, but raise them from
seed; and the sowing is made late, towards the
spring; and then, when the seed has germinated,
they transplant. And the plant arrives at maturity
so? fast that it is taken up with the others or even
earlier ; whereas, if it is left a longer time in the
ground, it rots. If planted on the other hand,?®
it sends up a stem and merely produces seed, and
then shrivels up* and withers. Such then is the
character of these.
Some also shew differences in colour; thus at
Issus® are found plants which in other respects
resemble the others,® but which are extremely
white in colour; and ‘they bear, ‘it is said, onions
like those of Sardis. Most distinct however is
the character of the Cretan kind, which resembles
to some extent that of Ascalon, if indeed it be not
the same. For in Crete there is a kind which when
sown produces a root, but when planted produces
a stem and seed but has no ‘head’;’ and it is
sweet in flavour. This kind in fact has just the
contrary character to the others; for they all
grow better and faster when they are planted.
All are planted ® after the rising of Arcturus while
the earth is still warm, so that the rains may come
upon them after planting. They are planted?
either entire or else in sections made by cutting
at the ‘head.’ The growth which results is not
uniform; from the lower part comes an onion,
4 kevodra: conj. St. from G exinaniuntur ; kawodrar Ald.
5 “Igom conj. Sch. from G and Plin. l.c.; tow UM; vicw
Ald. H. .
6 &dAos conj. Sch.; Aevxots Ald. 7 Se. bulb.
8 pureverat con]. Sch.; gvera: Ald. See next note.
9 guteverac M; pverat Ald. cf. C.P. 1. 4. 5.
89
11
12
THEOPHRASTUS
xron povov’ op ov dé Siat pun bev dros aBraorés
eoTL. TO be YnTELov | KaNovpevov aKéparov TL Kal
Gomep avxeva pa. pov éxyov, d0ev Kal n Braornows
aK pa’ Kal émixeiperat TONNAKLS, Gomep TO mpa-
Top; 0 6 Kal omeipovow avo Kal ov putevovar.
Ta wev OV KpomVA aYEdOY TaUTAS EXEL Tas iSéas.
To be a Kopodov pureverar pep px pov po
TpoT ay 1) pera TpoTras Scarpovpevov Kata yeyets.
Sagopa 5é éorw avT ay Ho TE TOV ovrioy ™ pos
Ta Tpwia: syévos yap Te TUyxaver ToLOUTOY 0 év
éEnxovra npwepas Tenreloorat, kal peyéOer Kal
pix poTnte. Kal T@ peryebet yevos TL Sead opov
eat, pdduara, dé To Kémpuov Kaovpevov ToLovTOV,
omep ovyx eyodow aXXAA Mpos TovS pUTT@TOUS
Xpavr ar, Kal év TH Tpirper Gavpacrov Trovet TOV
OryKOV EKTVEVLATOULEVOD, Kal €re 7 pa) EXE
évia Tas ryényers. 1) O€ YAUKUTNS Kal DF evodia
Kal um adpotns ayedov Tapa Tas xopas ylverat
Kal Tas Gepareias, aomep Kal TOV A\N@V. TEXEL-
ovTaL dé Kal a6 oT EpMaTos ara Bpadéws: TO
T POT W yap éret Keparnv nrALKnY mpacov hap-
Bavet, TOO baTepov yedyoodrar, Kal 7@ TpIT@
TéheLov yiveTat, Kal ovdep xetpov arr’ éEvot yé
Kal Kawov pace TOU THKTOD. THs O€ pins y}
yeveres ovx opoia TOU TE oKopodou Kal TOU
Kpopvov' GANA TOD bev cKoposou 6 étav avoidnon
n yedyis KupToUTaL Tao Kal evradba avinbeioa
beaipetras TaN eis TAS yedyers Kal €& évos Toa
ryiveTat TO Teretova bat TH Kehanny, TO 6€
1 j,e. bulb; cf. 9. 11 6. Sef... 7. 2.2.
3 Plin. 19, 111 and 112,
go
| ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, VII. tv. ro-12
from the upper only foliage; while, if the plant is
divided vertically, no growth at all takes place. The
kind called horn-onion has no ‘head,’ ! but has as
it were a long neck, at the top of which comes the
new growth ; it is often cut, like the leek; where-
fore it is raised from seed and not planted.2 Such
then, one may say, are the forms of the onion.
8 Garlic is planted a little before or after the solstice,
when it divides into cloves.*_ There are different kinds
distinguished as late or early, for there is one kind
which matures in® sixty days. There are also
differences as to size. There is one kind which
excels in size, especially that variety which is called
Cyprian, which is not cooked but used for salads,
and, when it is pounded up, it increases wondrously in
bulk, making a foaming dressing. There is a further
difference, in that some kinds cannot be divided into
cloves. The sweetness of taste and smell and the
vigour depend on the position ® and on cultivation, as
with other herbs. Garlic reaches maturity from seed,
but slowly, for in the first year it acquires a ‘head’
which is only as large as that of the leek, but in the
next year it divides into cloves, and in the third is
fully grown, and is not inferior, indeed some say it
is superior, to the garlic which has been planted.’
The growth of the root in garlic and onion is not
the same; in garlic, when the clove has swollen, the
whole of it becomes convex’; then it increases and
divides again into the cloves, and becomes several
plants instead of one by the maturing of the ‘head,’
4 yéAyes conj. Scal. from G (nucleatim divisum) ; yérn Ald.
5 § év conj. Sch.; 60ev UMAId.
6 yépas conj. Dalec.; épas UMP, Ald.
7 Sc. not raised from seed. 8 So W. renders.
gI
THEOPHRASTUS
Kpomvov evOus ex THs pi&ns AXXO Kat Addo Tapa-
/ / \ \ \ / \ /
diner, Kabatrep kal BorPoi Kai oxida Kal TavTa
a /
Ta ToLavTa. Kal yap Ta Kpouva Kal Ta oKdpoda
\ > 7 > > A \ /
bn avalpovvT@y aXXN €@vT@v TONGA yiveTat.
hépew 5€ act Kal TO cKkdpodoy eri THs Hvaryyos
aKopoda Kal TO Kpopvov Kpomva: Trepl pev ovdv
Tov yevécewr ixavas eipncb.
V. Pirvipa O€ ravta Ta adda Adyava kal
'd \ / a Abs of Ld
piroxotpa wAIY THYaVvOV, TOUTO Oé HKLcTAa pido-
kompov. Ta Yemepiva SE OvY HTTOV TAY DepiYar
Kal Ta ériknpa TOV iaxupav. KOTpoy dé wadtoTa
érrawodot THY cUppaTitiv, THY S€ TOY UTobuyiwV
\ \ \ 4 > / n
poxOnpay Oia TO padduoTta éEikudlecOar: Enrovar
dé Tv KOTpov dua TO OTOP paddLCTA oVVAVA-
a € \ \ e > /
puxGcioav' ot S€ Kai oTreipovTes émiBdddovet:
ypavTa, Sé Kal TH avOpwrivyn aun mpos THY
yUAwow. idrvdpotepa Sé Ta YEeymepwa Tov
Oepiwav Kai Ta acbevh TaV ioxupar, Ett bé Ta
/ / a / \ \
TreiaTns Seopeva tpodns. dirvdpa Kai To
Kpopvov Kal TO yHOvov: KaiTot hact Tives ov
Enteiv, €av TO mpaTov éruyévntar Sis H Tpis.
a be NO / yA \ / \ \ /
Tav 5€ VddTwY apioTa Ta TOTLMA Kal Ta Wuypda,
/ A A oe \ \ A > a \
yeiptota b€ Ta advKa Kal Suvopavh, dv” 6 Kal
ék TOV OYETaVY OV YpnoTa ovpTEpipéper yap
onéppata toas. ayaba bé€ ta éx dis: TadTa
1 cf. 7. 2. 2 and 3.
2 pvoryyos conj. Casaub. on Athen. 2. 78; opdpiyyos UM
Ald. See LS ovovyé.
3 kal rd Kpéuvov xpduva conj. Sch.; kal ra kpduuva UMAId.
4 Plin, 19. 156.
92
ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, VII. tv. 12-v. 2
while the onion puts out another and another growth
straight from the root, as do purse-tassels + and squill
and all such plants. For both onions and garlic
multiply if they are not removed but left alone.
They say also that garlic produces garlic heads on
the stalk,? and that the onion in like manner pro-
duces onions. Let this suffice for an account of
their ways of growth.
Of the cultivation of pot-herbs ; manure and water.
V. * All the pot-herbs are lovers of water and of
dung, except rue, which does not at all like dung;
this is true of the winter no less than of the summer
herbs, and of the tender no less than of the strong
ones. The dung which is most commended is that
which is mixed with litter, while that of beasts of
burden is held to be bad, because it is most apt to
lose its moisture. Dung which is mixed with the
seed is most in request, but some cast the manure
on while they are sowing, and they also use fresh
human dung as a liquid manure.® The winter crops
like moisture more than the summer ones, and the
weak more than the strong, as well as those which
specially need feeding. Onion and long onion also
love moisture, though some say that they do not
require it, if at the outset it has been applied
twice or thrice. °® Fresh cold water is the best, and
the worst is that which is brackish and thick :?
wherefore the water from irrigation ditches is not
good, for it brings with it seeds of weeds. Rain
5 Lit. ‘for their liquid-manuring.’ ef. C.P. 3. 9. 2, where
xvAwois must have the same sense,
6 Plin. 12. 182 and 183.
7 Svouary7 UMAId.; dvouer9 H.
93
THEOPHRASTUS
val /
yap Soxet kal POcipey ta Onpia [ywopueval ta
yovua Kateciovta. act 5é tives odte Tois
oLKvoLS TUEpepeLY OUTE TOIS KpOMVOLS. apoEevouat
A. \ \
dé Ta pev AAA Tpwl %} Tpos EoTrépary, STra@s p71)
, \ \ 4 x , \
Kabéyynta, TO 6€ OKLoVv Kal pweonuBpias’ Kai
ca) / lal cal
yap StaBdacTavew Oatrov hact Oepu@ TO Tp@ToV
b / \ \ \ / e al
apdevopevov. TO O€ TOAD Alay Bdwp SoKel cup-
7 ” \ ~ Bh \ 4 /
pépeww adrAws Te Kal é€av [un] Eyn Kompov:
4 \ n \ / / \ al
TOANAKLS Yap TeWhy Ta ANaxYava hact, kal TadTa
/ nA nr
yuwpive Tous éutrelpous TOY KNTTOUpaD.
\
Meradutevopeva S€ Tavta Kadrio Kal peilo
\ n
ylveTal Kal yap Ta TOV Tpdowv peyeOn Kal Ta
a e / > , / \
Tov padavidov éx petaduTéias. padwota 6e
petadutevovet mpos Tovs omTEeppaTicpovs: Kal
Ta pev adda Uropévet, olov ynOvov mpacov
pahavos aixvos cédwvov yoyyvAls Opidak, <Ta
¢
dé> yNioxpws. aravta 8 evav&éctepa Kal peilo
a / .
TNYVULEVOY TOV OTEPULATWY 7) OTTELPOMEVOY.
Onpia dé yivetac tais pév pagavior Wvrrat,
7H S€ pahave Kara: Kal cx@AnKes, Kal ev TH
/ \ > a / \ > ” \
Opisaxivyn Kal év tots Tpdcows Kal év aAXows Se
TAcloolwv ai mpacoKxoupioes. TavTas pmev ovv 1)
KpaoTis GOpoicOcioa atroddvet Kal STAY KOTpOsS
miele
1 yivdmeva Ta yovipa H.; ywdueva yévipa UMAId.; ? ra 7d
yéviua. Either yivd pera, or ydéviyua seems to be due to ditto-
graphy. For yoviwa cf. C.P. 1. 15. 1: ras youluous & apxas.
2 «adéynra conj. Sch. after Plin. Lc.3 Kabaynra P,Ald.
3 xn Kémpov conj. Dalec.; uy ext, és Ald,; peréxn xémpou
conj. W. ef. 7. 5. 1, xvAwow; C.P. 3. 9. 2.
4 Plin. 19. 183.
94
ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, VII. v. 2-4
water is good, for it also appears to destroy the pests
which devour the young plants.! Some however say
that rain-water is not good for melons nor for
onions. Most herbs are watered in early morning
or at evening, so that they may not be dried up?
but basil is watered even at noon, for it is said that
it grows more quickly if it is watered at first with
warm water. In general water seems to be extremely
beneficial, especially if it is mixed with dung®; for,
they say, pot-herbs often are hungry, and experienced
gardeners can recognise when this is so.
4 All herbs grow finer and larger if transplanted ;
for even the size of leeks and radishes depends on
transplantation. Transplanting is done especially in
view of collecting seed®: and, while most herbs
bear it well, as long onion leek cabbage cucumber
celery turnip lettuce, others bear it less well.® All
however make better growth and are larger if the
seed is planted ’ rather than scattered.
Of the pests which infest pot-herbs.
SAs for pests,—radish is attacked by spiders,’
cabbage by caterpillars and grubs, while in lettuce,
leek, and many other herbs occur ‘leek-cutters.’ 1°
These are destr oyed by collecting green fodder," or
when they have been caught somewhere in a mass
. omEpuaric nods conj. Scal.; omepuariKods UMAId. ef. 7
8 +a 5€ yAloxpws con). Sch., adding ra dé; Wye ony U;
yAtoxpor M; yAloxpos Ald.; “gh pcoor conj. Seal. Sch. also
conjectures a Aloxpa: see LS. 8.0,
7 anyvupevwv: cf. 6. 6.9; 7. 4. 3. 8 Plin. 19. 177.
® Ara: cf. Arist. H.A. 9. 39. 1.
10 rpacoxovpioes: ? leaf-maggots. ef. Arist. H.A. 5. 19. 20;
Geop. 12. 9.
1 xKpdotis conj. R. Const.; xpaors Ald,
95
THEOPHRASTUS
abpoa tov KataraBy hiroxorpov & dv To Onpiov
avadvetal Kal évddca Kowpatar év TH KOTpO, Ov
A 67; e LO é / 7 8 > ” a
0 0n padLtov Onpevetv' AXrAWS O OVK EOTL. TAiS
\ ¢ a \
dé papavicot mpos tas WvdAdas Tpdcdopov To
/
émiotreipewy opoBous. mpos b€ TO pn ylvecOaL
4 ” J / > / x ‘
Wirras ov ghacw eivar dadpyaxov ovdév. wo
5é 76 dotpov WKipmov ev AevKAaiveTaL Kopiavvov bE
e a \ \ i / \ 4
apa. | Ta pey ody cupBaivovta Sid TovTev
Pewpnréor.
Tav o€ orepudtav ta pév éotw ioxvpotepa
ta d€ acbevéotepa mpos Svamovnv: iaxupotepa
pev olov Kopiavvoy TevTALOV Tpdcov Kapdapov
cal 7 / e n \ / /
varru evfwpov OUp8pa, amrOs Ta Spipéa TayTa*
b] / \ / lal \ > b] /
acbevéstepa Sé ynOvov, todTo yap ov ébére
méverv, adpadaktus wKkimov KoXroKUVYTH GikvOS,
aTrOS TA Oepwa ToV KELmEepaVv padrov. Sa-
/ \ Oe / / 7 A e 4
péver S€ ovdev Tr€OY TeTTAdpwY eTOY WoTE ETL
XpHnolwov Elva Tpos TOs oTOpoUsS* AAAA biéva
\ / \ be / Oe / \ b]
pev Bertiw, Ta Oé€ TpLéva ovdév yYelpw, TO 8
brrepTeivov Hon KEtpov.
II pos S€ THY wayerpixny ypelav él TrEiw S1a-
1 Kémpos GOpda mov katadaBn Ald.; xdémpov dOpdav mod tis
kataBdAn con]. W. after Sch.; «éapov &0péav conj. Scal.
2 pirdskompoy dy Td Onpiov avadtera Kal évdica conj. W.;
pirdmovoy Td Ohpiov avadeverar Kal éy ais komarat UMAId.;
glruvmvov conj. R. Const., but W.’s conj. is confirmed by
Geop. l.c. The change of gender in évdtcq is strange.
3 mpds Tas WUAAaS Tpdcpopov Td mBas.; WAAas mpds 7d Ald.
H.; mpds tas WAAas &pket Td conj. W.
4 wiadas Ald.; xawras conj. Sch. followed by W.
5 of. Geop. 12.7; Pall. 1. 35, 8; Plin. dc.
96
ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, VII. v. 4-6
of dung,! the pest being fond of dung emerges, and,
having entered the heap, remains dormant there ?;
wherefore it is then easy to catch, which otherwise
itis not. To protect® radishes against spiders * it is
of use to sow vetch® among the crop; to prevent
the spiders from being engendered they say that
there is no specific. © Basil turns pale about the
rising of the dog-star, and coriander becomes
mildewed.? In these instances we may observe
the accidents which occur to pot-herbs.
Of the time for which seed of pot-herbs can be kept.
8 Of seeds some have more vitality than others as
to keeping; among the more vigorous ones are
coriander beet leek cress mustard rocket savory,
and in general ® those of ‘pungent taste; among the
less vigorous are long onion—which will not keep
—orach basil gourd cucumber; and in general the
summer herbs keep less well than the winter ones.
No seed will keep more than four years so as still
to be of use for sowing; though it is better in the
second year,!°in some cases it does not deteriorate in
three years, but after that time!” deterioration
begins.
However for cooking purposes seed will keep a a
6 Plin. 19. 176.
7 GAwa conj.W.; a@daua: MAId.; adamalvera: Vo. Vin.; adAuarau
mBas. cf. 8.10.1; C.P. 6.10.5. In all three places W. .
introduces this word, comparing Ywpiav épvaiBar, etc.
8 Plin. 19. 181.
® awA@s conj. St. from G; &AAws Ald.; &Aws U.
0 S:€éva conj. Seal.; 5? éva UMAId.H.
1 +a dé tTpreva conj.W.; 5a Se tpe?ts UMAId.H.
12 Srepreivov conj. Scal.; ef. 8. 11.5; strep yaiov UMAId.;
bmepBatvoy H.
97
VOL. Il. H
THEOPHRASTUS
pevet, TWANV acbevéotepa TadTa avayKaiov eivat
\
da THY avaTvonY Kal THY GK@AnK@CLY. Oopa
dé wddiota péev UTO TOV Onpiwv: yiyveTat yap év
anact kal Tots Sptpéorv, Hxrota S€ €v TO TLKVOVL
> \ > \ \ >? / \ / an
ov pny adrra Kal e&txualomeva TiKpa yiveTat TH
yevoet, du’ 0 Kal pos THY YpEelay YEipao. Kat
TEpl MEV TOV OTEPULATWV Kal ATAWS TOV KNTTEVO-
, € a > 7
— pévav txavas eipnaba.
VI. Ilept 5€ tay aypiov Kat TOV Kadovpévov
apoupaiwy tretpatéov omoiws eiteiv. Tuyyaver Sé
TA pev OM@OVULA TOs Huépols’ ATraYTAa yap éoTL
Ta yévn TAaDTA Kai aypla, Kal oYESOV Ta YE TOAAG
mapatAnciav &xovTa THY driv Tots HuEépous, TAY
Tois ye pvAXOUS EAATTW TADTA Kal TpayUTEpa
Kal Tots KaVAOLs Kal wadLoTA ToOis YUAOIS SptmU-
Tepa Kal taxupoTepa, Kabdtrep Te OvuBpa Kal
% dpiyavos } Te padavos Kal TO THYyavov" érrel
Kal TO AaTrabov AypLov, KalTrEep Evo TOMM@TEPOV TOU
nuépov ov, Tov yurov Guws o€VTEpoy Eyer Kal
TOUT@ padioTa Siadéper. tavta b€é Kai Enpotepa
TOV Huepwov, Kal lows AVT@ TOVT@ TA YE TOANA
Kal Spimvtepa Kal ioxupoTepa.
"Ildtws 6€ 7 padpavos eyes Tapa Ta adr TOVS
KavAovs TrepipeperTépous Kal AEeLoTEpous THS 1)ué-
1 7.e. drying-up ; ¢f. Plat. Tim. 85 A.
2 oxwrAhkwow conj. Sch.; xkédavow Ald.; ocxwAhenow conj.
R. Const. :
3 oixvavi Ald.: perhaps here a general term for cucumbers,
gourds, etc.; oixvav M; ont conj. W.
4 Plin. 19. 185.
98
ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, VII. v. 6-vi. 2
longer time, except that such seed must necessarily
become less vigorous by reason of ‘evaporation’!
and destruction by worms.? The chief cause of loss
is vermin; for vermin occur in all the seeds, even
those which are pungent, though least in the gourd ®
tribe ; such seeds however, as they lose their moisture,
become bitter in taste and inferior for use. Let
this suffice for an account of the seeds and in general
of herbs cultivated in gardens.
Of uncultivated herbs: the wild forms of pot-herbs.
VI. 4 We must now endeavour to speak in the same
way of the wild kinds and of those which are called
uncultivated herbs. Some of these have the same
names as the cultivated ® kinds; for all these kinds
exist also in a wild form, and most of them resemble
the cultivated kinds in appearance, except that in
the wild forms the leaves and also the stalks are
smaller and rougher, and in particular these forms
are more pungent and stronger in taste, for instance,
savory © marjoram cabbage and rue; the wild monk’s
rhubarb (dock) indeed, though it has a pleasanter
taste than the cultivated, yet has? a sharper flavour ;
and this is tlhe chief difference. Moreover all the
wild kinds are less juicy than the cultivated, and
perhaps this is the very reason why most® of them
are more pungent and stronger.
A peculiarity of ‘wild cabbage’ as compared with
the others is that its stems are rounder and smoother
5 juépors conj. Sch.; eipnuévors Ald. The correction would
seem unnecessary but that Ald. gives eipnuévois in §4 where
nuépous is required. § ef. Diose. 3. 37.
7 bv, Tov I conj. ; Tov 5 MSS. W.
8 ye conj. Sch.; re UMAId.
99
THEOPHRASTUS
\ A UA / b , \
pov, Kat tiv tod dvAXNoV Tpocbeow Exelvn peEV
éxyer TAaTEelav avTn O€ mepipepertépay, Kal avTO
\ \ 4 > , > \ / UA
dé TO PvAXOV aywvoTepov’ érel Ta ye ada
TpAaYUTEpA Kal Tois KaVAOLS Kal TOis PUAXOLS.
‘H be \ 7 \ e?/ ” \ \
é yoyyuvAls Kal thy pifav exer waxpav Kal
e , \ \ \ rf
papavidadn kal Tov Kavrov Bpaxdv.
/ / a
Opidaxivn 5é to Te PvAAOV BpaxvTepov Tis
npépov, Kal TeAcoumevns axavOodTaL, Kal Tov
\ ec / \ > \ be Py \ \
Kavrov opmolws, Tov omov Sé Spimdv Kal dappa-
, / Sale a 5) , ous 3 ;
Koon. gvetar & ev tais apovpais: omifovar 6
\ \ / / la
QUTHY UTO TUpAaUNTOV, Kal pact KaOaiperv Udpwrra
\ J \ > ’ b] a) J / \ A
Kal aydvw an’ op0arpov atayew Kal apyeua
adatpety év yadaxte yuvatkeio. :
’
To & immocédwov kai éderocéduvov Kal dpeo-
UA \ \ ec \ \ yg \ \
aédvov Kal Tpos éauvTa Stadopay exer Kal Tpos
TO HmEpov' TO pev yap éAELovEeALVOY TO Tapa TOUS
> \ \ b n vs 4 , ,
OXETOUS Kal EV TOIS EXeoL HuYopevoy wavodvAXov
\ n
Te Kal ov dacd yivetat, Tpocempepes OE Tas TO
, \ A 3 an \ an A \ lal /
TENV@ KAL TH OT MN KAL TO YUAM Kal TO TYN-
* » ¢ / / \ > \ n
pate. TO & immocédvov dvrAXov péev Ewphepes TO
> , \ \ \ / \ \
éNevoceAiv@, Sacv dé Kal peyadoKavroy Kal THY
Fd ev c \ ” \ / f
pilav womep padavis exer TO TaxXos méNawwar:
L \ Aare , L St a OY:
pédas 6€ Kal o Kaptros, péyeBos Se petfov opoPov.
xenoia & audw pact mpos otpayyoupiav eivat
év olvm yAuKEl NEUK@ Kal Tots ALOi@ow PveTat dé
1 rpaxvrepa conj. Sch.; tpaxvrepoy Ald., which contradicts
what has just been said.
2 Plin. 20. 20; Diose. 2. 110.
3 reAcouuevns conj. W.; TeAcovmevos U; redAeoduevoy P,Ald.
cf. O.P. 4. 3. 5.
100
ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, VII. v1. 2-3
than in the cultivated kind, and, while in the latter
the attachment of the leaf is flat, in the wild kind
it is rounder, and the leaf itself has less angles; in
other cases the wild form is the rougher?! both in
stem and leaf.
* The wild turnip has a long root, like that of the
radish, and a short stem.
The wild lettuce has a shorter leaf than the
cultivated kind, and, as the plant matures,? it
becomes spinous; the stem is also shorter, while the
juice is pungent and medicinal. It grows in fields ;
they extract its juice at the time of wheat-harvest,
and it is said that it purges away dropsy and takes
away dimness of sight and removes ulcers* on the
eye; for which purpose it is administered in human
milk.
5¢« Horse-celery’ (alexanders) ‘marsh-celery’ and
‘mountain-celery’ (parsley) differ both from one
another and from the cultivated kind ; ‘ marsh-celery,’
which grows by irrigation-ditches and in marshes,
has scanty leaves,’ and is not of close habit, ‘yet it
somewhat resembles the cultivated kind in smell
taste and appearance. ‘ Horse-celery’ has a leaf
like that of the marsh kind, but is of close habit
and has a big stalk, and its root is as thick as a
radish and black; &the fruit is also black, and in
size is larger than the seed of a vetch. They say
that both kinds are serviceable in cases of strangury
and for those suffering from stone, being adminis-
tered in sweet white wine. Both kinds grow equally ®
49. 9.5; Plin. 20. 58; Diosc. 2. 136.
5 Plin. 19, 124.
® uavédpvddAov: Plin, 7.c. seems to have read povdpvadov.
7 Diose. 3. 64. 8 Diose. 3. 67.
® éuoiws conj. Sch.; Suws Ald,
Iol
is
THEOPHRASTUS
Opotws Tavtaxyod: yivetar 5é Kai te Sdxpvov é&
avtod buovov TH wvppa: ot Sé hacw Oras pvppar.
To dé dpeooédwvov peifous ett Siadopas exer TO
pev yap dvdrXov éotxe Kwveiw, pila dé Aer, TOV
dé xaprov éyer xabdrep avndov mrAnV édrXaTTw:
d:ddact 5é tovTov év olvm avoTnp® TaV yuVal-
Kelwv Yapw.
"Evia b€ ddws aovpRBrynTa Tots Hyépots orl
KaTa ye TOUS KYUAOVSs Kal Tas SuVadpuELs, WoTEP
aixvos 6 Te aypios Kal O Muepos, AAN ex Tihs
mpoaowews ever THY OpoloTnTa, KaBdTeEp Kal év
Tois oTepavapacw % iwvia’ TO yap PidXrov exer
TApOMOLov. TOUTWY peV OdD EV TOIS ELPN-évOLS ai
Staopat.
VII. Tév Sé dpovpaiwy Neyouévwv peta Tadra
pntéov, Kal ddws el TL Tovmdés Eat 6 fi) TYY-
yaver Spwrov. Kadovdmev yap Adxava TA Tpds
Tiv huetépav xpeiav: év d€ TH Kal Srov Kaxeiva
meplexetat, de’ 6 Kal tepl éxeivwv NexTéov. a-
yava pev 52) Kat Ta TovadTa KadeiTaL, KLYopy
antamrn xovdpuvrrga vroyxoupls npiyépwv, Kal drws
1 7: conj. Sch.; 7d Ald. cf. 9. 1. 4.
2 grws P,Bas.; dws Ald.; ? awAa@s W.
3 kwvelw conj. Sch.; corte Ald. ef. 1. 5. 3n.
4 «apmrdoy conj. Cornarius on Diose. 3. 67. and Dalec.; kavady
UMAId. ef. Diose. /.c.
5 juépos H.; eipnuevois UMAId. ef. 7. 6. 1 n.
6 See Index, cixvos.
? ¢.e. which gives them a common name.
8 ef ri moiwdes cot H.; eyyeito@des U; eyyeirmoiadés ear:
MAId.
102
ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, VII. vt. 3-vu. 1
everywhere. There is also a sort! of gum which
exudes from the plant, like myrrh, and some say that
it 7s ? myrrh.
‘ Mountain-celery ’ (parsley) exhibits even greater
differences; its leaf is like that of hemlock,*® the
root is slender, and the fruit’ like that of dill, but
smaller; it is given in dry wine for diseases of
women, .
In some cases however the wild kinds are not in
the least like the cultivated ° in taste and properties ;
thus the wild and the cultivated cucumber ® are quite
different, and their resemblance’ is due only to their
general look, as, among coronary plants, there is
resemblance between the wild and the cultivated
kinds of gilliflower; for the leaves are alike. We
have then described the differences which these
plants present.
Of other uncultivated herbs, which may be classed with pot-herbs.
VII. Next we must speak of the differences found
in the herbs called ‘ uncultivated,’ and in general in
any herbaceous plants * which are not edible. For
we give the name of ‘ pot-herbs’ to those which are
cultivated for our own use, but in a wider sense the
term includes these also; wherefore we must speak
of them too. *Under the name ‘pot-herbs’ are
included also!’ such plants as chicory dandelion!
khondrylla? cat’s ear groundsel, and in general all
® Plin. 21. 89, 10 kal add. Scal.
1 &mdan (or amdrn) conj. Sch.; agdxn Ald. The latter is a
leguminous plant mentioned 8. 5. 3, etc.: for adn ef. 6. 4, 8;
7. 8. 3; 7. 11. 3; for spelling see notes on the last two
passages.
12 ydvSpvAda conj. Salm. from Plin. /.c., ef. 7. 11. 4.n.; ay-
Spvada Ald.G. ef, Plin, 21. 105; Diose. 2. 133,
103
Lae)
oo
THEOPHRASTUS
doa Kixoplodn Kaneirar dua THY omovornra TOV
pudrov" TavTa yap Tes éupeph exer TO KuX opto"
Tad KavKanris &vOpucKov mOvoc pov. ol Oe pupta
avXa KaXovowr, oKavok Kal dca dAXNa TOLadTA
oKavdixaon, TpAYOT.AYyoD, o dé KOpNY Kahovow,
O Thy per pilav ever pakpav Kal yRucetay Ta be
purra TO KpoK@ Gpola | TY Haxporepa, TOV
kavdov be Bpaxvr, ep ov THY KANUKG peryahny
Kal €& aK pou péyav TOV TamT7ToOV TOALOY, ap’ ou
KANELT AL TparyoT Myo.
‘Opoiws dé kal doa adda TowavTas pev idéas
éxel Tovs dé yurovs edw@dipous 7) 7) @WLOvs 7) Epbous:
évia yap detrar TUPOT EOS, domep HaraXN | Kal
TEVTALS Kal TO AaTradov Kal 1 aKarugn Kal TO
mapOeviov™ TOV be oT puxvov Kal @mov eo Diovow,
ov Kal EVI TEUTOV TWES TPOTEPOV «.. « Kal erepa
dé melo TOUTOD, év ois Kal o maporpratouevos
éote Sua TUKPOTNTA KOpXOpOS EX@V TO pudov
OKLAOES. Tayra bé Ta pev éméreva Ta O€ érre-
TELOKAVAA TUYKavEL' ra bev yap éEavaivovtar
TOV O€ Stapévovaw els TrEelw Xpovov ai pitar
oxedor 6€ ov« eharre Ta ToLadTa éoTt.
Dvera be Ta pev Kab aro TOV puSav Kal amo
TOV oTEepuaToVv, Ta O€ ETEepa povoy aTO oTrép-
1 gadeirat conj. Sch.; ratra Ald.
2 gvOpvonov : Sch. conjectured évOpvcxos, form corrected by
L.Dindorf ; év@overwdy Ald.G. ef. Plin. 22. 81.
3 Plin. OF. 142; Diosc. 2. 138.
4 KaAvé: cf. 8. 2. 4; 8. 4. 3.
5 admmov conj. W.; maynrdy UMAId. ; maywva H., ef. Diose.
l.c., where Saracenus corrects kapros to wdrmos.
G a yaeras (sc. herbaceous) PmBas.; roiatra ras Ald.; ras
avras conj. W.
104
ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, VII. vi. 1-3
those that are called! ‘ chicory-like ’ because of the
resemblance in the leaves; for to a certain extent
the leaves of all these are like those of chicory ; and
we may add kaukalis chervil? green mint. Some
include under the name countless others, as wild
chervil and all plants that resemble it, and goat’s
beard,? which some call kome (‘hair’), which has a
long sweet root and leaves like those of the crocus,
ut longer, and a short stem, on which is set the
sheath 4; this is large, and on the top is the large
mass of grey pappus,° from which it gets its name of
‘ goat’s beard.’
In like manner all those may be included which
have a similar ® appearance, but juices suitable for
food whether raw or cooked; for some need the
action of fire, as malakhe (cheese-flower) beet monk’s
rhubarb nettle and bachelor’s buttons; while garden
nightshade’ is also eaten raw, and some in former
times® considered it worth growing in gardens.
There are also many more, including the plant
which has become proverbial ® for its bitterness, blue
pimpernel, which has a leaf like basil. All these are
either annual or have annual stems; for some of
them wither away altogether in one season, while of
others the roots persist for a longer time, and to this
class belong the majority.
Some of these plants grow from roots and also
from seed—unless in some cases they come up
7 ¢4.e. orpixvos 6 e5oSmos: cf. 7. 15. 4. The American
‘ wonder-berry.’
8 mpdétepov Ald.; *xpérepoy Bas.; a@vduacay conj. W. Text
probably defective.
® «dpxopos ev Aaxdvos is the proverb. ef. Ar. Vesp. 239,
Schol.; Plin. 21. 183, (=‘Is Saul also among the prophets ?’)
105
Po
THEOPHRASTUS
95) ap \ es ER rd
patos, eb pn TL Kal avTOpaTov. 1) dé BraoTHOLS
Kal TOVTWY Kal TOV AANoOV TOV peV aya TOS
TpoeTos vETois éoTL pET Lonpeplav, oloy amamTns
a fal /
Kal Tov KUYwTros Kal tv KaXodGL TiVes Bov-
av O¢ peta [Idecad 6a l
mpnotw, Tov Sé peta IIevdda, Kabdrep Kal Kexo-
na ¥ lal a ‘
plov Kal oxeddv THY ANY TAY KLXOPLWSOY. Kai
\ \ > \ e n / \ BA > /
Ta pev EevOvs Apa TH BrYagTHCE TO avOos adinat,
/ e > , \ AN > a /
xkabarep 7) apia, Ta dé HaTEpov ov TOANG, Kabd-.
TEP n aveworn, Ta Se dpc TO 7p Kat éxxavret
kal avOet, kabatrep TO KiXOpLoy Kal TA KLYopLwdy
Kal TOV akavOlKav boa haxavody,
Avapopa 6é tav avOav todd, Tepi Hs év Tots
MpoTepov eipntat’ ayedoyv yap éott KoLWOY aTray-
4 \ \ vA > n 4 \
Tov éua b€ Kal Od\ws avavOy, KabaTep Kal TO
, al A fal
émritetpov. oupPaiver dé Tois awa TO KAVAO TO
a a \
avOos aduciot Taxelav eivar THY aTavOnow> mrHV
h pev amrdmn ynpadcavtos Tov mpwTov mad
v \ LA 4 \ la a >
adrXo Kal AXXO Tapapvel, KAL TOUTO TrOLet Trap
lal \ wv a
bXov TOV YELLa@va Kal TO éap aypL TOV Dépous.
\ \ , EP oP / \ be + >
ToNvy 5€ Ypovoy Kal Oo Npiyépwv. Ta O€ Ara ov
motel TOTO, KaOdTEp OSE O KPOKOS OUTE O evoo-
wv sy € \ 302° ce > 0 AyD) L e be
pos ov o RevKos ov o axavOwdns: ovtor dé
Oo [L0L.
VIII. Kow dé duadopa travtav THY TroLwdav
%) ToLade TA ev yap eat OpOdKaUra Kai vevpo-
1 $¢ after TudTwy om. W.
2 &rdans (or amdrns) conj. Sch.; adaxns U; addners MAId.
of. 7.7. 1n. Plin. l.c., however, has aphace.
3 émlmetpov conj. Scal. from Plin. $33 émiwer pov UMAId.G,
ef. Hesych. 4 xavag conj. Sch.; waprg@ UM AIG,
106
ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, VII. vir. 3-vit. 1
spontaneously. The growth alike of these! and of
others takes place in some cases with the first rains
after the equinox, for instance, dandelion? rib-
grass and the plant which some call buprestis ;
in other cases after the rising of the Pleiad, for
instance, chicory and most of the plants of that
class. Some produce their flower immediately at the
time of making growth, as lesser celandine, some not
long after, as anemone, while some as soon as spring
- comes send up both their stems and flower, as chicory
and the plants which resemble it, and those spinous
plants which come under the head of pot-herbs.
There is much difference in the flowers, of which
we have spoken already ; for such difference is a thing
common to all; and some are altogether flowerless,
as stonecrop.2 Those which produce their flower
with the stem* quickly shed the flower ; except that
dandelion,® when the first flower is past its prime,
produces another and yet another, and continues to
do so right through the winter and spring up to the
summer. Groundsel ® also blooms for a long time ;
the others however do not do this; for instance the
crocus does not, neither the scented (saffron crocus)
nor the white nor the spinous kind,’—which last are
scentless.
Of the differences in stem and leaf found in all herbaceous
plants.
VIII. A distinction which is found in all herbaceous
plants alike is the following :—some have straight
> aedan ynphoavros conj. W.; amnynpdoavtos U; amoynpd-
cavros MAId.; apdnn aroynpdoayros H. ef. Plin. /.¢.; 7.7. In,
6 cf. C.P. 1. 22. 4; Plin. 25. 106.
7 See Index. This plant can only have been called xpéxos
because it produced a yellow dye.
107
THEOPHRASTUS
,
Kavra, TA O€ EmuyeloKavra, KaBdTEp paddyy
/ 5 / BA A \ be e / 4
oxdvorE aixvos aypios’ TO b€ HALOTpOTLOY ert
nr al A ? an
HGAAOV WS ElTELY TOLODTOV, WaTrEep Kal ev Tois
5) , ¢ , \ape 4 \
axavOddeow ovow TpiBoros Kal 1) KadtTapis Kal
+ /
dAda Treiw Kal yap éxeivwr 1) Svadhopa Treéiov.
SY \ / \ \ A
évia 6€ TEeptadroKavra, wy Exovta 5é mod mpoc-
/
mTéacwaot ériyeoKavra, Kabatep éretivyn Kal atra-
/ A>. # Lal e e \ \ \ \
pivn Kal aTAWS MY O KaVAOS AETTTOS KaL WadaKOS
a / a
kal paxpos, &’ 6 Kal dvovtat tadta ws éml Td
a > M4 Z \ 67; \ e/ e 8 \
wav év addous' Kown 67 Kal aitn 4 Stadopa
/ a a a
TavT@V OV MovoOY TOY ToLwdav Kal dpvyaviKav
b) \ \ a Q@ 80 . \ \ ¢ aN \ +
anra Kal Tov Oapvwmddv: Kal yap 7 ENE Kal ert
an ~ ,
MaXXov 4 outAaE TEpitadrOKavAoP.
n lal \
"Ets 6€ kal TOV ToLwWo@V Ta Mev TOAVKAVAA TA
dé wovoKavra’ Kal TOY povoKaUNoY TA MeV aTra-
/ \ \ \ \ be .
paSracta Kata Tov KavXov Ta O€ TapaBNacTIKa,
Kkabdrep Kal év Tots tpépois } Te padarvis Kal
/ fal a
GaXN’ arta. modvKavra bé ws aTrAOS eitreivy Ta
> / / be » Pree 4 . \
ETTLYELOKAUAA, MOVOKAVAG O€ Kal OALYOKAVAAa Ta
J / 4 be > / \ /
opboxavra. Tovtwy 6€ amapdBracTa TA reLo-
/
KavAa Kposvoy Tpdcov oKdpodov, WaTrEp Kal év
a e / \ \ \ WeEe \ be ,
Tots Nmépors Kal TA pev EeVOUKaVAA Ta SE TKOALO-
a /
Kavra Kal Tovtav [Tols Apuépors | UTapyet.
\ / \ 10 n a b
Avaghopa é tis Kal Tordde TOV TOLwWdOY éoTL:
\
Ta wev yap émuyecopurArAa Ta 6 émiKavrAOdvARrA
A \ > > / > / 4
Tuyxave. Ta 8 aphotépws. émuyevodudAdrAa pet
1 émvyeddxavda conj. Cornarius; émeresdxavaa Ald. H.
2 ef. 7. 15. 1; Diose, 4, 190 and 191; Plin, 22, 57,
108
ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, VII. vi. 1-3
and fibrous stems, some prostrate stems,! as malakhe
(cheese-flower) wild chervil ‘ wild cucumber’ (squirting
cucumber) ; while helotropion ? has this character® to
an even greater extent, and so, among spinous plants,
have caltrop caper and several others ; for in these
too the above-mentioned distinction is even more
marked. Some again have clasping stems, but if
they have nothing on which to throw themselves,
their stems become prostrate, as epetine bedstraw and
in general those which have a slender soft long stem ;
wherefore these in general grow in the midst of 4
other plants. This point of difference too is common
not only to all herbaceous plants and under-shrubs,
but also to shrubby ones ; for helix (ivy) has a clasping
stem, and, still more, smilax.
Again of herbaceous plants too some have several
stems, some only one; and of the latter some have
no side-shoots along the stem, while others have
side-shoots, for instance, among cultivated plants
radish and some others. Those with prostrate stems
have generally more than one, while those with
erect stems have but one or a few. Of these those
with smooth stems have no side-shoots, as onion leek
garlic—the wild, as well as the cultivated forms ;
and of these 5 again some have straight, some crooked
stems.
There is also the following point of difference in
herbaceous plants :—some have their leaves on the
ground, some on the stem, some have both characters.
The following have ground leaves—crowsfoot ® the
3 rowdrov conj. Sch. from G ; todtwy Ald.
4 év; G seems to have read én’.
5 rois huépos probably repeated by mistake from above.
8 of. C.P. 2. 5. 4; Plin. 22. 48; Diosc. 2. 130.
109
THEOPHRASTUS
y Ul /
Kopwvotrous avOewov adirAXavOes ayxyovoa Toa
aveLovn arapyla apvoy\wooor amramn: émiKav-
Nodvara Sé xpyntis avOenov TO PvdAAMSes N@TOS
fw > / \ \ / \ \ : ae.”
AevKdiov: audotépws Sé TO KLyOpLov' Kal yap eri
TOV KaVAOY dma Tais exdhioect Tais axpepoviKais
expver Te Kal avOos: Kal TOV PvdAdaKdvOan Evia,
\ b , s a U e /
TAnVY axavOm@bdect Komtoh, KaOaTEp 0 TOYKOS.
IX. "Eott 5€ nal Ta pev axapra ta S€é Kadp-
Tina. Kal dws TOV TOLwWo@V TA MEV AYpL TOV
PvrAXrwv adixveitar, Ta 5é KavAOV Eyer Kal avOos
\ \ BA \ \ \ \ ef
Kaptrov € ov. Ta O€ Kal KapTrOV WaTEp TEAELO-
TaTHV Paw, Et yn TL Kal avev TOV avOous KapTrO-
hopov, woTep ert THY Sévdpov.
4
Avadéper b€ Kal ta pidrAXra oyxedov ovK éXaTTO-
\ a a
gw addAa Treloor Siadopais Ta Tav Sévdpar
Kal mpos avtTa dé éxeiva Siapopas exer’ peyioTnv
> a
[ev WS ELTTELY OTL TA LEV ATO polaxou TpoTTéepuUKE,
\ \ > \ A e e A \ \ a
ta 5€ alta pev @s aTAaS, Ta O€ KaUALKH TLV
7 n lel
mpocdice. Kal Tov pev év TH BYacTHOEL TpO-
a € , a
TEPEL <0 KAUAOS >, TOV OE TAEiT TOY TA PUAAA, Kal
\ b] lal a /
aoxedov Ev TH APY méeyloTa yivovTa: Kal waduoTa
29 7 \ \ 4 a / a
édHodyua: ta o€ éx tav dévdpwv tpowbe? Tia
KavAOV.
1 apvarAdavOes placed after &vOeuov by Sch.; in Ald. placed
after dveudyyn. cf. 7. 14. 2; Plin. 21. 56.
2 andan U; amdrn Ald. cf. 7. 7. In.
3 ef. 1. 13. 1. and Index.
4 éxpve tt eal MSS.; ? expder pdrdov Te kal W.
TIO
ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, VII. vin. 3-1x. :
anthemon whose flowers have no petals! (wild camo-
mile) alkanet grass anemone hawk’s beard plantain
dandelion ?; the following have leaves on the stem—
ox-tongue the anihemon which has petalled flowers 3
trefoil gilliflower; while chicory has both kinds of
leaves ; for this plant produces,‘ as well as leaves, a
certain number of flowers on the stems at the points
where the side-shoots are attached. Similar too are
some of the plants with spinous leaves, but not those
that are altogether spinous, as sow-thistle.
Of other differences seen in herbaceous plants in general, as
compared with one another and with trees.
IX. Again some are barren, while others bear
fruit, and, speaking generally, of herbaceous plants
some get as far as producing leaves only, others have
a stem and flower, but no fruit; some again have
fruit as the completion of their development, while
some bear fruit even though they have no flower, as
is the case with some trees.
>The leaves of herbaceous plants again differ in
hardly fewer, nay, even in more, ways than those
of trees, and further, they present differences as
compared with these, the chief being perhaps that
some are attached by a leaf-stalk, some are attached
directly, some attached with cauline appendages.®
And in some herbaceous plants the stalk’ is the first
part to grow, but in most the leaves, which almost
at the outset grow to their largest and are best for
eating ; whereas the leaves of trees always push out
first a sort of stalk.
5 Plin. 21. 100.
6 i.e. petiolate, sessile, and decurrent respectively.
7 6 kavaAds add. Sch. from G.
Itt
2
wo
cs
THEOPHRASTUS
n A
Avadépovor b€ Kali tots avOeou modv: év pev
yap tois dévdpect Ta ye TAEloTA evKA, TA OE
\ > / \ be © \ ny)
puxpov érritroppupifovta, Ta Sé Towdn Kal yOwWSn,
Key pwopévov O¢ avOiwe <ovdév: év dé Tois TroLw-
deat TOV aVOGV > TOAKAL Kal TavTObaTal xporal
Kal aKkpatot Kal peutypéevar Kal evoopoe bn Kal
doopot eiow. Kal Ta pev dévdpa tiv avOnow
/ n 5
aOpoav Troveitat, ToUT@Y 8 eva KaTa pépos, Wo-
/ a a \
mep €déyOn Kal mept TOD wKipov, dv 0 Kal TOAD)
f 5) fal , bY \ \ x
xpovov avOet, xabamep aNNa TE TOAAA Kal TO
y \
NALOTPOTLOV Kal TO KLYOpLOV. :
TloAXai b€ cal tov pilav Stadhopat Kat Tporrov
Twa ai TovTwv havepwrepat cial yap ai pev
Evrwddes ai 6€ capKobers Kal Wades, woTEp Kal
an n , na
TOV nucpov, KaSaTep at Te TOU GiToV Kal TIS
/ a n
Toas THS TWAEiaTNS. avTav O€ TovT@V ExacTaL
TrELaTas éxovor Sitahopas ypopaciw dcpais xv-
pots peyébeowv ai wev yap Neveal ai 5é pédawvat
ai © épvOpai, cabdrrep } Te THs ayXovoNs Kai TOD
b] /, ¢e DS. \ \ “
épevVedavou: at 8 @atep EavOal Kai Evroerdeis:
cal yAuKelar 6€ Kal mixpal Kal Spipetar Kal
evmders Kal Kak@bdels, Kal Eviar PappaKkwbels, ws
év adXols EipnTat.
Atagopal 5 kal tav capKkwmdav* ai pev yap
4
oTpoyyvAat ai 6é€ mpounKes Kal Baravedecs,
womep aopovérou Kal KpOKOU' Kal al ev eTTU-
a n a /
provers, WaTrEep 7 TOV BorBod Kal THS aKirArgNs Kal
4 , \ / \ \ , \
doar BorX\Bwdes Kal Kpopvou 5é Kal ynOvov Kal
a My eb Oe
2 obdev. . . avOav add. Seal. from G (Kexpwopévar dé avOing
modAal UMAId.) ; avg for av@ixg conj. W., who also added
Trav aveav. See LS. avéivds.
Ii2
ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, VII. 1x. 2-4
There is also much difference as to the flowers
between herbaceous plants and trees; for in trees!
most of the flowers are white, while some are slightly
reddish, others are greenish or greenish-yellow, but
none of them? have distinct gay colours; while in
herbaceous plants the flowers shew many and various
colours, both simple and in combination, and further,
some of them are scented, others not. Again ® trees
produce all their bloom at once, while some herba-
ceous plants have a succession of flowers, as we said *
of basil; wherefore it is in flower for a long period,
as are many other herbs, such as heliotropion and
chicory.
There are also many differences in the roots, and,
in a way, the differences in these are more obvious ;
some are woody, some fleshy and fibrous, just as in
the cultivated kinds, as are those of corn and most
kinds of grass. Again the roots themselves exhibit
in each case very many differences in colour smell
taste and size ; some are white, some black, some red,
as those of alkanet and madder ; some are yellowish,°
or the colour of wood.® Again there are roots which
are sweet, bitter, pungent, fragrant, evil-smelling ;
and some are medicinal, as has been said elsewhere.
There are also differences between those with
fleshy roots; the roots of some are round, of some
oblong and acorn-shaped, as those of asphodel and
crocus ;/ some consist of several layers, as those of
purse-tassels squill and others which belong to
that class, onion long onion and _ others like
3 Yoouo elow. kal ta wey conj.W.; &oopor. kal éviwv rd wry
Ald.H. $7, 3.1.
5 damep MSS.; mAciora: conj. W.
8 tvrAoedets: of. 7. 3. 2. 7 of. 1. 6. 7; 6. 6. 10.
113
VOL. IL, I
oO
THEOPHRASTUS
id Py 4 e WAS a5 \ \
dca TovTols Guwoia. ai dé oparels Kal yra0upai
kal paraxat dv drov Kal O@oTEp Aprotot, KaO aTrEp
n a /
TOU apov' ai dé ProLtovy EXovat TpOS TH oTapKt,
Kkalatep 7 TOD KUKNapivou Kal THs yoyyuAt6os.
ovy aracat & ai ev@ders 7) yAvKElaL 7) EVoTOMOL
\ > R +99 c \ ” : > >
«al éd@dipot, ovd ai muxpal ABpwtot adr boat
> a fa
aBraBels eiot TH TOpaTL peTA THY Tpochopar:
\ a.
éviat yap yAuKetar pev Oavdotpor bé Kal voowoers,
e \ \ \ A , bd , 4 \
ai 5€ mixpal pev Kaxdders @hédipmor 5é. TOV
2% \ , \ UY em tty , ,
auTov O€ TpoToY Kai PUAXA Kal KavAol, KaBaTrep
a b / \ n , \ \
Tov awWwO@iov Kxal tod Kevtavpiov. diadopa oe
Kal Kata THY BraoTnow Kal Kata THY avOnow,
olov apxomévov YEelm@vos Kal pecotyTos Kal
/ lal
Tad Hpos 7) Oépous 7) metoTmpov. Kal éml ToL
a c e / a
KapTO@Vv O€ omolws TO BpwrTors eivat Kal éyxvrous
SF, \ / \ / \- (eo? Eee |
eviols KAaL PUAAA KAL oTrEppaTa Kal pilas’ Kal EL
a \
avTois TOVTOLS KATA Tovs XUAOUS, olovy o£UTHTE
\
kat SpiymvTnte Kal yAuKUTHTL Kal adbotnpoTntt
Kal Tats addats Tals TovavTais aTOS TE Kal
\ \ a \ \ 9 \ >
KATA TO paddXov. Tas pev ovv diadhopas év
TOUTOLS ANTTEOD.
, \ \ \ ‘v4 id /
X. Aun pnpevov Oe KaTa Tas w@pas éxdoToD
mpos Te Tas BrAaoTHCELS Kal KATA Tas avOnoeLs
Kal Tedet@oets TOV KapTO@V, ovdeY avaBAacTaveEL
Tpo THs oiKelas wWpas ovTe TaV piCopuar ovUTE
TOV oTepphopuav, GAN ExacTov avapéver THY
1 «at conj. W.; 4 Ald.
2 7G Bpwrovs elvar nat éyxvAous évlois conj. W.; 7d Bpwrd
eivat kal kavdods elva: Ald.H. Text probably defective,
II4
ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, VII. 1x. 4-x. i
these. Some are smooth loose and soft through-
out, and, as it were, without ‘bark, as those of
cuckoo-pint, while some have a ‘bark’ attached to
the fleshy part, as those of cyclamen and turnip.
And not all those that are fragrant or sweet or
pleasant to the taste are also! edible, any more than
all those that are bitter are uneatable ; any (whether
sweet or bitter) that are harmless to the body after
being eaten are edible ; for some that are sweet are
deadly and dangerous to health, while some are
beneficial even if they are bitter or have an evil
smell. ‘The same may be said of the leaves and
stalks, as in the case of wormwood and centaury.
There are also differences in the time of growth and
of flowering, the season being variously the beginning
or middle of winter, or again spring, summer, or
autumn. So too is there in like manner a differ-
ence in the fruits, which? in some of these plants
are edible and juicy, as well as® the leaves seeds
and roots. And in these cases there are further
differences in the taste (of those which are edible
and juicy), which may be sharp, pungent, sweet, dry,
or exhibit other similar differences, either altogether
or in degree. These ‘are examples of the differ-
ences which we find.
Of the seasons at which herbs grow and flower.
X. Each plant having its proper season for growth,
flowering and maturing of the fruit, nothing grows 4
before its proper season either of those grown from
a root or of those grown from seed, but each awaits
® xa p{(as seems irrelevant,
4 avaBAaorave: conj. W.; avaBAacre? cal Ald, H.
II5
12
tb
eo
THEOPHRASTUS
oixelay ovd UO TOV LddTwY ovdev TacxXoOV évia
yap Oepwa Kouidn Kal tH BraotHcE Kal TH
avOnae, Kadatep 6 TE TKOAUMOS Kal O GiKUOS
diyplos, MoTEp Kal TEpt TOV HpvyaviKav ééyOn
mept Kovutns Te Kal KaTTTapLoos Kal TOV AdroD:
ovdev yap ovdé excivav avOet Kal Bactaver Tpo
THS oiKelas @pas. Ot 0 Kav TavTn doFatev av
Siadhépery TaV Sévdpwv. TOV pev Yap dua Tas
TavToV th) eyyvs ) BAdoTHOLS, et S€ py) KATA piaV
rye @pav ws eitreiv: TOUT@Y O€ ev TrOANATS MadXOV
dé é€v amacais » BAdoTHOLWs Kal ett padAXOV 4
avOnow, wate ei Tis EOéXNEL KaTavoEeiy oYEdOV
oUVEXNS yiverau Kal” dhov éviavTov Kal % Brac-
Thos Kal 4 avOnows: aie yap Erepov é& érépov
Siadexopevov mdcas KatadauBdver Tas wpas’
Olov méeTa THY aTaTHY KpOKOS ~oTAaL Kal avEe“wovn
Kal 0 nplyépov Kal TA AAA Yetpmepivd, peta be
TavTa Ta npiwa <kal Oepiva> Kal peToT@pwda.
TOANG Sé, WaTrEp EhEXON, Sia TO KATA pépos avOeiv
émiTelveTas Tals W@pais' Evia yap ovTws ave,
Kadarep 4 Te amTamtn Kal TO ovoyeldes Kal TO
KuXOpLov Kal TO dpvoyhwoa cov Kal andra" bua dé
THY ouvéeyetav Kal THY TepiKaTadnYLY THY oT
GAAHA@V ov haivetat padsov ev éviows OVS oOpicar
mola mpata Bractaver Kal troia oWiBraoTh’
TAY El TIS UTOBOITO Tod ETOUS THY apyHY TLVA
1 938’ conj. W.; o#@ Ald. 2 Reference not discoverable.
3 andmrnv conj. W.; apaxnyv UMAId. ef. 7. 7. In.
4 «pdxos conj. Sch. (adding 6); #pos U (corrected); xpos M;
om. Ald.; 7d xpéxov mBas.
5 kal Gepiva seems to have dropped out.
8 $a 7d KaTad wépos avOciv con]. W.; Kal ray KaTa wépos dvOewy
Ald.
116
ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, VII. x. 1-3
its proper season and is not! affected even by rain.
For some are plants which belong properly to
summer as to their growth and their flowering,
as golden thistle and squirting cucumber, as was
said? of shrubby plants and of konyza caper and
the rest; for of these too none blooms or grows
before its proper season. Wherefore in this respect
too these plants would seem to differ from trees.
For trees make their growth all at once or nearly
so, or at all events we may say that they do so
all at one season; but the plants of which we
are now speaking have their times of growing and
still more of flowering at many or rather at all
seasons ; so that, if one will consider it, both the
growing and the flowering are almost continuous
throughout the year; for one continually succeeds
to another, so that all seasons are covered; thus
after the dandelion ° will come the crocus ‘ anemone
groundsel and the other plants of winter, and after
these those of spring summer® and autumn. Some
again, as was said, because they do not produce all
their bloom at once,® cover a longer season; for
there are some that thus bloom, for instance
dandelion’ bugloss ® chicory plantain, and others ; but
because of this continuity and overlapping it does
not seem easy in some cases to define which first
make growth and which are late in growing,—
unless® one were to lay down that the ‘year’
? axdny conj. W.; adpdnn Ald. of. 7. 7. 1 n.
8 dvoxeAés conj. Sch. from Plin. 21. 100; Diose, 4. 24; dvo-
ktxAns UMAId.
9 ¢.e. unless one has a fixed starting-point. tiva épas rivos
apxi conj. W.; ria mpds tH va ¢H(?) U; text defective in
MAId., but both give va (7; W. conjectures also rporas tas
xemepivds. ? elvat Spas twos apxiyv or eivar Spay tive (omitting
ei (9 as a trace of a lost sentence).
117
4
o
THEOPHRASTUS
7 \ > lel \ > n Se 4 \
@pas Twos apxXh. Kal avT@v o&€ TovTwY Tas
, / n
yevérers Kal Tas @pas OTav TEheLwWOeYTMOY TOV
an / LA > \ > ¥ a
KapT@v Tad adrAas apxXas EvLET@VTAL TNS
a / >
yevéoews' Omep padiota Soxei ovpPaivew pert
/ / \ ” \ /
ionmepiay petoTr@pwyy: TOTe yap On TA oTrép-
a \ n la
pata wréloTa TeTEAMELwTAL Kal TOV SevdpiKaY
fal e , \ w@ 4 > fal
KapT@v ol TOOL, KAL apa petaBorn Tis avTovD
\ fol ud A \ a
TOVTOV TpoayiveTas Kal THs wpas’ doa Sé aTEdi
Kal amentTa TeptkaTadapBaveTal, TOVTOIS KATA
Aoyou éx meptodsov Kal 7 BrAaoTHOLs yiveTaL Kal
>
% avOnots Kal % Tereiwouss Ot 0 oupBaiver Ta
lal ,
pev Ud TpoTras avOciy Ta & bro Kuva ta &€ Kai
“ /
peta Apxrodpov Kal ionueplay peToT@piyy.
"ANG TadTa pe Eoixe KoWOTEpan Exe oKEYLY
eis abopiopov apyhs. Ore bé ai Stahopai mreious
ry > ie wah > s , 5 \ \
}) ove éXaTTous év TovTows gavepov. érrel Kal
sri; a , > \ ” , \
deipud\rXa TOV TOLOVTwWY éoTiv Evia, KaBaTEP TO
/ \ 2 * / \ Nt ENS
mONLOV Kal ALOTPOTLOY KAL TO AdLiaYTOP.
4
XI. "Adwpicpévov ody tovtwy epi tas bia-
\ > / \ “ , BA \
dhopas év ols yivovtat Kat TAs exTéov dn Tas
24 \
Kal’ éxactov iotopias ... dca pn KaTa THD
1 7.e. to fix the date of the beginning and end of the cycle
of the plant’s life.
2 aitod ru’tov: ? the plant itself. airod rod tous conj. Sch.
3 7.e. according as the seed ripened last year or this year.
In this rather obscure section I follow W.’s explanations,
4 Plin. 21. 100.
118
ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, VII. x. 3-x1. 1
begins when a certain season begins. Further in
these plants it is not easy to define} in each case
the time of first growth and the season when, the
fruits being matured, it makes a fresh start in
reproduction. This seems chiefly to occur after
the autumnal equinox; for by that time most of
the seeds are matured, like most of the fruits of
trees: moreover a change then takes place in the
seed ? itself as well as in the season. But in the
case of any seeds which are still immature and
unripe and so are overtaken by winter, the period
of first growth, the flowering of the new plant, and
the period of maturity are proportionally later.
Wherefore it comes to pass that some bloom at
the solstice, some at the rising of the dog-star,
and some after the rising of Arcturus and the
autumnal equinox.’
But these matters seem to require a wider in-
vestigation in order to determine when the process
begins. However it is clear from what has been
said that these plants present at least as many
differences as trees. *For some again of this class
are evergreen, as hulwort heliotropion and maiden-
hair.
Of the classes into which herbaceous plants may be divided, as
those having a spike and chicory-like plants.
XI. Having then made these explanations we must
now give a separate account of each plant, dis-
cussing the differences (in those plants in which
they occur) and saying how they arise... 5
except those peculiarities which belong to the
5 Lacuna in UMAId.Cam.Bas., leaving the connexion of
the next clause obscure,
119
is)
THEOPHRASTUS
idtav éxdoTou puow. Réyw de olov Ta oTaxuodn
Kal Ta oKav0rnaon Kab povopui), Kav eb TL Erepov
éote Tovodrov Kowov eri TAVTOY AaBeir, 0 TH
aicOnoe: yvopiwov } hvrAXOts 4 AVOcow 7 pitass
) Kaptroiss é€x yap Tov havepOv oO peptapmos
@oTrEp Kal €x TOV pilav.
Lraxvady pev oby éoTw & TE Kova TO TLVwY
KaNOU[LEVOS Tetous éywv idéas év éavT@" Kal oO
GwT EKOUPOS Kal 0 aterehovpos wm évior be
apvoywacov TOV 6é 6pTtvE eanovpevos: Tapo-
povov dé TOUT@ TpOTrov Twa Kal ) Opvanrnis.
dma 88 kab povoedh tpdmov Twa TadtTa Kab
otaxuy ovK o&dv ovd abepwdn Exovta: o 6
Ghotékoupos padakov Kal yvowdséaTepor, OTL Kal
6moltov Talis TOV adwTéxwv ovpais, d0ev Kal
Toivoya peTteiindev. Spmoros O€ TovT@ Kal o
oTedépoupos, TAnY OVX WaoTeEp exeivos avOet KaTA
pépos GANA bu’ GXov TOU oTdYVOS HaTEP O TUPOS.
1 O€ avOnors apd otv xvowdns, Kabatrep Kat Tob
citov' mapopmotov oé€ TH Onn pophn TO Tup@
7 pV TaTUPpYNNOTEPOP. @oavtTos € ToVTALS Kal
Ta ANNA TA TTAYVOSNH exTEov.
Ta dé Kixopiodn wdavTa wey emeTetopurha
kat pilopurra, Bracotaver Oێ wera Trevdda wrap
THS atamns, Tols 6€ KavAols Kal Tais pifass
1 7.e. spicate.
2 gxavducedn : 7.e. umbellate. One would expect x:xopiddn,
to correspond with § 3; but the three classes mentioned seem
to be merely ‘ samples’ of classification: of the three only
one (ta craxvedn) is described below, and other classes are
added.
3 uovopvy I conj.: 7.e. those which have a scape: cf. 2. 6.9;
C.P.1. 1. 3. wvdpaa U3; pvodda MAId.; om, G,
I20
ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, VII. x1. 1-3
character of individual kinds. I mean for instance
the plants which have a spike,! those which may
be classed with wild chervil,?, and those which
have a single stem,®? . . . . or any other such class
in which one can find some such general charac-
teristics obvious te the senses either in leaves flowers
roots or fruits; (for the classification is to be made
by the visible parts, as well as by the roots).4
5An example of the plants which have a spike
is the plant which some call ‘dog’s eye ®’ (rib-grass),
which comprises several forms; we have also ‘ fox-
brush,’ stelephuros (ptantain}, which some call ‘ lamb’s
tongue’ and some ‘quail-plant’; and somewhat
similar to this is thryallis. ‘These are simple plants
and uniform in character, having a spike which
is not pointed nor bearded; while in ‘ fox-brush’
it is soft and somewhat downy, in that it actually
resembles the brush of a fox, whence also it has
obtained its name. Similar to this is stelephuros
(plantain), except that it does not, like that plant,
flower here and there, but all up the spike like
wheat. The bloom of both is downy like that of corn,
and the plants in their general appearance resemble
wheat, but have broader leaves. Of the other
plants which have a spike a similar account may be
given.
7The chicory-like plants all have annual leaves
and have root-leaves, and they begin to grow after
the Pleiad, except dandelion*®; but in their stems
4 Roots being the basis of classification in xii. below.
5 Plin. 21. 101.
8 xkévwy conj. Sch.; ax’dvay UOAld.; Plin. lc. has cynops
(cf. 7. 7. 3); oculus caninus G.
7 i.e. composites. Plin. /.¢.
8 amdans U; amarns MAld. cf. 7. 7. 1n.; 7. 8. 3n.
I2I
THEOPHRASTUS
beydras éyovat Suapo pas: oi wev yap Tév adov
dmhove Tepot Kar éhatTous, 0 > O€ 70d Kvxopiov
péyas Kal aTropva es EXOV Todas, étt O€ yXi-
oxXpos Kal Svadiaiperos, ou 0 Kal Seo ue Xpavrar
mapaBdactnTiKcov dé Kat tH pity kat addws
pax poppitov, &: 6 Kal Svowdeb por ray yap
exdaxavic wvTat, Tad TO vmohouTov apynv
AapPaver YEverEws. oupBaiver dé Kal mapavbeiv
avTou [eépos ado Kal dAdo, Kal TovTO aX pt TOU
peToT@pov, oKdnpod Soxodvtos elvat Tob xavnod.
héper 5é kal AoBdv ev 6 TO oTréppa Tepl Ta aAKpa
TOV KAUVAOD.
“H 6éé broxoupls AetorEépa Kal jeporépa 7h
Tpoaowet Kal yAveutépa Kal ovx OomEp D xov-
dpvrAra: TO yap OXov | OUK eda@dupos arn Kal
aBpwrtos Kat év tH pify Spimdv omov eye Kal
TOU.
"ABportos dé Kal TLKpa a amann: mpwiavOns
dé Kal TaxXD ynpaa Kew Kal aroTranmobrat, elt’
ido puerta ™ ay Kal ado Kal TOUTO Tap ddov
Towel TOV YEeL“a@va Kal TO Eap AXpL TOD Oépovs* TO
8 avOos pn ruvoewés.
‘Ocavtas oe Kab 1) mouxpis: Kab yap. auTn TO
7p avOei, Kal TapatAnoia ov bdov TOU Xetpavos
Kal tod Oépovs trapavbet: TH yevoe O€ Tixpa, Ov
0 Kal Tov’voua eiAnde. TavTa pmev ovv év Tav-
1 érdrrovs conj. Scal.; @¢rrovs UMAId.
2 Plin. 21. 88. 3 7b conj. Sch.; rhy Ald.
* Meaning not obvious ; oKAnpod is perhaps corrupt.
5 _, broxorpls conj. Scal.; iroxépnois UMAId. ef. 7. 7. In.
6 ody Somep : an adjective has perhaps dropped out between
these words ; ? mixcpa (amara Plin. J.c.).
122
ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, VII. x1. 3-4
and roots they exhibit great differences; for in
some these are simpler and fewer,! but the stem
of chicory is large and has many side-shoots ; also
it is tough and hard to break, wherefore it is used
for withes?; it makes side-growths from the root,
and also has long roots, wherefore it is hard to
kill; for, when the top is taken off to use as a
vegetable, what remains? starts growing again.
Moreover different parts of it flower at different
times, and the flowering goes on till autumn, since
the stem appears to be hard.* Also it bears a pod,
which contains the seed, at the top of the stem.
Cat’s ear® is smoother and has a more cultivated
appearance, and is also sweeter and not like ®
khondrylla* ; for the latter is altogether uneatable
and ® unfit for food, and its root contains a quantity of
pungent juice.
Dandelion® is also unfit for food and bitter: it
flowers early and quickly waxes old and the flower
turns to pappus; but then another flower forms, and
yet another, and this goes on right through the winter
and spring up to the summer; and the flower is
yellow.
10 The like may be said of pikris: for this plant
too blooms in spring, and like dandelion it flowers
throughout the winter, and it flowers also to some
extent in summer; in taste it is bitter, whence its
name. These are the special points of difference
7 xdvdpvAdAa conj. St.; xavdpy ackAa U; yxavdpd adda M;
xavipas GAAG Ald. H.; cadryalia G(Tarv.); candralia G (Bas.
Par. ).
8 7d yap BAov od Cddd:u0s arn Kal conj. W.; 7d bAov odk 25.
airy yap Ald.; aitn yap &Bpwros conj. Sch. from Plin, 21. 105.
9 andnn conj. W.; apdun Ald. cf. 7.7. ln.
10 Plin. 22. 66.
123
i)
THEOPHRASTUS
tats tats Stahopais. etpatéov bé, ws éréyOn,
\ a 5A / c ‘f
Kal TOV AANoV AapPavew opmotas.
XII. [odd € te yévos éoti Kat TOY capKop-
pilwv 1 Keparoppifwv, & Kat mpos Ta GAXa Kal
xa?’ avta tas dtahopas exer pitas te Kal pvr-
Rows Kal KaVAOIs Kal Tals AdraLs pophais. Tar
yap pilav, Oot ep elpntat TpdTEpor, ai wey NeTrU-
prmders at O€ capx@des, Kal at perv exovcat
droov ai & addhroror, ete O€ ai pev oTpoyyvraL
€ \ / ‘ e \ > / € > 7
ai O€ mpounKels Kai ai pev €d@dipor ai 8 &8pearot.
pI / \ \ > , \ \ \ oo
Edodip0L ev yap ov povov BorBol Kal Ta bpuora
TOUTOIS, GAA Kal 7) TOD aodhodérov pita Kal 2
THS TKIAANS, TAHY Ov TaaNS GAA THS ’Esipevi-
Setov Kadovpévns, 1) amd THs ypjoews exer THY
mpoonyoptav' aitn O€ atevopvAdrotépa Te Kal
AevoTépa TOV NOLTOV éoTLV.
> , \ ve oe a \ TK \ \
Eéadipos 5é Kai % Tov dpouv Kai avTh Kai Ta
gvrAra tpoadheynbévta év d&eu nat éotw deta
TE Kal Tpos TA pyypwata ayabr}. mpos dé THY
bY > vb ied > / 4 \
av&ynow avTns, Otav amopuvAdcwaty, Eyer O€
péya ahddpa To PUAXOr, avopvEavtes oTpéhovary,
OTws av ps) dtaBAacTavyn GAA Tacav EXKy THY
\ > e / A \ > \ “A oe
Tpopynv els EavTHV, 0 Kal emt TOV BorPov TLVES
lof. 7. J; Dad jin. 2 Plin. 19. 93 and 94.
3 yuoppais: cf. 8. 4. 2. 47.9. 4.
® The legends about Epimenides suggest that the ‘use’
was possibly in magic: ef. what is said of oxiAdAa 7. 13, 4.
cf. Plin. le.
124
ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, VII. x1. 4-x. 2
about these plants; now we must endeavour, as was
said, to set forth the special points of the other
classes in like manner.
Of herbs which have fleshy or bulbous roots.
XII. ? There is a large class of these which have
fleshy or bulbous roots : these exhibit differences both
as compared with other plants and with one another
both in roots leaves stems and their other prominent
features. Of the roots, as has been said # already,
some are in layers, some fleshy, some have a ‘ bark,’
some not; and again some are round, some oblong,
some edible and some not fit for food. Among
edible roots are not only purse-tassels and others
which resemble them, but also the roots of asphodel
and squill, though not of all kinds of the latter, but
only of the kind called ‘Epimenides’ squill (French
sparrow-grass) which gets its name from its use ®;
this kind has narrower leaves and is smoother than
the others.
6 The root of cuckoo-pint is also edible, and so are
the leaves, if they are first boiled down in vinegar ;
they are sweet, and are good for fractures. To
increase the root, having first stripped 7 off the leaves
(and the leaf is very large), they dig® it up and
invert? it in order that it may not shoot,!° but may
draw all the nourishment into itself. This some
8 Plin. 19. 96; 24. 162.
7 amopvAAlowow conj. Sch.; atopvAdcowow U; aropvddac-
cwow MAId.
8 avopviavres conj. St.; 8 avopvtavres Ald.
® cf. 1.6. 10; Plin. 19. 94 and 97, who seems to have read
xatopitavres: soalsoG. ? ‘they plunge it in a pit.’
10 SiaBAactavy: of. C.P. 4 8. 1.
125
oo
to
THEOPHRASTUS
moodat ouvtBévres® % O€ TOD Spaxovrion, Kadovor
yap Tt Spaxovttov aipov bia TO TOV KavAOV exew
Tia TOLKLNaY, aBpwros Kal pappaxwdys.
"ANG 1) TOU pacyavov Kaoupevou yRuceta TE
eynbeioa, Kat Tpipdeioa Beryvupern TO drevpep
move TOV dptov yuk Kal aowvi}: orpoyyodn dé
éore Kat aprot0s Kat amopucess éyouca puxpas,
WOTTEP TO yn@vov" ToNas be ebpiaxovaw év Tals
oKanroTriais: Xaiper yap Kalb avrAdéeyeL TO aon.
‘H 6€ rod Onoeiov Th pev yevoes TiKpda, TpL-
Bopeévn, dé Koudtay irroxabatper. pappaxaders dé
TLves elo Kal €repat, TONKOV dé ovTe papyare-
bets OUTE eda dior. Kal avrat pev ev Tails pilass
ai Stadhopai.
XIU. Kara dé Ta purra TOUS TE peyeDeow
Kal Tots oXNATW. O Mev aapodedos poa.K pov cal
OTEVOTEPOV Kat Um Oyo x pov exer TO hUAXOY, 1) 5€
oKira TAT Kal evdaiperov, To 6€ ddayavov
vTro TIv@Y dé KaNOULEVOV Eidos Erhoedés, ober
eryVeE Kal ToUvoua, 1) 5é ipis kadapoveaTepor" 70
dé Tod dpou pos TH maTUTHTL Kal eyKotNov Kat
aiku@oés eoTiv? 0 O€ VapKLOGOS aTEVOY Kal TOND
Kal humrapov" BorBos be Kat Ta BorBadn TAVTE-
NOs oTEvAa Kal Tob KPOKOD | & és OTEVOTEPOV.
Kavnov dé Ta pev ovK EVEL TO odov ove a 80s,
@omep TO apov TO ed@dipov" Ta be TOV TOU
avOous povov, @OTEP 0 vapKlg aos Kat ) KpoKos"
évia dé € EXEL, Kabamep 1) uy oKiAXa Kal 0 Boros Kal
» ipis Kal TO Eigiov: péytotov 6€ TavT@Y acdo-
1 guyridévyres: sense doubtful. Sch. and W. mark the word
as hy ato Sa ,
2 cf. 9. 20. 3; Plin. 24, 142; Diosc, 2. 166.
126
ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, VII. xu. 2-xu1. 2
do also with purse-tassels, when they lay them by.
2 However the root of edder-wort (for a kind of
cuckoo-pint is so called because of its variegated stem)
is not good for food, but is used for drugs.
But the root of the plant called corn-flag is sweet,
and, if cooked and pounded up and mixed with the
flour, makes the bread sweet and wholesome. It is
round and without ‘bark, and has small offsets like
the long onion. Many of them are found in moles’
runs*; for this animal likes them and collects them.
4The root of theseion is bitter to the taste, but
when pounded purges the bowels. There are also
certain others of these roots which have medicinal
properties, but of many the roots are neither
medicinal nor edible. Such are the differences in
the roots.
XIII. ° In the leaves the differences are in size and
shape. Asphodel has a long leaf, which is somewhat
narrow and tough, while that of squill is broad and
tears easily; corn-flag, which is called by some
aiphos (‘sword’), has a sword-like leaf, whence its
name, and iris one more like areed. That of cuckoo-
pint, in addition to being broad, is concave and like
that of cucumber; that of the narcissus is narrow
substantial and glossy, those of purse-tassels and
plants of that character are quite narrow, and that of
crocus narrower still.
6 Some have not a stem at all, nor a flower, as the
edible cuckoo-pint ; some have only the flower-stem,
as narcissus and crocus; some however have a stem,
as squill purse-tassels iris and corn-flag ; but asphodel
3 mapa tats oxadomais conj. Sch.; év rais ox. conj. W.; tais
exoAonlas UMAId. 4 Plin, 22. 66. > Plin. 21. 108.
6 Plin. 21. 108 and 109.
127
iN)
ro
THEOPHRASTUS
SeXos* 0 yap avbepiKos peyLoTos" 0 O€ THS ipidos
éNATTOV pev oKANpOTEpOS dé TO be dXov avOept-
Koons. err dé Kal TONKAPTOS 0 aa podenos, Kal
0 KapTos avroo Evrwdns TH Mev popop Tplya@vos
TO O€ XPOmart pedas” yiverat be ev TO oT poy
yoo 7 UTOKATW TOD avOous, éxtrimtes S€ Tod
Bépous, 6 érav TOUTO Sra avn. THY avOnawy TovetTaL
KaTa HEpos, OomTeEp Kal eT THS oKidhys, dpxerau
dé¢ mp@Tov aro TaV KaTwOev. év 5é TO avOcpixw
ouvicTaTaL oKxwrn€, Os els GAO peTaBadrrcs Cov
avO pnvoetsés, ei?’ Grav o avOépixos avavOi Svea
Giov éxmétatat. Soxet S€ iSvov exery 7 pos Ta
advnra Ta NeloKavra, Sots oTevds @V aTrodiaers
avobev EXEL Tone 5é eis tpodiy mapéyerat
Xpyotwa: Kat yep 0 av épiKos edadip0s oTa-
Jevopevos Kal TO om épja ppuyopmevov Kat TavT@V
dé pddiora 7) pita KOT TOME peta ovKou Kal
TretoTny dvnow exer Kat Hoiodov.
"ATravrTa pev ovv prrofoa Ta Keparopprta
padiota So n Kida Kal yap Kpemavyupevn on
Kal TAELTTOV ye Xpovov dvapéver’ duvarat d€ Kat
Ta Onaaupifopeva outer, TEP THY poav eumny-
vupévou TOU piaxov, Kal TOV puTevopevev é évia
Bracraver Oarrov év avrfy AéyeTat 6€ Kal po
TOV Oupav THS elaodou putevbcioay anreEntHpLov
elval THS emrupepopevns Onhijoews. Tavra €
Taira aOpoa pvetar, Kabarep Kat Ta Kpopmva
Kal Ta cKOpOda’ TapaBXacTavoveL yap ato THs
1 éxninre: conj. W.; éxrimrev Ald.
2 &vOnow conj. Scal.; &vavow corr. to avavow U; &vavow M ;
avavow Ald.; floret ver partes G,
128
ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, VII. xi. 2-4
has the tallest of all—for the antherikos (asphodel-
stalk) is very tall: that of iris is smaller, but tougher,
though in general it is like the asphodel-stalls.
Asphodel also produces much fruit, and its fruit is
woody: in shape it is triangular and in colour black ;
it is found in the round vessel which is below the
flower, and it falls out! in summer when this splits
open. It does not produce all its flowers ? at once;
in which respect it resembles squill, but the flowering -
begins at the bottom. Inthe stalk of asphodel forms
a grub which changes into another creature like a
hornet, and then, when the stem withers, eats its
way out and flies away. <A peculiarity of the plant
as compared with others which have a smooth stem
appears to be that, though it is slender, it has
outgrowths at the top. It provides many things
useful for food: the stalk is edible when fried, the
seed when roasted, and above all the root? when
cut up with figs; in fact, as Hesiod says,* the plant is
extremely profitable.
Now all bulbous plants are tenacious of life, but
especially squill ; for this even lives when hung up
and continues to do so for a very long time ; it is even
able to keep other things that are stored, for instance
the pomegranate,’if the stalk of the fruit is set in it ;
and some cuttings ° strike more quickly if set in it;
and it is said that, if planted before the entrance
door of a house, it wards off mischief ® which threatens
it. All these bulbs grow in masses, as do onions and
garlic ; for they make offsets from the root, and some
3of. 7. 90439. 906.
4 Hes. Op. 41.
5 of 2.5.5; O.P. 5. 6..10.
6 Se. witchcraft. veneficiorum noxam Plin, 21. 108.
129
VOL. I. i
a
THEOPHRASTUS
pifqs évia 8é Kal amo TOD oTépLatos pavepas,
olov 6 Te avbépiKos Kal TO Nelptov Kal TO pacya-
vov Kal 0 BorBos.
"AAN idtov Todto tod BorBod AéyeTat, TO p22)
amvo TwavtTwv Bractavew awa TOV oTEppdtar,
AXAG TOD wev avTOET?s TOI) 8 Els vVéwTa, KAD dTrEpP
Tov aiyikoTd hact Ka) 10v AwTOV. TOTO peV
ouv eimep adnOés Kowov éETépwv. Kowvov O€ iows
Kal TO wéAXOV AéyeoOat, TWAHVY Ov TOAD, Pav-
pactov 5é éml wavtwv, Step él TE THS TKIAANS
Kal TOD vapKiaaov ovpBatver TOV pev yap adwv
Kal tov é& apxis puTevopevev Kal TOV Brao-
Tavovtov Kal _@pav & ETOUS TO purrov aVATENAEL
T™ parton, ei dotepov o Kavros: érl Sé TovTeY 6
KaUNOS T pOTEpon.
Tod vapxiccov dé 6 tod avOovs povov evOd
TpowO av TO av0 os" THS 6 oKidrys ead? avror,
eis UoTepov ert TOUT@ TO avOos avioxov. ™poo-
Kad npevov: TOLELTAL be TAS avOnoets Tpets, @v 7
fev TPwTY Soxet onpaiver TOV mparTov apoTor, 1)
bé Seutépa | Tov pécov, H O€ TpiTn TOV ETXATOV" WS
yap av avrat yeveovTar Kal ot dporot oxedov
obT@sS éxBaivovow: dtav 6é ovTos arroynpaay,
TOTE TOV puro Braornots TONAL Tpepars
borepov" OoavTos dé Kal éml Tod vapKiacon,
TV ouTe Kavdov Erepov ever mapa TOV TOU dav-
Oous, WoTep eltromev, OVTE KapTrOV paveEepoV, ANN
1 giylAwma conj. Sch. from Plin. 21. 103; yiAwra UMAIA.
2 €)0) mpowOav conj. W.; evOumpdwpov Ald.H. cf. Plin. 21.
66, where however the statement is transferred to the
crocus.
130
ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, VII. xi. 4-6
plainly are also increased by seed, as the asphodel
polyanthus narcissus corn-flag and purse-tassels.
However it is said to be a peculiarity of purse-
tassels that all the seeds do not germinate at once,
but some in the same year, some the next year; a
like account is given of aigilops! and trefoil. If then
this is true, it is not peculiar to this plant. Nor
perhaps is the following characteristic, which is not
found in many-plants and is marvellous wherever it
does oceur—and it is found in squill and narcissus :
namely that, whereas in most plants, whether those
originally planted or those which are produced from
them in season, the leaf comes up first and then
presently the stem, in these plants the stem comes
up first.
In the case of narcissus it is only the flower-stem
which comes up, and it immediately pushes up ? the
flower. But in squill it is the stem® proper which
thus appears, and presently the flower appears
emerging* from and sitting on it. And it makes
three flowerings,’ of which the first appears to mark
the first seed-time, the second the middle one, and
the third the last one; for, according as_ these
flowerings have occurred,® so the crops usually turn
out. But, when the flower-stem’ has waxed old,
then the growth of the leaves follows many days
later. So also is it with narcissus, except that it
has no second stem besides the flower-stem, as we
said, nor any visible fruit; but the flower itself
3 7,e, the whole ‘ bud.’
* avtaxov Ald.; avicxwy conj. Sch. followed by W.
5 Plin. U.c.; cf. 18. 237,
6 i.e. the flowering is the sign when to sow. The same is
said of the fruiting of oxivos de signis 55.
7 obros conj. Sch.; ofrws Ald.
THEOPHRASTUS
aro TO avOos dpa T@ KAVA@ xatapbiver Kal
oTav avavO7y TOTE ra Uda dvarérneu.
II pos pev ovv Ta ANN TA cuvappa tabra ova"
mpos 6é 7a mpoavOodvta Tov purr Kal TOV
KAUNOD, omep Soxei Tovey TO Tipvov Kal éTepa
Tov avOikav, éte Te TaV Sévdpoyv 1 apuydarh
padora i povon, 6TL TavUTA pev apa TO dvOet
mpopaiver TO pUAXov o) evOus KATOTW; dare Kat
SialnteicOar Tepl TOV, emt dé TOUT olov ap
érépas apxns paiveras Kal dua TO TAHVOS TOV
7} mEp@v Kal dua TO pay TpOTEpov Prac ravew mpl
Tov mev TO avOos Tov O€ Kal oO Kavos OXOS aTro-
ynpaon- 1) O€ Braornous TpoTépa pev THS oKin-
ANS, voTépa dé TOU vapKiccov" TOAU dé TAEOV 70
pvrdov ovTos adinat, Kat éotiv 9 pita arn px pa
Kal ov peyahn, T pooeupepns dé KaTa TO oX Twa
T@ BorBe, mv <ov> Aerrupl@dns. TAaUTA mev
ov exer oKewuv.
Tov 5é BorBov ore Trebo yevn pavepor, Kab
yap TO peyedeu Kat TH Xpoa Kal Tots oXHpATL
tag épouce Kab Tots vrols: Eviaxod yap obT@
yAuKels WoTE Kal @MLOUS éobierOat, cadamep é€v
Xeppovnow TH Tavpixg. peyiorn dé kat WL@aTarn
diapopa TOV éptopopev: EoTL yap TL yevos TOLOv-
TOV; r) puerar fev év airyadois exe d€ TO épLov
UO TOUS TPwTOUS YLT@VAS, WoTE ava pécor civas
1 ripvoyv Ald., ef. C.P. 1. 10. 5; 7° Ipvov conj. W.; iphyum
GBas.Par. cf. 6. 6. 11. 2 4 add. Sch.
3 éx) conj. H.; wep) UMAId. 4 W. adds &.
5 airh: sc. apart from offsets.
§ uixpa conj. Sch.; od prod Ald.
132
ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, VII. xin. 6-8
perishes with the stem, and when it has withered,
then the plant puts up its leaves.
These two plants then, as compared with the
other bulbous plants are peculiar; and, as compared
with those which bloom before the leaves and stems
appear (as the autumn squill ! seems to do, and other
plants with conspicuous flowers, as well as, among
trees, the almond especially, if not alone), there is
the distinction that, while these two put forth their
leaves along with the flowers or? immediately after-
wards (so that about some the matter is uncertain)
in ® the case of these two the flower appears, as it
were, from a different starting-point, there being a
considerable number of days in between, and the
growth of the leaves not beginning till,* in the case
of one of them, the flower, and in the case of the
other, the whole stem has withered. Squill produces
its leaves before the flower, narcissus afterwards ;
but the latter produces much more abundant foliage,
and the individual ® root is small ® rather than large,
resembling purse-tassels in shape, except that it is
not formed of scales.’ About these matters then
there is doubt.
Of purse-tassels it is plain that there are several
kinds; for they differ in size colour shape and
taste. ®In some places they are so sweet as to be
eaten raw, as in the Tauric Chersonese. But the
greatest and most distinct difference is shown by the
‘ wool-bearing °’ purse-tassels; for there is such a
kind, and it grows on! the sea-shore, and has the
wool beneath the outer tunic, so that it is between
7 o& Aemwvpiddys conj. Sch. from G, non squamata; ovddé
aupodn UMAId.; od Aerupwins H.
8 Plin, 19. 95; Athen. 2. 64,
® Plin. 19. 32. See Index. 10 éy after wev add. W.
133
THEOPHRASTUS
A > / a 3 \ \ a e /
Tov Te €dwdiwou Tod évTOs Kal TOD éEw: Ddhaivetat
dé é& avtod Kal médera Kal adra ipatia: SV 6
Kal épr@des TodTO Kal ovy waTep TO év “Ivdois
TPLY@OES.
TIX\eiw 5€ Kal ta BorBoOdn kal €XaTT@. TadTA
dé... KaOdtep TO AevKdiov Kal BorBivn Kal
omitiov Kal KviE Kal TpdTOV TWa TO GLoUpiryxXLOV.
/ \ lal ¢ / fal es
BorBedn S€ tadta 6tt otpoyyvra Tais pifais:
émel Tois ye Yp@pace AEVKA Kal Ov AeETrUPLwON.
” \ a , \ rn c/s > /
idtov S€ TOD cicupiyyxiou TO THs pi€ys avEdver Par
TO KATW TPOTOY, 0 KaNODaL. . . KEtm@va, Tod 8
Hpos UTopaivovTos TovTO pev TaTretvodabar TO O
v \ > , > / \ \ \
dvw To édwdipov avédverPat. Kal Ta pev
TotavTas éxer Tas Stahopas.
XIV. "Idésa 8 Kai radta év Tots Trot@decw,
/ ; Pay" “a > , a +Q\ \
olov To [te] él Tod adidvrov cupBaivoy: ovdé yap
Uypaiveras TO PYANOY BpexXomevor vd émidpocoy
€ott Sta TO py THY voTiav émipéverv, OOev Kal
mpoonyopia. yévn 5é avtod dvo, TO pev NevKdV
\ \ Ui , ie ft. , \ oy
To 6€ pédav, Ypnotua & apporepa pos Expvow
an fal > / / 7, \
Kepanrths tpryav év édaim tptBopeva. dverar Oé
1 §” 6 wal ép. rovro: text probably defective. ? 87 8 Kal
<xpnoioy To> épi@des rodTo: ‘wherefore this woolly kind is
serviceable, which the Indian hairy kind is not.’
2 Plin. 19. 95.
3 kal éAdttw* Tadra s¢: text corrupt and defective.
4 émitlavy H.; 6 miriwy Ald.; pithyon Plin. l.c. ; émitiwy and
Kvit Were possibly earth-nuts.
5 ye conj. Sch.; te Ald,
134
ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, VII. xi, 8-x1v. 1
the edible inside and the outside: of it are woven
felt shoes and other articles of apparel. Wherefore !
this kind is woolly and distinct from the Indian kind,
which is hairy,
2 There are also several kinds of plants of the same
class as purse-tassels . . . .2 such as snowdrop star- |
flower opition* kyix, and to a certain extent Barbary
nut. These belong to this class only in having round
roots ; for in colour ® they are white, and the bulbs
are not formed of scales. A peculiarity of Barbary
nut is that the lower end of the root grows first, and
this is called . . . .; it grows® during winter, but,
when spring appears, it decreases, while the upper
part, which is edible, grows, Such are the differ-
ences in these plants,
Of certain properties and habits peculiar to certain herbaceous
plants.
XIV. There are also the following peculiarities in
herbaceous plants, for instance that’ which we find
in ‘ wet-proof’ (maidenhair) ; §the leaf does not even
get wet when it is watered, nor does it catch the
dew,® because the dew does not? rest on it; whence its
name. !! There are two kinds, the white ‘ wet-proof’
(English maidenhair), and the black (maidenhair) ;
and both are useful to prevent the falling off of
the hair of the head, for which purpose they are
pounded up and mixed with olive-oil. They grow
6 ‘Grows’ supplied from G and Plin. J.c., who have no
trace of 3 KaAotvat.
7 T have bracketed re. 8 Plin. 22. 62-65.
® éridpocov conj. W.; érlinAov UP,MAId,; nec quicquam
adhaesisse humoris constat G.
10 uh} before thy add. W.
Plin. 2.c.3; 27. 188; 25. 132.
135
THEOPHRASTUS
partota Tpos Ta vdpnra. @s 6€ olovTai TLVEs,
Kal Tpos oTpayyoupiay TO Tpryomaves Trovet> Eyer
dé Tov KavAOY Gmotloy TO adidvT@ TH pédaVL,
pvrra O€ puxpa cpddpa Kat TuKva Kal wepuKoTA
KaTAVTLKpY adrAHNOD, pia Sé ody Urecte Ywpia
b€ pide? oKiepa. |
Tov 6é cata pépos avOovytav idiov TO Tepl TO
avOepov, OTL TOV pev ANOV TaYTOV TA KaT@
mp@Tov amavOet TOUTOU dé Ta ave TuyXaver 8
AVTOV TO fev KUKAM TO EUKOV AVOOS TO O€ ev TO
péow TO YAwpPOV? Kal KapTros Os éxTimte, KaOa-
meEp Trois axavOadeat, KaTANTOY THY Tpoadhualw
Kevnv: elon & avTod mrelo.
"ldvov 6€ Kal TO Tepl THY aTrapiyyy, 1) Kal TOV
iwatiov avréyetar Sia thy TpayvTnta Kal éote
dSvcadaipetov' év TOUTM yap eyyiveTat TO Tpaxel
TO dvOos ov mpoiov ovd¢ éxdaivov arXAN év éavTo
TETTOMEVOY KAL OTTEPMoyovodV: wWaTE TAapbmoLoV
cival TO oUpLBaivoy WoTEp éTL THY yaneov Kal
pwov éxelva Te yao év éavTols woToKicavta
Swoyovel, kal avTn TO avOos év éavTH xatéyouca
Kal TETTOVTA KAPTTOTOKEL.
XV. “Oca 6é tas avOjces NapBavover axo-
NovOodvTa Tois doTpos, olovy TO %ALOTPOTLOV
Kadovmevov Kal 6 oKOAUMOS, Gua yap Tails TpO-
mats Kat ovtos, éts b€ TO YerALOoMor, Kal yap
TOUTO Gua TO KEALOOVia avlel, TadTa dé Sokeev
av Th pev voinvy exe THv aitiav TH be
CULT TM MATLKHY,
1 7.e. the white kind. Sch. followed by G adds 7d ka)
Tptxouaves Kadovmevoy after Td wey AevKdy above.
136
ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, VII. x1v. 1-xv. 1
especially in damp _ places. Some think that
trikhomanes 1 (English maidenhair) is also useful in
cases of strangury. Its stem is like that of the black
kind, but it has small leaves, which are close set and
grow in opposite pairs ; there is no root below, and
the plant loves shady places.
Of those plants which do not flower all at once
anthemon has the peculiarity that, while in all others ?
the lower part flowers first, in this plant it is the
upper part which does so; the outer circle of the
flower is white,? and the centre green‘; and the
fruit falls off, as in spinous plants, leaving the attach-
ment bare. There are several forms of it.
5 Bedstraw has the peculiarity that it sticks to
clothes owing to its roughness, and it is hard to pull
away ; indeed itis in this rough part that the flower is
contained : it does not project nor show, but matures
within itself and produces seed ; so that its habit is
like that of weasels and sharks ; for, as these animals ©
likewise produce eggs in themselves and then bear
their young alive, so this plant keeps its flower
within itself, matures it and produces fruit.
XV. 7 As to these plants whose flowering time is
dependent on the heavenly bodies,’ as the plant
called heliotropion, golden thistle (for this also blooms
at the solstice), and also ‘swallow-plant’ (greater
celandine)—for this blooms when the ® Swallow-wind
blows—the reason in these cases would seem to be
partly in their nature and partly accidental.
2 YS.ov after mdyrwy om. W. after Sch.
3 rd AeuKdy: ? AevKdy 7). 420m. 7d marore xAwpéy,
5 Plin. 21. 104. 6 of. Arist. H.A. 6,
7 Athen. 15. 32. 8 &arpors Conj. St.; Poi Ald.
9 7? conj. Sch. ; Th MAIld. cf. Plin. 2. 122.
137
2
~
THEOPHRASTUS
Tlov\Aad 6& toradta éott Kal év érépois id1a*
olov Kal 1) Tov aevfwov dvows TO Stapéverv vrypov
del kal yAwpov, HUANOY capKades Eyov Kal Neto
kal mpounkes. vetar dé & Te Tois adsTrédors
Tois Te Eml TOV TELy@V avdHpois Kal OVX HKLoTA
yee a / 4 > / n b] ,
él TOV KEepdporv, OTav éemiyévnTat Yhs Tis appo-
dns cuppon.
TlovAa 8 ay tis tows AaBou Kai Erepa TepiTTa.
xpn Oé, Bomep TorAdKIs elpntat, Tas idLoTNTAS
Oewpety kal Tas Suahopas mpos TA GANA. Ta pev
év wreloow idéais eat Kal ayedopr olov OMwvdposs,
@aoTEep 0 AWTOS' TOVTOU yap Eldn TOAXA diadé-
povta Kal pvAXrols Kal Kavrois Kal advOecr kal
KapTots, év ois Kal 0 pediiwTos KaXOvpEVOS’ Kal
Suvaper 88 TH Kata Tiv Tpochopay, ETL TE TO pH
TovS avTovs TOTroUs EnTeiy. opmoiws Oé Kal éTEpa
Trelo.
Ta dé év édkatTooww, doTEp O orpuxvos OMMVU-
pia Til TAVTEADS EiANMpEevOS* O MEV yap ed@bipOs
Kal WoTrEp Huepov, KapTrov eywv paywdn, ETEpor
Sé dvo eiciv, wv o pev Urvoy o 6é paviay éwrrotety
dSvvatat, wAciwov © tt So0els kal KTeiver. opoiws
dé todto Kal éd’ étépwv éotl ANaPeEiv, & ToAdHY
éyes Sudotacw. Tepl pmév ody THY AAov Ta
TOLWOMV LKAVOS ElpnTal. mept dé Tod ciTov
Kal TOV CLT@OOY pEeTa TAVTA NEKTéOV* TOUTO yap
ETL KATANOLTFOV HV.
1 ofov conj. W.; 8d Ald.
2 GAumédois conj. Sch.; &Anwédois U; GAnwédois M; GAomwédors
Ald. of. Xen. Hell. 2. 4. 30.
3 re after rots add. W. after Lobeck.
4 e.g. Awrds and meAlAwtos. See Index, Awréds,
5 ueAfAwros conj. Bod.; peAlas otros Ald.
138
ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, VII. xv. 2-4
Such peculiarities are common in other plants also ;
thus! it is the nature of the house-leek to remain
always moist and green, its leaf being fleshy smooth
and oblong. It grows on flat shores,? on the? earthy
tops of walls, and especially on tiled roofs, when
there is on them a sandy accumulation of earth.
Possibly one might mention many other eccen-
tricities. But, as has been repeatedly said, we must
only observe the peculiarities and differences which
one plant has as compared with others. Some plants
are found in several forms which have almost‘ the
same name, for instance the Jotos; for of this there
are many forms differing in leaves stems flowers and
fruit, including the plant called melzlotos® ; there are
also forms differing in the virtues for which ® they
are used as food, and again in their fondness for
different localities. So too is it with many other
plants. .
Others are found in fewer forms, as _ strykhnos,'
which is a general name covering plants that are
quite distinct ; one is edible and like a cultivated
plant, having a berry-like fruit, and there are two
others,’ of which the one is said to induce sleep,
the other to cause madness, or, if it is administered
in a larger dose, death. The same thing may be
observed in other plants which are widely dif-
ferent. Now about the other herbaceous plants
enough has been said; but concerning corn and
corn-like plants we must speak next; for this
subject still lies before us.
8 §& 7H conj. Sch.; Serra UM ; Sirrais Ald.
7 cf. 7. 7.2; Plin. 21. 177-179; Diosc. 4. 70-73 ; Index.
8 In 9. 11. 5 these two plants are said to be cvvévvpor, i.e.
different forms of the same plant, whereas the ‘ edible’
orpvxvos is the same only in name (éuwvupia). of. 9. 12. 5.
139
fasted bg tl oe
‘, rileiaage
Je stoitaiyt aie “hee fat
ay ona UF
tf
qe
Nie F vas Ant if
inuRia wot AMests ATROPHY set Ans mane
PEE © weer ie ey sali yoni
tdaick ie gsivcaebe
. ad ¥ $
pA OS
‘
deg bini
qunene: “ir
* a) iaal SE a
pANHe > 5 take
Hatt bi me acres psig nivdligh |:
“vt ey
ae
ete
tr
e
T. Ilept péev ody Tov AdrA@V TOLwWddY ixaVas
cipro rept 5€ olTov Kal TOV otTWdOY déryoopev
Ouoiws Tos TMpoTEpoV: TOTO yap KATAXOLTIOY HV
TOV TOLWOOD.
a /
Avo 5é avtod yévn Ta péyiota TYyydve Ta
\ \ 0 ® \ 0 \ , \ \
pev yap otT@dn, olov Tupol KpiOal tidar Ceval Ta
dda TA Omorotrupa 7) omoroKpiOa: Ta dé YedpoTra,
* , Pet X eM, ee
olov Kvapmos épéBivOos Triads Kal dd\ws Ta dom pia
/
mMpocaryopevopeva’ Tpitov € Tap avTa Kéyypos
éXupoOs oHoapmoV Kal aTAM@S TA év Tos OEpivois
> / > / a ,
apoToLs aVOVULA KOH Tpoanyopta.
yy be € \ / > an , \ c a
Eore 6€ 7) pev yéveois avTov pia Kal ar
hvetat yap amo o7mépuatos, €av pn TL oTdvLoV
\ 3 / > \ an e7 kK \ a ,
Kal OrLyov amo Ths plifys. w@par Sé€ Tod omdpov
Tov TAEcioToOV Sv0' TpeTNH pev Kal paddioTa 1)
e
mept IInerddos Svow, 4 Kal “Hotodos nxorovdnke
1 rev before roiwdav om. Sch.
2 Plin. 18. 48-80.
3 ZAvuos: weAtvn appears to be the Attic name for this
en: Sch. would restore it for @Avuos here and 4, 4. 10;
Saas 3,
142
BOOK VIII
Or HersBacrtous PLANTS: CEREALS, PuLsEs, AND ‘SUMMER
Crops.’
Of the three classes and the times of sowing and of germination.
I. Let the above suffice for an account of the other
herbaceous! plants; let us now discuss corn and
corn-like plants in the same manner as those already
treated; for this class of herbaceous plants we
reserved.
2‘There are two principal classes; there are the
corn-like plants such as wheat barley one-seeded
wheat rice-wheat and the others which resemble
either of the first two; and again there are the
leguminous plants, as bean chick-pea pea, and in
general those to which the name of pulses is
given. Besides these there is a third class, which
includes millet? Italian millet, sesame and _ in
general the plants which belong to the summer
seed-time,* which lack any common designation.
There is only one single way of propagating these ;
they grow from seed, except that some may grow
rarely and scantily from a root. There are two
seasons for sowing most of them; the first and
most important is about the setting of the Pleiad®;
this rule we find even Hesiod® following with
4 of. 8.7. 3.
5 TAeddos conj. Sch.; wAeiddas U; wAciddav Ald.
6 Hes. Op. 383.
143
THEOPHRASTUS
Kal oxedov ot TAEloTOL, dt 6 Kal KadodaL TLVES
avTiv dpotov' addy 8 apyopévov Tod Hpos peta
Tas Tporras Tob Xerpwavos. _ ov TOV avTav 6é
éxatépa. Ta pev yap avTav iret mpwioTo-
peioOat, Ta O€ Oe Sia TO pH StvacOa épew
TOUS XEwovas, Ta 6€ mpos apoporépas Tas @pas
* A :
ov KaKds Exel, Kal Tpos Xetwdva Kal Tos ap.
IIpwicmopa pév obv éote tupos KpiOn, Kal Tov-
Tov » KpLOn twpwiotropwtepov' ete O€ Cea Tidy
ddUpa Kal el TL ETEpoy OpmoLoTUpOY* amTdvT@V yap
TKXESOV 0 AUTOS XpoVvos THs sTOpas: TaV bé YEdpo-
TOV MANTA WS eiTrety KVAMOS Kal @Kpos’ TAUTA
yap Sia THY acbéverav tportaPely TH pilocer
BovreTat Tovs yetwovas: Tpwicrropov Sé Kal oO
Oéppos: ato THs ddhw yap hace Seiv kataRddrew
ev0vs.
"Owrioropa dé TovTwY ye a’Tav boa Siadhéper
Tots yéveowy, olov tupay Té TL yévos Kal KpLO dV O
Kanrovat Tpiunvoy dia TO év TOTOUT@ TEdAELOVTO AL’
Kal TOV YEedpoTr@V Ta ToLdbe, Pakods abaKNH TLGdS.
év auotépats 5€ Tais Opais TOV XedpoTrav, KaOd-
mep opoBos épéBivOos: ot S€ Kal Tov KVapov oe
TTELPOVGLY, EAV VETEPHTWOL TOV TPWTWV ApoTaD.
amas 6€ Tpwicmopodar Ta pev Ou loyvV ws
duvapeva hépew Tors yem@vas, Ta O€ bu aaé-
vetav, OT WS TPOAGBwot Tais evdiais THY avENoW.
Svo pev ovv atta. tpitn b€ Tov CEepwwav iv
1 A cultural variety of (ed. cf. 8. 9. 2.
2 cav 5€ ye Ald.; ye om. Sch.
3 Sxpos conj. W.; Kéyxpos Ald.; om. G. cf. 8. 3. 1 and 2.
*of..8. IT.’3,
144
ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, VIII. 1. 2-4
most authorities; wherefore some call it simply
‘the seed-time.’ Another time is at the beginning
of spring after the winter equinox. However
different crops are sown at the two seasons. For
some of them leve to be sown éarly, some late
because they cannot bear the winters, while some
will do not amiss at either season, both towards
winter and towards spring.
Crops sown early are wheat and barley, and of
these the latter is sown the earlier; also rice-wheat
one-seeded wheat olyra,! and others which resemble
wheat. For all of these the time of sowing is about
the same. Of leguininous plants? bean and okhros,’
it may be said, are specially sown at this time; for
these on account of their weakness like to be well
rooted before the winter. Lupin is also sown early ;
in fact they say it should be sown straight from the
threshing-floor.*
Those which are sown late are certain special
varieties*® of these very kinds, as a certain kind of
wheat, and of barley the kind which is called ‘ three
months barley’ because it takes that time to mature ;
and among leguminous plants lentil tare pea,
However some of these plants are sown at both
seasons, as vetch and chick-pea; some also sow
beans late, if they have missed the first seed-time.
To speak generally, some crops are sown early
because of their robustness, since they can stand
the winters, some because of their weakness, so
that their growth may be secured® in the fine
weather. These then are the two seasons; the
third is that of the summer crops of which we
5 rois yeveoww: TH yevéeorr W. i.e. ‘certain kinds which
; Leg cng wagell x, todbrr said
differ as to their germination, Sof. C.P. 4. 7. 2.
| 145
VOL, It. L
THEOPHRASTUS
elTroper, év My KEeYX pos omeiperae Kat pédtvos Kal
ong apor, Eri & épvotpov Kal Gppuvov. xXpovot mév
oby éxdoT@V OvTOL.
Braoraver bé 70 pev Oadttov Td dé Bpadvrepov-
Kal pin bev Kal Tupos éBdopaia padiota* Tmpo-
Tepel dé 7 xpiOn pardov* Tao dom pia Tetaptaia
7 meuTrraia Ty Kudpov" Kva Los dé Kal TOV
oLTMo@Y evLa Treloow" evtaxod yap Kal mevte-
KaiwexaTaios, 0 ore bé Kat eixoataios: ovogvéota-
Tov yap TOUTO TaVTOV, éav oé on Kal TTApEVTos
emi THEOV Ddwp € emuyevntar, Kal TAVTEAWS. ei O€
ToV év Tols Hplwois apoToLs OatTov H Exduvats Sia
THY Opav oKEeTTEOD.
Xp 5é tas avaBraotHoeas Kal tas Stadpioes
TavTas aos emt TO Wav Sada Beiy: évioTe yap
éviaxod Kal ép edt roow peas, kabarep év
Aiyirrr@ <KprO>" TpiTatay yap pact Kal TeTap-
Taiav avatéXrew Tap addois O€ év TAELoTL TOV
elpnuevor, Strep Kal OvK aovov, oray Kab xXepa
Kal ap Suahépy Kab mpwiattepov n oxpuaiepov
apoon Kab Ta eruywoueva dvomova Tuyxavy. y}
pev yap wavy Kal Kovpn Kat evKpaTe dept TAXV
Kal pgdios avadsio@ow, 7} 4 5 yALoxpa Kal Bapeta
Bpadéos, %) 88 tots térois abypwdeotépa Bpadd-
TEpov.
"Ete € ay Xetpeves eruyevovTar Kal avxpol
Kal evdolar Kal mwdadwW véata: Kal yap év ToUTOLS
¢e
ToNUW Tapaddatrovelw. waavTws Oé Kal éay 7
1 %yia conj. W.; év Ald.
2 The reason is given CP. 4. 8. 2.
2) TAs A,
146
ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, VIII. 1. 4-7
spoke, mn which are sown millet Italian millet
sesame, and also erysemon and horminon. Such then
are the times for each.
Some are quicker in coming up, some slower.
Barley and wheat-generally come up on the seventh
day, but barley is the earlier. Pulses take four
or five days, except beans; for they, like some
kinds! of corn, require a longer time; in some
places they take as much as fifteen days, or even
twenty. This crop indeed is the slowest to start
of all, and if after the sowing there is a long spell of
wet weather, it is extremely slow.?, Whether the
sprouting * of crops sown at the spring seed-time
is quicker because of the season is matter for
enquiry.
These times of sprouting or germination must be
taken generally; for at some times and _ places
germination takes fewer days, as with barley* in
Egypt, where it is said to come up on the third
or fourth day ; while elsewhere it takes longer than
the period mentioned, which is not surprising when
both soil and climate are different, when one makes
the sowing earlier or later, and when the crop is
subjected to different influences afterwards... For
open light soil with a favourable ® climate produces
quick and easy growth, while soil that is sticky and
heavy tends to slow growth, and that of a specially
dry district to slower growth still.
Moreover the time of growth is affected, according
as storms supervene, or droughts, or fine weather
or again rain; for these conditions make wide
differences. So too it makes a difference if the
* «pry add. W.
5 etxpat@ conj. Scal. from G (benigno caelo) ; edxdpmp Ald.
147
4 2
to
THEOPHRASTUS
A if
yf} Mpoeipyacuevn Kal KoTTpoY eEXovTa TYYXaVy,
Kal éav pndev tovTwv' émel Kal mepl TO Tpwi-
oTropely éxacta Kal oyiotropely ai x@pat dtadé-
” \ \ \ \ ¢ - 4
povowv. évior S€ Kat mept tHv “EAAdOa travta
eo al Ss \ / a
Tpwiattopey eoOacr dia YruxpoTnta Ths Xw@pas,
an e a
@otrep of Pawxels, OTwS AV ol YELMaVES Hn VHTLA
KaTadapBdavocw.
II. Braotaver 5€ Ta pev ex TOD avTodD THY
pifav adiévta Kal To PvdAov, TA Sé Exdtepov e&
ae A \ \
éxaTépov TOU akpov. Tupos pev ovv Kal KpLOn
\ / \ oo v4 , / 3 e /
Kal tidy Kal ddhws boa o1thdyn Tdvta éE ExaTépov
fa) ” , \ a
@oTrEep vy TH OTAXVi TEhUKEY, ATO eV TOD KATO
a / \ es > \ \ a \
Tov maxéos THY pifav amo é TOD dvw Tov Brac-
/ a n
Tov’ év O€ TL Kal cuvexes yiveTat TO apdoty THs
te pitns Kal Tov Kavrod. Kvamos 5é Kal Ta ddra
I ¢€ , 3 ,.f n > a \ e7
vedpoTTa ovy omolws, ANN eK TOD avTOD THY pitay
\ / 27 A / a:
Kal Tov Kavdrov, Kal 0 Kal » Tpocdvals avTav
> \ \ r Bo > e \ » t > 7 23%
éott Tpos TOV AOBor, ev G Kal Exovow olov apynv
/ » Te Es om s \ \ > an ,
tia pavepav: én’ éviwr 5é Kal aidoddes haiverat,
Kabanep ert Tav Kvdwov Kal Tov épeBivOarv Kal
pddiota Tov Oéppwv: ex TovTov yap » pev pila
4 \ \ 4 : <' x an
KaT@ TO O€ PUAXOV Kal O KAUAOS aw YwpeEl.
é i UA \ 9S Ps / n be e /
avuTn pev ovY TH OLadEepel. TH O€ OpMOLwsS
a \ \ f n na
éyes TH TdvTa KaTa THY TpocdvoL Tod AoBod
n / \
Kal Tod otaxvos adiévar tHv pilav Kal 1)
1 &s mpoeipy. Ald. H.; ws om. Sch. from G. of. 8:8, &.
3 Sonep conj. Scal.; mévra Ald. (? repeated by mistake). ef.
O.P. 4. 7. 4.
148
ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, VIII. 1. 7-11. 2
ground has been well tilled! and given dung, or if
neither of these things has been done; for the soil
makes a difference even as to the early or late
germination of each crop. In Hellas some are used
to sow everything earlier because of the coldness of
the soil, for instance the Phocians ;? the object being
that the winter may not overtake the crop while it is
still tender.
Of differences in the mode of germination and of subsequent
development.
IJ. In germinating some of these plants produce
their root and their leaves from the same point, some
separately, from either end of the seed. Wheat
barley one-seeded wheat, and in general all the
cereals produce them from either end, in a manner
corresponding to® the position of the seed in the ear,
the root growing from the stout lower part, the shoot
from the upper part; but the part corresponding to
the root and that corresponding to the stem form a
single continuous whole. Beans and other leguminous
plants do not grow in the same manner, but they
produce the root and the stem from the same point,
namely the point at which the seed is attached to
the pod, which, it is plain, is a sort of starting point
of fresh growth, In some cases there is also a forma-
tion resembling the pents, as in beans chick-peas
and especially in lupins; from this* the root grows
downwards, the leaf and the stem upwards.
There are then these different ways of germinat-
ing ; but a point ® in which all these plants agree is
that they all send out their roots at the place where
4 rovrov conj. Sch.; tovray Ald. cf. C.P. 4. 7. 4.
* of. CPL 40-7. 7.
149
i)
THEOPHRASTUS
kabatep év tois Sevdpixois tisw avatrarw, olor
apuvyiarh Kapvm Bardvm Tois toLovtos. év
adtmacu O€ 1) pita MiKp@ TM poTepov expvetar Tod
Kavdov" oupBaiver dé ev yé TioL TOV dévdpov
@OTE TOV pev Bracrov é&y avT@® TO omréppate
Praoravew T POT Ov, avéavouevov 88 Suictracbat
Ta oT épuaTta—TravTa yap TwWS Kal TavTa Sipeph,
Ta 5é 82) xedpoTra pavepas mavra diOvpa Kal
owOera—rhy dé piSav evOds &&eo Tpowbeia Bac:
év 6é Tots autnpois dia To Kal” év aura elvat
ToUTO pev ov aupBaiver, mpoteped 5é 1) pita
pu pov.
‘Avadverat be 7 pev KpiOn Kal 0 Tupos povo-
pudra, 6 68 miads Kal Oo vamos Kal o epéBvOos
TONUHUARA. pitay dé € exet Ta pev xedporra TwavTa
Evrodn Kab play amo o€ TAUTNS Kal arropucers
hem Tas. Babuppiforatov | d€ ws eltreiy TovTMY
6 épéBivOos, éviore dé Kal mapaxabinary GNX’
0 Tupos Kal 7 xpiOn Kal Ta adda Ta oLT@ON
modvppiba Kal Ae roppita, be é Kal Tappodn.
Kal mohvKdaba Kal TONUKAUAA mayTa Ta TowvTa.
oxedov dé xal évaytiwcis Tus EKATEPOV éoti’ Ta
pev yap yedpoTra povoppita ova TONNAS avo bev
avd TOV KaVAoY aTropiceEls Eyer TAHVY KUdmOU*
Ta 6€ olTNpa Trorvppita TOAXNOUS pe avinos
1 Bardv@: S:ocBaddvp Sch. from mBod.
2 riot TeV Sévdpwy con}. W.; oirddeow UMAIA.; rots Sevdpixois
conj. Sch. This and W.’s other conjectures in this section
are rather desperate, but are accepted provisionally as at
least restoring a satisfactory sense. The passage looks as if
it had been deliberately tampered with by someone who
misunderstood it.
150
ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, VIII. 11. 2-3
the seed is attached to the pod or ear, whereas the
contrary is the case with the seeds of certain trees,
as almond hazel acorn! and the like. And in all
these plants the root begins to grow a little before
the stem; whereas in certain trees? the bud first
begins to grow within the seed itself, and, as it
increases in size, the seeds split—for all such seeds
are in a manner in two halves, and those of
leguminous plants again all plainly have two valves
and are double—and then the root is immediately
thrust out; but in cereals,® since the seeds are in
one piece,‘ this does not® occur, but the root grows a
little before the bud.
Barley and wheat come up with a single leaf, but
peas beans and chick-peas with several. 6 All the
leguminous plants have a single woody root, and
also slender’ side-roots springing from this. The
chick-pea is about the deepest rooting of these, and
sometimes it has side-roots; but wheat barley
and the other cereals have a number of fine roots,
wherefore they are matted together. Again all
such plants have many branches and many stems.
And there is a sort of contrast between these two
classes ; the leguminous plants, which have a single
root, have many side-growths above from the stem—
all except beans; while the cereals, which have
many roots, send up many shoots,® but these have
oirnpois conj. W.; xedporots UMAId.
Kad’ év abra conj. W.; Kara 7d adtd UMAId,
ov conj. Seal. from G ; ody UMAId.
Plin. 18. 51.
Aerrds conj. St.; Aewral Ald. H.
tappwdn: ef. 6. 7. 4.
pev conj. Sch.; yap Ald. H.
orn ane &
151
THEOPHRASTUS
Bractovs, atapadBracto Sé obToL, mrNV et TE
yévos Tup@v ToLodror, ovs KadoveL oiravias Kal
xpOavias.
Tov pev ovv NELMOVA ev Th xrOn pever Ta
atT@on, Stayeh@ons Sé THs W@pas Kavrov adinow
éx TOU péoou Kal yovatovrar. oupPatver 8
evdus € év TS TpIT@ yovart, Tots bé €v TO TeTapTo,
Kal TOV oTaXvv exe GAN’ ov pavepov év TO
Oyx@'—ryivetar O& é&v 7 odX@ Kadape melo
TOUT@Y'—@aTe aXEdoY apa TH Karapodabar
ovvictacbat <i> pot pov borepor arr ov 7 p0-
TEpov pavepos yiverau mpiv ay mpoavéndels € ev TH
KANUKL yévntat, TOTE O€ 1) KUNTLS havepa Ova TOV
OryKov.
‘AmonvOels S evdvs avOei pe?” Hue pas TéeTTAPAS
i) TEVTE Kab mupos Kar Kpedn Kal avoet axedov
Tas leas, oi 8€ Tas TEioTAS AéyovTes ev Tabs
émrd pacwy atravOeiv. andra TOV xed por ay
Xpovtos » avOnats: Xpoviwrary dé TOV pev addov
opoBov Kat épeBivGov, tovTwv 8 amavtwav Tod
KUamov Kal év peyictn Stahopa TeTTapaKovTa
yap nuepo@v avOeiy éyovot: TAHV of pev aél
Tapavbobvtos éTepov Kal étépou he KaTa
HE pos yap avOeiv, ot Oé aTROS. » yap avOnors
TOY Hey oTAaXUNPaV abpows TOV O€ EAB wdav
Kab xedpor ay TavT@V KaTa pEpos” TpPOTA yap
avet Ta KATO, Kat oray TavTa aravOnan Ta
éyoueva, Kal ottas aiel Babdifer mpds Ta avo.
1 Plin. 18. 52. 2 Plin. 18. 56,
o 0%. Fa. Fe 3B. 8A
152
ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, VIII. 1. 3-5
no side-shoots—except such sorts of wheat as are
ealled sitanias and krithanias (¢ barley-wheat’).
1During winter cereals remain in the blade, but,
as the season begins to smile, they send up a stem
from the midst and it becomes jointed. 7 And it
comes to pass that the ear also at once appears in the
third, or in some cases in the fourth joint, though
it is not distinctly seen in the mass of growth (the
whole stem contains more joints than three or four),
so that it must be formed at the same time that
the straw grows or but a little later ; though it does
not become conspicuous till it has first swollen and
formed in the sheath,’ and by that time its size
makes its development visible.
Four or five days after being set free* wheat and
barley flower and remain in bloom for a like number
of days; those who put the period at the longest say
that the bloom is shed in seven days. °QOn the
other hand the flowering period of leguminous plants
lasts a long time; that of vetch and chick-pea is
longer than that of most, but that of the bean is far
longer than that of any of them ; they say that it is
in bloom for forty days; some however give this
period absolutely, others say that at different times
different parts are in flower,® since the whole plant
does not flower at once. For plants with an ear
bloom all at once, but plants with pods and all
leguminous plants bloom part at a time; the lower
part blooms first, and, when this bloom has fallen,
the part next above it, and so on up to the top.
4 Sc. from the sheath. dmrodvdels Ald.H.; aroxv0els conj.
Sch. followed by W. ef. amdxvors 8. 3. 4.
5 Plin. 18. 59.
5 sapavOotvros conj. H.; waparvOovvres Ald.
153
«J
THEOPHRASTUS
5: 5 moda THY dpdBev TidreTaL TA pev KATO
Kateppunkota Ta 8 dvw YAwpa TauTay.
Meta 6€ tiv amdvOnow adptvovtat Kal TEdr-
evouvTat Tupos péev Kal KpiOn TeTTApaKocTaia
MamoTa TapaTAnciws Sé Kal Tidy Kal Tadpra
Ta TolavTAa. TeTTapaKooTtaioy bé dact Kal Tov
Kvapmov, wate év icats avOeivy Kal TereLtodcBat:
ta & adda év €XdTTOCW: édXayioTas Sé Oo épé-
‘BwOos, elrep amd THs oTopas év TeTTapadKovTa
TeNevovTaL Talis amdcais BoTep TLvés hac’
3 4 ‘ ’ v4 ¢ , , € \
émel TO y OAov OTL TadytoTa davepov. ot Sé
KéyxXpot Kal TA OnoapaA Kal ol pédALVOL Kal bros
Ta Oepiva ayedov oporoyettar Tas TeTTapdKovO
€ / 4 e / i /
nuépas NawBaverv’ ot € hact Kal éXaTTOUSs.
Avadépes 5é Kal pos THY TErElwoLv Yopa TE
/
yopas Kal anp aépos: év éXNdTTOCL yap éviat
a -] / av BA \ 4
dSoKovGaLV EX PEPELY, womep addat TE KAL padloTa
3 / Sy, > lal \ \ \ >
éridy ros Aiyurtos: éxet ydp KpiOal pev év
e , \ Ol 9 na ¢ r , \
éEaunve tupol o€ év Te ERSOuw Oepifovtac: Tept
¢€ a
dé tiv “Eddrdba xpiOai pév ev TO EBSOmo Tapa be
Tois mAEioTols Oydom, Tupol Oé éTL mTpoceTt-
AapBavovow. ov pv ovbé éxel TO ye TAY TAHOOS
ev > >] 4 > > / rd sy
ovUTwWS, GAN Ogoy els amapxXnv' KoulfeTat yap
an nr , A
mMpos lep@v TwWaY ypEelav adAdita véa TO ExTO
pnvi Kai TadTa éx THY advw TOT@V UTép Méudw.
, fal ,
Aéyetau 5€ kal év LuKedia THs Meconvias év
1 uéAwot Ald.H.; fAvuor Vo. Vin. cf. 8. 1. 1 n.
154
ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, VIII. 11. 5-8
Wherefore, at the time when some of the vetches
are gathered, the lower seeds have already fallen,
while the upper ones are still quite green.
After the flowering is over wheat and barley
develop and mature in about forty days ; one-seeded
wheat and other such plants take about the same
time. So too, they say, does the bean, which blooms
and matures in a like number of days: but the
others take fewer, and fewest of all the chick-pea,
since, as some say, it takes only forty days from the
time when it is sown to that when it is mature ; and
in any case it is clear that the plant as a whole
develops very rapidly. Millet sesame Italian millet}
and the summer crops in general, it is fairly well
agreed, take the same number of days, that is, forty ;
though some say that they take less.
Of differences in development due to soil or climate.
2 Again as to the development of the plant there
are differences according to soil and climate. Some
soils seem to produce the crop in fewer days; for
instance, Egypt may be given as a specially con-
spicuous example; in that country barley is reaped
in six months and wheat in seven: while in Hellas
the barley * harvest is in the seventh month, or in
most parts in the eighth, and wheat requires an
even longer time. However even in Egypt the
whole harvest is not gathered at such an early date,
but only what is required for the first-fruits ; for they
gather new grain for the meal required in certain
sacrifices in the sixth month, and that too in the
regions high up the Nile, above Memphis.
It is said also that in the Messenian district in
2 Plin, 18. 49. 3 xpt0at conj. Sch.; mupo! UMAId.
155
THEOPHRASTUS
tais Kadovpévats Moras taxeldv twa yiverOar
/ a / an
THY TEeAeLwoLY TOV OYfiwy TOY TOV doTrpiwY péV
a \ a
yap omopntov && pivas, tov b& TO toTaTe
omeipavta Oepifew dua tots mpwtos’ ayabiy dé
\
SiadepovTas eivar THY Kopav, HoTE TPLAKOVTaYoa
motel, éyew 5€ Kal vouds Oavyactas Kal drnv.
év Myr O€ Tt Oavpaciwrepov Néyovaww ev yap
TPLaKOVTAa 1) TETTAPAKOVTA Huépats oTapévta
/ ~ -& \ / > \ ¢ /
Gepifovar, de’ 0 Kal réyew avdTodvs Ste péypt
tovtov det onreiperv Ews av dyn Tis Spaypa:
la \ BA ” a + \
yivecOar 5€ ovTe dompia ToladTa ovTE TOANA
a \ / nr ,
map avtois. Sewny o€ twa dadodvar THY Yopav
3 /
Tpopiyy: Kal yap eivat ottopopoy pev kal édato-
/ > \ > / \ /
hopov ayabiy autreropopov Sé petpiav.
‘TrepBdarXov & Ett tovTov Kal mdévt@v Bavpa-
of \ \ / \ A \ ¢ ,
oLWOTEpoY TO TEpl Xadkiav THY vncov THY “Podiwy
a >
yuvopevoy' éxel yap ghacw eivat tia ToTov
mpwiov o'Tw Kal Eeipopoyv ws orapeicov KpLOdV
a /
da tats addats Oepicavtes tav’Tas omeipovew
93 4 Ss -7 e n al
eita tad, eita Oepifovor dpa Tots Rovtois:
7 \ 3 yy > a / ef 5 / \
peyioTn peév ody, eltrep adnOys, avtn Svadhopd. TO
/
yap eis étépavy yopav peteveyOévta Sdiradépew,
@otep €x Kidixias dacly eis Kammasdoxiay kat
drAws THY éréxewwa ToD Tavpov, rTov aToToV:
a /
havepa yap » TOV TOTMY SidoTacts.
1 rpraxovtdxoa con}. Sch.; rpidxovra xoas Ald.
2 of. C.P. 4.11.8
156
ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, VIII. u. 8-9
Sicily at the place called Mylae the late sown crops
mature rapidly ; thus the sowing of pulses goes on
for six months, but he that made the last sowing
gathers his crop at the same time as the first: also
that the soil is exceedingly good, so that it yields
thirty-fold!; and there are also wonderful pastures
and forest-land. They tell of an even more wonder-
ful thing in Melos*; there they reap thirty or forty
days after sowing; wherefore it is a saying of the
islanders that “ one should continue sowing till one
sees a swathe.” However it is said that pulses? in
their country do not grow like this, nor are they
abundant. Yet they say that the soil is wonderfully
productive ; for it is good both for corn and olives,
and fairly good for vines.
However what occurs in Chalkia,* an island
belonging to the Rhodians, goes even beyond this
and is more extraordinary than all the instances
given ; there they say that there is a place which is
so early and so fertile that, when the barley is sown
after reaping the crop with the other crops, they
then sow again, and then reap the-crop thus sown at
the same time as the remaining crops; this then, if
it be true, marks a difference greater than we find
anywhere else. For it is less surprising that there
should be a difference in crops transferred® to
another region, as they say occurs when they are
transferred from Cilicia to Cappadocia or in general
beyond the Taurus; for these regions are obviously
very dissimilar.
3 bompia ToadTra I conj.; bya tadta UAld.; ehiua taira
M.G; P omits tadra.
4 ef. Thuc. 8. 41 foll.
5 uetevexOevta dSiapépew conj. Sch. and W. from G ; werey-
kévtas omelpew Ald,
157
10
11
THEOPHRASTUS
\ \ \ a Ka 7
To 5€ tHv adthy dupopety, ev @irep ye atrak ai
/
aat, cvvopov ovcav Kal play Oavpaci@tatov'
7 \ Ss ? / lal
airy pav oby ev peyloty Siahopa.
\ ¥ LA , b)
Ta 6€ xaTta Tas addAXNas Ywpas ov TOAANY 7
ovdemiay ws eimeiy ToD ye xpovov AapBaver
a \ a ce
SidoTacww* mpoTeper yap Tais @pais ta *AOn-
vnot TOV Tept EXAnotovTov nuépais TpidKovTa
A Xx > nA , ? \ 9 \
padtoTa OV TOAA@ TAELOTLYs EL MEV OVY Kal
6 oTopNToOS TpoTEpov, peTaOeots ay ein THS dpas:
> wr A 4 / x e ,
et © apa, SAAov OTt THELwY AV O YpOVos.
> \ \ a \ +O\ e U
Ov pixpav Sé rrotoder Siagpopay ov6é of ToToL,
\ \ \ a
Kaitep éviot suveyyus évtes* Ta yap év Yadapin
a \ lal bd a > a ? a \
MpoTEpel TOV TOV GAdwv TaV ev TH ATTLKH Kal
ef 1 ad | / \ > a \ > \
dAws TA émiOaraTTLa Kal Els TATA Kal Eis TOUS
v 4 e \ \ \ ? \
adXovs KapTovs, ws Ta Tepl THY AKTHY KaXov-
rd a / \ \ > /
pevnvy tHS IleXotovyncov Kal ta ev Parixo
a f \ a
ths Meryapisos: mAnv évtav0d ye cvpBarreTar
\ \ 4 7 \ \ \
kal TO RemTOyewv eElvar Kai wadapayv Thy
\
VOpPav. Kal Ta Mev TEplL THY yéverww Kal THY
TEAELWOLY OUTS EXEL.
III. Avadéper 5é nal’ bra Ta yévn Ta Sinpy-
péva ToV yevav, olov aitos yedpoTra Ta Oepwa,
. - / c an \
Kal Kad’ Exactov yévos Ta oOpoyerh. Ta pev yap
oLToon TO PUAXNOY EyEL KAAdMOV, TaV bé yedpo-
1 j,e. and so in part account for the difference. ef rijs
épas conj. Sch.; # ris xépas MP; etm tis xdpas Ald. H.
2 ¢.e. we cannot say how far the difference is due to climate
without knowing whether the seed-time at either place is
the same,
158
ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, VIII. mu. 10-111. 1
But that one particular land should produce two
crops in the time that other lands to which it is close
take to produce one, is very remarkable; wherefore
Chalkia exhibits the greatest difference.
The crops grown in other regions show not much,
if any, dissimilarity as to time; those grown at
Athens are only about thirty days or not much
more before those of the Hellespont region. Now,
if the sowing should turn out to be also earlier,
that would shift the season back!; if it is at the
same time, it is plain that the difference of time
would be greater.”
Again the particular district makes a considerable
difference, even as between places which are not far
apart; thus the crops of Salamis are far earlier than
those of the rest of Attica, and so in general are those
of places by the sea; and this applies to other fruits
as well as these: for instance, those of the place
called Akte in the Peloponnese and of Phalykos%
in the Megarid are early; but here something is
contributed by the fact that the soil is light and
crumbling. Such are the facts in regard to growth
and development.
Of differences between the parts of cereals, pulses, and summer
crops respectively.
III. There are also differences between+ the
whole classes which we have mentioned, namely
cereals leguminous plants ® and summer crops, as
well as between the several members® of the same
class. Cereals have the leaf of a reed, while of
3 év barinm I conj.: cf. 2. 8. 1; ev badrhep conj. W.;
épartice U; éx parannw M; ex dadnxov Ald.
4 xa@? conj. Sch.; «al Ald. H. 5 cf. 8. 1. 1.
8 Suoyern conj. Sch.; duooyerR Ald.
159
wo
THEOPHRASTUS
A \ \ / ® e 4 \
TOV TA pev Trepipepes, olov 6 KVAapos Kal ayEdoV
Ta ThEloTa, Ta Sé TMpopnKéoTeEpor, olov 6 Tas
Kal 0 NdOupos Kal 0 @Ypos Kal TA TOLADTA. Kal
Ta pev ivodn ta 8 apreBa Kai diva. od Sé
oncapmov Kal TO épvotpov idt@TEpa Tapa TadTa.
4 n ~
IldAwv 0 Kavros ToY pev yovaT@dns Kal KoiXos,
d? 0 Kal Kadeitar Kddapos: oO 5é Tod KUdpou
KotXos, TOV 8 adrAwv yYedpoTav EvrAwWSéoTEpOS,
Evkwdéotatos Sé 0 épéBivOos: Tov 5é Oepwwav
KéyX pou pév Kal peXivov KaNap“odns, ono dmou bé
Kal épvoipov vapOnkedns parrov. Kal Ta pev
éotiv opSoKxavra, xaldmep mupos Kal KpiO Kal
bAws Ta oiTwdn Kal Oepivd, Ta & TAAYLOKAVAG
HadnXop, olov épéBivO0s SpoBos daxkds, Ta 8 émt-
, 7 5 \ / e \
yeloxavra, Kabatrep wXpos miaos AaOuUpos: oO Se
Sorrxyos, €av Tapaxatatynen tis Eva maxpa,
avaBaive Kal yiverat kaptimos, ef 5é un, Padros
ak, , ey cy | / a
Kal épvatBwdns* povos 6 i) padiota TaV xYedpo-
TaV OpPdKavArOS O KVAMOS.
"Eyer 0€ kat Ta avOn Siadopav Kab tH pice
\ a Oé ye 50 > a > ow
Kal TH Oéoet, mepl oY axEddV Ev Tois KAO” Grov
dieiAopev, OTL TA pev YVOWSN, KADdTrEp GiTOU Kal
TavTos TOU oTayv@dors' TA 5é PYAA@SN, KAD-
Tep TOV YEedpoToVv, Kal TOV TAEicT@Y KONOBA"
1 Plin. 18. 58. 2 ¢.e. summer crops’; cf. 8. 1. 1.
* Sc. but not jointed. W. suggests that the original text
may have been ray 5é d:dAov Koidos ofov 6 Tod Kuduov.
4 wedtvoy Ald. H.; éAdmov V; éAdmov Vin. cf. 8.1.1; 8.1. 6.
5 4 add. St.; om. Ald. H.G. $1.13. 1:(2)
7 xvowdn. No rendering seems quite satisfactory: the
160
ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, VIII. in. 1-3
leguminous plants some have a round leaf, as beans
and most others, some a more oblong leaf, as pea
lathyros okhros and the like. 14Some again have
fibrous leaves, others leaves without veins and fibres.
Again sesame? and erysimon? have leaves quite
distinct from these.
Again the stem of cereals is jointed and hollow;
wherefore it is called the ‘reed, while that of the
bean is hollow,? and that of the other leguminous
plants is more woody, that of chick-pea woodiest
of all; of the summer crops that of millet and
Italian millet* is reed-like, that of sesame and
erysimon is more like the stem of ferula. Some
again have erect stems, as wheat barley and
in general the cereals and summer crops; some
have rather a crooked stem, as chick-pea vetch
lentil ; some a creeping stem as okhros pea lathyros ;
while calavance, if long stakes are set by it, climbs
them and becomes fruitful, whereas otherwise the
plant is unhealthy and liable to rust; the bean,
most of all leguminous .plants, if not® alone among
them, has an erect stem.
The flowers also shew differences in character
and in position (of which matters we have to some
extent treated in our general account) ®; - thus
some are ‘downy,’ as those of corn® and of any
plant that has an ‘ear’; others are ‘leafy,’® as
those of leguminous plants, and in most cases they
are irregular? flowers; for most of these have
meaning is that such flowers may be classed with those
distinguished by this term in 1. 13. 1, as not being petaloid.
8 glrov Kal mavtds Tod oraxvdédovs conj. Sch. from G, wt
omnium fere gerentium spicam; mov cal naytds Tod xvAsdous
UMAId. 9 Se. petaloid.
10 cf. 6. 5. 3. a.e. they depart from radial symmetry.
161
VOL, Il, M
uo
THEOPHRASTUS
} : 5
Ta yap TodAAa KodoBavOy: xvomdes 5é Kal TO
a / an
Tov Kéyypouv Kal pedivov Tod dé onoduov Kal
a / cal
Tov épuvciwov dvdAdAWbes. Kal OTe Oy TA peV
\
éyer Tepl avTOV TOY KapTOV, Olovy Ta aiTHdyn Kal
\ per.
Keyypodn tepl Tov otdyuy' Ta be yedpoTa é&
n ‘al 4 iol fel nr
avTov Tas Tov avOous i) amo ye THS aUTHS apxs
/ \ \ ” Q va \ \ > / \ \
yiverat. Kal THY avOnowy, Ott TA ev GOpoav Ta bé
a = ;
KATA épos TrovetTat* Kai TANNA Sé TA TapaTAHoLA
TOUTOLS.
€ / be \ \ \ \ 4 7 \
Opoiws 5€ Kai Ta KaTa TOs KapTrOvs, OTL TA
\
pev exes otayur, Ta O€ yedpoTa AoBov, Ta Sé
© / . e de a ny) > /
Keyxpodyn hoBnv: 7 dé Kadauwdns atroxvets
, \ > > 4 \ \ >
poBn. To 8 6rov évayyewooTepua, Ta Oe évu-
/ \ \ /
pevootepua, Ta Sé yupvooTeppa: Kal ett TA pev
> 4 \ \ 4 \¢ \
aKpoxapTa, Ta Sé TaYLOKapTrA, Kal doa 81) ara
TavTns éxeTat THS Oewpias.
4 \
"Orws 5 roAvKapToTepa Kal ToAVvYovGTEpA
\ 5 , / 8 4 AN \ @ \
Ta yedpord, Toray 8 eT’ paddov Ta Oepwa
KéyxXpos Kal onoapov, avTov Sé TaV yedpoTraV
a \
pardiota phakos. amos dé TA pLKpOoTrEpLOTEpA
HGAAOV ws eiTElv, WoTEP Kal TOV NaYaVwWdoY
KULLVOV ATaVT@V GVTMY TOAVaTEpH@V. io'xUpd-
Tepa 5é€ Tmpos pev TOV YEeLlm@va Kal bros Ta
an \ \
Tov aépos Ta oTHpd, Todos Se THY Tpohyv Ta
» weAlvov Ald.H.; éavuov Vo.Vin. cf. 8. 3. 2 and reff.
2 of. 8. 3. 3n. 3 Plin. 18. 53.
4 ardxvo1s conj. Sch. from G3 amrépuors P,Ald. ef. 4. 4. 10,
amoxeita:; 8. 10.4; C.P. 3. 21. 5.
5 +b 8 bAov: 27a 98 olor.
162
ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, VIII. 11. 3-5
such flowers. Those of millet and Italian millet!
are also ‘downy, ? those of sesame and erysimon
‘leafy.’ Another difference is that in some cases
the flowers are round the fruit; thus those of corn
and millet are round the ear; while in leguminous
plants the fruit comes as it were from the flower
itself, or at least from the same _ starting-point.
Another difference is that some produce all their
flowers at once, others in succession. And there are
other differences akin to these.
In like manner there are differences in the fruits ;
some have an ‘ear, leguminous plants a pod, and
millet-like plants a ‘plume’?—which is the name
given to an inflorescence‘ such as reeds have. Again,
generally speaking,? some have their seeds in a
vessel,° some in pods,’ some naked; and further
some bear their fruit at the top, some at’ the
sides; and there are other differences which bear on
this enquiry.
In general the leguminous plants produce more
fruit and are more prolific, and the summer crops
millet and sesame are even more so than these, while
among the leguminous plants themselves lentil is
the most prolific. ® Generally speaking, those that
have small seeds are more prolific, as cummin among
pot-herbs, which are all prolific of seed. The seeds
of cereals are more robust as to standing winter and
conditions of climate generally, while those of
leguminous plants are stronger as to providing
sass ®° However it may be that in this respect
6 nev or vaereseet conj. Sch.; wey éyyerdorepua PAld. of.
C.P. 4.°7. 5
7 of. 1. 11. 2. 8 of. CP. 4. 15. 2.
® z.e. what has just been said perhaps applies only to human
food. Sense fixed by 8. 9. 3 ad jin.: ef. Plin. 18. 50.
163
mM 2
nw
THEOPHRASTUS
yedpotda. Taya dé TovTO ye Huiy Tois aARoLS
GVaTTANLW.
+ i Ta pev ov dda yévn ToLavTAS exet dva-
popas: Ta. O€ omoyevt} OjAov 6TL KaTa THY TOV
bepov dvopanay, olov TOY olT@OOY TUpos
KpiOns orevopurOTEpov Kab AeLoKavrAOTEpov Kal
TUKVOTEPOV Kal Ya x poTepov EXEL TOV Kavnov
Kal uaa ToT Epo" dpa Sé Kai Oo pev &
NUTOOU TOXoIs ” dé yupvov' paduota yap on
yupvoam épparov 7 «p07. TOVNOT Ov dé Kal y
Tidy Kal 1 ohvpa Kal Tavra Ta TovatTa Kal
pediora TAVTOV os elmeiy oO Spopos. eo dé
Kal bypmroreEpos 0 KaNA 1105 Tov mupod o) THs
KpOis, Kal TOV ordxuy amnpTnpévov exer Tod
pudrov padXov 0 TUPOS.
"Tdzov dé xal TO dxupov TOU KpiOivov TO TUpLvoV"
eyxXuAorepov yap Kal parakarepor. _ Ovapéper dé
4 KpiOn Kal ToUT@ Toy mupav D fev yap oTot-
xerwdns, o S€ Tupds adoTovyos Kal TavTayobev
OMaANS TUS.
To pev ovv OA@ yévEL ™ pos ryévos Towadrat
TWES elo Suapopat. «al? éxatepov Oé TOUT@Y
TaN, otov TuUpOW Kal Kkpilorv, TOXNA yer Kat
Tots KapT ois avTots Svahépovta wal Tois oTaXUCL
Kal Tals GdAXais pophais Kal Ett Tais dvvapecs
1 of 7. 4. 9:
2 After d:adopas UM add ra duotoryern, Ald. ra wh duoroyer7 5
om. Sch. and W. after G.
3 6uoyern conj. Sch.; duocoyerh UMAId. of. 8. 3. 1.
* SvcbAacrdétepov conj. Scal. from G, ruptu difficiliorem ;
SugadrOataérepoyv UMAIA.
5 Plin. 18. 61. moAvAomoy conj. Salm.; roAvAoBoy Ald.
164
ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, VIII. m1. 5-1v. 2
the other animals are affected in the opposite! way
to men,
Of the differences between cereals,
IV. There are then these differences ? between the
various classes; and as between plants of the same
class * there are plainly differences due to the unlike-
ness in the various parts. Thus among cereals wheat
as compared with barley has a narrower leaf, and
a smoother stem of closer texture tougher and less
brittle. Again the seed of wheat has several
eoats,> that of barley is naked, that plant having
its seeds specially naked. Also one-seeded wheat
rice-wheat and all such plants have their seed in
several coats, and above all, it may be said, is this
true of oats. Also the ‘ reed’ of wheat is taller than?
that of barley, and wheat has its ear less distant
from the ‘ leaf.’
Further the husk of wheat is distinct § from that of
barley, being less dry and softer. Barley also differs
from wheat in this respect ; it has grains in a regular
row,’ whereas those of wheat are not in a row, but
the ear is as it were quite simple in form.”
Such then are the differences as between one
whole kind and another. But in each of these
kinds again, for instance in barley and wheat,
there are many sub-divisions differing both in the
actual fruits, in the ear, and in the other characteristic
§ Bpduos conj. Scal. from Plin. Uc. and G; xpéuos PM ;
kpdxos Ald.; Bp&puos Vin.
? 4 conj. Sch. from Plin. lc. and G3 «at Ald.H.
8 iov Ald.; #S:0v Vin.H. from G: go Sch. and W. ef.
Col. 6. 3. 3.
9 ororxermdns. 2? eroixddns: v. LS,
10 Suadhs conj. Sch.; duady UMAI.
165
“
THEOPHRASTUS
Kal Tos mafeot. Tov pev KplOd@v ai pév eior
Sictorxor ai Sé tpiatovyot ai Sé TeTpdoTovyor
kal wevtdotoyou. TrEtoTOv 8 éEdoToLyor, Kal
yap towodTo Te yévos éoti. muKvotepas Sé del
Kata thy Oéow as etl may ai TodvaTOLYOTEpal.
diahopa bé€ peyddAn Kai TO TapaBdacTyTLKHY
civat, KaBdtep eltropev thy ‘Ivduxnv. Kal ot
oTdxyves O€ TOV péev meyddor Kal pavdTepor Tats
kpi0ais tov S€ éXNaTTOUS Kal TUKVOTEpOL, Kal
amréyovtes S€ ToD dUAXOU TaV pev TOAD TaY bé
puxpov, BoTrep TOV AyiAdElwV KadoUpévoV. Kal
avTav € TAY KpLOaY ai pev oTPOyyUAOCTEpAaL Kal
érdtrous ai S€ mpounkéotepar Kat peiftous kal
pavotepar KaTa TOV oTayuY. Ett Se ai pev Rev-
Kal, at dé péravar Kal éritropdupifovcat, aitep
Kal moAvddrdutor Sokodow evar kal mpos Tods
verwavas S¢ Kal TA TVEtpaTa Kal bXws TOV dépa
TOV NEVKOY iaxXUpPOTEpa.
TIovAa 6é yévn nal Tov Tupav éotiv Eed0ds
aTo TOY xYwpov éxXovTa Tas émwVvuUpias, obov
AcBveot Tovtixot Opdxes Acovpior Aiydrrriot
Duxeroi. Siapopds 5é cal tais yporais Kal toils
peyéOeot Kat tois eldeot xal Ttais idvoTnoww
éyouat Kal év tais duvdmeot Talis Te GAXaLS Kal
padtota Ttais mpos THY aitnow. Tivés Kal at
1 Explained below, 8. 4. 4; cf. 8. 4. 3.
2 ddeot: ef. 1. 1. 1 n. 3 Plin. 18, 78.
4 rArelorov 8 é=dorotxov, Kal yap To1odTo conj. W.; mwAciorov
EEdoroixov ToovToyv UM; mAciora: Kal éfdorixot Kal yap Tot-
odtov Ald. H.
166
ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, VIII. rv. 2-3
features; and again in capacities! and properties.”
° Of barley different sorts have respectively two, three,
four, and five rows of seeds; the largest number 4
known is six, for there is a kind which bears that
number. And those which have more rows have
generally the grains set closer together. Another
great difference is that of having side-shoots, as we
said of the Indian kind.® Again in barley® the
ears are in some kinds large and of looser make,
in some smaller and set closer; in some kinds
the ear is some way from the ‘leaf,’ in some it is
nearer to it, as in the kind called ‘ Achillean.’?
Again of the grains themselves some are rounder
and smaller, some more oblong and larger and set
at wider intervals on the ear. Moreover some are
white, some black or reddish, and the latter are
thought to produce much meal and to be more
robust than the white as to bearing winter wind or
conditions of climate generally.
There are § also many kinds of wheat which take
their names simply from the places where they
grow,? as Libyan Pontic!® Thracian Assyrian
Egyptian Sicilian. They show differences! in
colour size form and individual character, and
also?? as regards their capacities 1° in general and
especially their value as food. Some again get
5 Referred to 4. 4. 9, but without mention of this feature.
tais xpiOais conj. W.; Tris xpiOjs Ald,
cf. O.P. 3. 21. 3; 3. 22. 2.
8 eorw evOds conj. W.; evOds éorw Ald,
of. O. P. 3; 21.2; Plin. 18, 2:
10 Tloytixol conj. Sch.; mévtio: Ald,
1 Siapopas conj. W.; diapépovres Ald. H.
12 kat conj. W.; 5€ Ald.
13 Explained below, 8, 4. 4: pace of growth,
aS
©
167
THEOPHRASTUS
4 \ / /
dd\Nov Tas TpocHyopias, oloy Kayxpuvdias oTreEY-
\ > / e € 4 > A > ,
yos “AreEdvdpetos: av atavTwv év Tots eipnpévors
tas Swadopas AnTTéov. ovK Heiota 8 oiKetar
/ la
el Tis NapwBavor Tas TovavTas oldv eiow oi pév
Pia € \ ” \ > n \ 7 €
mpwiot ot de Orla, Kal evaveis Kal TrodvyYoL OL
, )
dé <puxpol> Kal orvyoxor, Kal peyadootaxues oi Oé
pikpooTaxues. Kal ot wev év KddNUKL TOADY XpPOVOV
eo dV / v 4 € / \ /
oi © dXiyov évovtes, BaTep 0 AtBuKos. Kal Kddra-
prov of pev AeTTOV of SE Taxydy: Kal TodTO oO At-
\ BA \ be \ € bd, y be
Buxos éxer, maxdy dé Kal o Kayxpvdlas. ert
an td \ > , id \ 4 ¢e €
VIT@VAS Oi pméev OALYOUS Ol S€ TOAXNOUS, WoT EP O
€ e
Opaxios. Kal o pév povoxddapos o 6é TodvKa-
Napmos, Kal warXov 6€ Kal Hrrop.
¢ /, be \ y / yi
Opoiws b€ nal ef te TapatAnotovy TovToLs
“ 4 /
#) Tois mpoTepov eipnuévors Kata Tas Suvdpers.
ai yap Towadtar dvotxwtatat Sokatev av eivar
Tov Siahopav. év als Kal TO TOV TpLLHVeY Kal
TO TOV Oupynvev Kal el TE yévos év éXaTTOOLW
Hhucpats terevodTat, Kabdmep ghaciv eivat trepl
thv Aivetay, ot TeTTapdKovta Hépats GTO Tis
omopas abptvovtat Kal Ttédos toxovow: elvar &
ioxupov tovTov Kai Bapvy ovy wamep Tov Tpi-
pnvov Kovdov, dv’ 6 Kal Tots. oixéTais Trap-
éyew, Kal yap ovdé mitupov éyew TOV. oTra-
VIOTATOS peY ovV Kal TAaXLOTOS Eis TEAELWOLY
1 ordeyyts. Sir W. Thiselton-Dyer conjectures cidryus :
cf. Plin. 18. 184, LS. o:Alynovr.
2 cf. Geop. 3. 3. 11. 3 7.e. colour, size, etc.
ae add. W. to correspond to eiavie?s (conj. Sch.; edateis
Alcd.).
168
EE ———————
ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, VIII. rv. 3-4
their distinctive names for other reasons, as kankh-
rydias stlengys | ‘Alexandrian ’?; all of which must be
distinguished by the above-mentioned? characters.
Again, if one takes such differences as the following,
they are quite characteristic—thus some are early,
some late, some are vigorous and prolific, some
are small+ and produce little, some have a large,
some a small ear. The ears of some remain® a
long time in the sheath,® of some it remains but
a short time, as that of the Libyan kind. 7 Again
some have a slender, some a stout haulm; the
Libyan kind has this characteristic also, and that
of kankhrydias is also stout. Again the grain of
some has few coats,® of some many, for instance the
Thracian.? Some kinds have a single ‘reed, some
more than one, and in the latter class the number
varies.
10 So too must we distinguish any differences like
these or those mentioned above which are found in
the several capacities; for these would seem to be
the most essential differences. In this connexion
we may distinguish kinds which mature in three or
in two months, and those, if there be such, which
take a less number of days; for instance, they say
that in the region of Aineia there is a kind which
ripens and attains perfection within forty days from
the time of sowing; they say too that this grain is
strong and heavy, not light like that which takes
three months; wherefore they give it even to the
servants, for it also does not contain much bran.
Now this kind is the rarest and the quickest to
évovtes conj. W.; €xovres Ald.
of. 8. 2. 4. 7 Plin, 18. 69. 8 7.e. glumes.
of. C.P. 4. 12. 5; Plin. Le, 10 Plin. 18. 70,
169
THEOPHRASTUS
As et \ \ / , / \ >
ovTos. eal b€ kal Sipnvot tives oltrep Kal éx
/ > / > > , > / x
Luedias exopicOnoay eis "Axaiav: dduyoxdor dé
Kal Oduyoyover Kal KovpoL KaTa THY Tpoahopav
Kal noets. Kal arrow Sé Tives of Tept KvRorayv
elol Kal padiota év TH Kapvotia. tpipnvor 8é
iol Kal pdduota év TH Kapvotia. tpipn
, \ \ na n z eS /
TOOL Kal TaVTAXOU KOUoL OVTOL Kal OALYOYOOL
\ / \ \ + \ >i.
Kal “ovokddrapor KaTa THhvy Expvow Kal TO drOv
aoGeveis. Kovpotatos ev ody ws aTAMS ElTreEtD
na >
mupos 0 Llovtixds: Papitepos S5é TeV Els THY
¢
‘EdrAdda tTapayiwopévov 6 Keds: TovTov &
4 4 € / a \ / iA
éte Bapvtepos 0 Bowwrds* onpetov 5é Néyouawy 6T1
e \ > \ > a / 3 e /
ot péev aOdntal év tH Botwtia tpi’ HucxyoiiKa
>
ports avaricxovow, "AOnvafe dé bray &Owor
/ > € 4 e 7 lol \ \ e >
Tévd Huryotvika padiws. Koddos Sé Kal o ép
th Aaxovxh. TovTav pev ody &y Te Tals yo-
pais Kal T@ aépt TO aitiov émel Kal wept THv
/
‘Aclav ov troppw Bdxtpwv év pév tive tore
oUT@s aopov eivat hac. Tov citov waTE TUpPHVoS
édaias péyeBos NapBavewv, év bé tois Iltoodrous
> a
Karoupévors oUTwS taxUpoOV WoT El TLS TAELOY
mMpoceveyKoito StappyyvucOar, Kal tov Make-
Sovev Kal todNovs TodTO Tabeiv. atotrov Sé
Kal avopmoXoyovpevoy mpos THY TOY TPLUnVaY
\ a
KkovpoTnta To mept Tovs Llovtixods cupPaivor:
LA A e \ \ > \ e \ \
elol yap of pev okAnNpol Hpwol ot dé paraxol
/ \ \ , a , id
Yeiweptvol* TorAvD yap Siadhéper TH KovpoTyts oO
/ e / be \ bu > , e 54
Harakos. [opwoiws d€ Kat dvo apotous ws EoLKE
1 tpl jutxolvixa conj. Sch.; tpinurxolvina M 3 rpinusxolvina
H
gAld. Hh, '
170
ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, VIII. rv. 4-6
mature. But there is also a kind which takes two
months; this was brought to Achaia from Sicily;
it is not however prolific nor fertile, though as
food it is light and sweet. There is another such
kind which grows in Euboea and especially in the
region of Karystos. There are several kinds that
take three months, and these, wherever they are
found, are light and not prolific; their growth
consists of a single ‘reed,’ and in general they are
not robust. Lightest of all we may say is the
Pontic wheat; the Sicilian is heavier than most of
those imported into Hellas, but heavier still than
this is the Boeotian ; in proof of which it is said
that the athletes in Boeotia consume scarcely three
pints,! while, when they come to Athens, they easily
manage five.2 The Laconian kind is also light.
The reason for these differences is to be found in
the respective soils and in the climate ; * for in Asia
not far from Bactra they say that in a certain place
the corn is so vigorous that the grains grow as
large as an olive-stone, while in the country called
that of the Pissatoi it is so strong that, if a man
eats too much of it, he bursts, which was actually the
fate of many of the Macedonians. There is one
curious thing about the corn of Pontus, which is
an exception® to the rule as to the lightness of
crops raised in three months; for there the hard
crops are those of the spring, the soft ones those
of the winter; for soft kinds are exceedingly light.
Two sowings, as it appears, are made of all corn
2 rev jusxolvixa conj. Sch.; mwevOnuoxolvina M; mevén-
puxotvixa P,Ald.H. 3 Plin. 18. 70.
4 7.e, in Alexander’s army.
5 dvouoroyoumevoy: of. O.P. 4. 8.2; Plat. Gory. 495.
171
THEOPHRASTUS
TavTos Tov trou moovvTat, TOV joev Net pLepLvov
Tov 6€ npwov, év @ Kal Ta bompia KaTaBdr-
Novo |.
Kiot 6é Kal ot fev Kalapol ai pv, Gomep 0
Tov rexds Kal o Atyorrios: Kkabapos Sé érrtet-
KOS Kal 0 YtKerOs Kal padiorta o Axpayaytivos
ove aipwdns.
OD bé LuKEdos idzov exer TO pede upov Kanov-
pevov, 6 eaTw aBraBes Kai ov @oTep ” aipa
Bapvd xal ceparanyés. GXXa TA pev ToavTa,
Kadamrep enex9n, Tais y@pais avaberéov Kal doov
omen ee TOLS yéveow,
"Ev 6é Tois dot pioLs ovx. opoiws éorl
naBety TAS ToLaUTAS Suapopas, elT oov d:a TO
1) efera lew 0jL0LwsS ele Kal 1a TO povoessé-
oTEpa Tuyxavel’ é&w yap épeBivOov Kab paxod
Kal én ONyoU Kudpou Kal opoBov, Ka?’ bcov
4) TOV Xpopdreov Kat TOY XUNOV diadhopd, TOY
y adXwv ov rotodow idéas. of Oé épéBivO ou
Kal Tots peyeect Kal Tois yxvAols Kal Tois
Xpopace Kab tais pophais tabépovoty, otov
Kptol dpoBiaior ot ava Meco. éml maou be Ta
Neve ypruKvrepa Kal yap 6 GpoBos Kal panos
wal épéBivOos Kal KVaLOS Kal onoapov: ote yap
Kal ono a mov AevKov.
"AXA MaAXOv év Tols ToLoiade Tovey éotL TAS
diadopas olov, émel mdvta TtadT éAdXoBa, TA pev
1 Suolws... Kar aBddd over bracketed by Sch. as a gloss.
> But ef. 8. 8. 3. § ef. Diose, 4, 116.
4 7.e. when it gets into the bread.
5 of. Plin. 18. 156; Diose. 2. 100.
5 bo0v émiBddAAe: of. Arist, Pol. 1. 13. 8,
172
ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, VIII. 1. 6-v. 2
alike, one in winter and one in spring, at which time
they also plant the seed of the pulses.!
Some kinds are free from darnel, as the Pontic
and the Egyptian ; the Sicilian is also fairly free from
it, and that of Akragas is especially immune from
darnel.,
2Peculiar however to the Sicilian is the plant
called melampyron,° which is harmless* and not, like
the darnel, injurious and productive of headache.®
However such peculiarities, as was said, must be
ascribed to the soil, and to a certain extent to the
different characters of different kinds.
Of the differences between pulses.
V. In pulses we cannot find such differences to
the same extent, whether for the want of equally
careful enquiry or because there is actually less
diversity in these plants. ‘For, apart from chick-
pea lentil and to a certain extent bean and vetch
(in so far as in these we find differences of colour
and taste), among the rest® no distinct forms are
recognised. Chick-peas however differ in size colour
taste and shape; thus there are the varieties called
‘rams, ‘ vetch-like’ chick-peas and the intermediate
forms.® In all pulses the white are the sweeter, .
and this applies to vetch lentil chick-pea bean and
sesame, of which also there is a white form.
10 However it is more possible to recognise the
differences in such points as these :—all these plants
have pods, but whereas the pods in some kinds have
? Plin. 18. 124. 8» conj. Sch.; 7 Ald. H.
® of after dpiBiator add. Dalec. For ava wéoor cf. 3. 18. 2,
10 Plin 18. 125.
1 Z\AoBa conj. Seal. from G ; éAAéBopa Ald. H.; €AadBopa U ;
éxe) mdvra Tav’r conj. W.; ém mdvra ra Ald.H.
173
i)
THEOPHRASTUS
7 A LO / A ee /
avToV adltappaKkTa Kat WoTEp GUpAyavoYTA TVY-
‘ \ an
yavet, Kabdrep GpoBos Triaos Kal oxEdOV TA THEL-
ota, Ta O€ diatrreppaypeva, KaBaTrep Oéppos, ere dé
n / ,
HarXov Kal iditws TO oHoapwov. Kal Ta ev
/ \ be \ / / €
paxpodoBa Ta € Kal oT poyyvrohoBa, Kabatrep o
> ¥ Q 4 Py > @ al \ \ . Aa]
epeéBivGos. ava Noyov 0 akodoveEi Kal Ta TAHON
a \ a n
TOV OTEpUaTwV' EAaTTW Yap év Tos puLKpots,
al , an a
@otep &v Te TO TOV EpEeBivOwy Kal &v TH TOY
dakov.
/ e ¢
Kat tapamdnovas 6 tows at Trowadtat Kal as
él TOV oiTNPOV ééyomeV TEPL TOV aTaYvoV Kal
avTOV TOV KapTOV: érrel Kai oi KaXovpEVOL AOBoL
axedov axddov0or Tois oTépuaciv eicwy, of pev
émriTAaTEls, WOTTEP Ol TOV Haxov Kal THs addxns,
0 O€ KUALVSpHOELS MAAXOV, @S OL TOD dpoBov Kal
TOU TLcOv" TA yap oTéppata éExaTépwrv ToLladTa
a \ at
Tols oXHmacl’ AAA Tas pev ToLavTas Siapopas
jmodras av tis evpor Kal’ Exactov, @Y ai pev
tal \
Kolval Taow ai bé idtat KaTAa yévos.
df be / / val a \
Ori d€ mavTa tpootéepuKe Tots AOPois Kal
éyer Kabadtep apynv Twa, TA pev TpoéxXovaar,
e e
@omrep 0 KVapos Kal o €péBivO0s, Ta O€ Kal
»” e / \ BA > ” 4 \
éykotAov, woTrep Oépmos Kal aAX aTTa, Ta Oé
\
oUTH ev ov havepayv éXdtTw O€ Kal woTEP aTro-
onpaivoveay pmovov, Snrov pev ato THs dvews: e&
HS Kal Otav onmaph Practave, Kal prlodrar,
\
xkabarep édévOn, Kat apyas Oé Kal avta Ttpé-
, n n /
deta mpoonpTnuéva TO ROBO, péxpt ov av
1 Gdidgpaxtra conj. Scal. from G, non intersepta ; didppakra
Ald. H. i! Pay YG 8
3 Siaredpaypéva conj. Sch.; Acta mepparyueva Ald. H,
4 of. 3. 18. 13.
174
ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, VIII. v. 2-4
no divisions,! but the seeds as it were touch one
another,? as in vetch pea and most kinds, in some
there are divisions,? as in lupin and still more in
sesame, in which the divisions are of a peculiar
kind.*| Again some have long, some round pods, as
chick-pea. And the number of seeds follows in
proportion, since they are fewer in the small pods,
as in those of chick-pea and lentil.
Possibly these differences correspond to those
which we mentioned in the case of cereals as to the
ears and the actual fruits ; for what are called ‘pods’
also® fairly correspond to the shape of the seeds,
some being flat, as those of lentil and tare, some
more or less cylindrical, as those of vetch and pea °:
for in the case of either pair of plants the seeds
correspond in shape. However one might discover
and distinguish many such differences, of which
some are common to a whole kind,’ others special to
particular varieties.
In all cases the seeds are attached to the pods and
have a sort of starting-point, which in some cases
projects, as in bean and chick-pea, in some is
hollow, as in lupin and some others,-and in some
is not thus conspicuous but smaller and, as it were,
only indicated ; this is plain from observation ; it is
from this point that the seeds germinate and take
root when they are sown, as was said*: but to start
with they are themselves nourished by being so
attached to the pod until they are matured. This
5 7.e. a8 does the form of the ear in cereals.
6 Kal Tov mov: Ta yap conj. Scal. from Plin. /.c. and G; rod
migod yap Ta UMAId.
7 7.e. which either differentiate (e.g.) pea from lentil, or one
variety of pea from another. cf. 8. 4. 2 n.
* 3.20 2.
175
THEOPHRASTUS
TereLwOy havepov Oé éott Kal ex TOV viv Kal éx
a a x
TOV TPOELpnMeVOV. EPL MeV OVY TOV KATA TAS
Siahopas ads.
VI. Srreipew O€ Evudepey Tavta padtoTa pev
év Tois @patots apoTots: ov pnv adda Kal év Enpa
paiors dpérousy oF mip » Enpd
Ties KATAaBAAXOVEL Kal ovY HKLGTA TUpOds Kal
Kpi0as @s paddtota avtapKeiy Suvdueva, OTrov py
7 By » / > \ e , a
dpviaw 7) aAXows Onpiows Ericivyns 7 X@pa. SoxKel
A a /
yap ws éml Tay 0 TpwTOS apoTos apeiver eivat,
a /
xeiptatos O€ amropos év vrais HusBpoyots: amor-
AUTAL yap Kal ExyadaKxTodTaL TA oTéppaTta, Kal
aya EvpBaive. roav avapvecOat mordHv. pera
\ / a
dé tHv oTropay Bdwp émuyiverOat Tact Evudéper,.
\ i A / ca) ec 4
TAY baa dSvaBAATTH yiveTal MaAXOV, MaTEP O TE
Kvapmos Soxel Kal TOV Oepivov oncapoy Kal KU-
pulvov Kab épvotmov.
an a \
Ilvevooropetv 5é Kat pavootropety Kali Tpos Tas
a \ /
yopas Br€rovTa yYpH* TAElov yap 1) Tietpa Kal
b) INGA ft na ¢ / \ a
ayabs dtivatat hépew Ths Ubappov Te Kal AeTTHS.
/ Uy / € ie yen t € A Q\
Kaito AéyeTal TLS NOYOS WS OTE meV TEOV OTE OE
\ ,
éXatTov % avTy déxyeTat Yopa Kal oiwvifovTat
\ ‘ e > > / an \ > 7
TO TWAE€OV WS OVK ayabov, TeWhy yap evODs hact
THY yhv: ovTos pév ovv laws evnbéotepos ROrvos.
el O€ Tis Tpos TA OTréppaTta Dewpoin Kal pddoTd
ye pds avTovs Tovs TOToVs aua TO eddder
kal thy Oéow avabewpav tiv ye Tpos TA TveEv-
1 abrapxety Ald.; avrapxety U.
2 émiowhs conj. Dalec.; émiwhys UMAId.; obnoxia G.
8 i.e. after the rains.
176
ea) Wr
ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, VIII. v. 4-v1. 2
is clear both from what is said now and from what
was said before. Enough then about the points of
difference.
Of sowing, manuring, and watering.
VI. It is expedient to sow all these, if possible, at
the early seed-time; however some plant the seed
even in dry ground, and especially wheat and barley,
on the theory that they are most likely to hold
their own! at a time when the ground is not in-
fested? with birds or other creatures. For it
appears that in general the first sowing is better,
and worst that which is made in _half-soaked
ground ;* for then the seeds perish and become
‘milky ’;* moreover many weeds come up at that
time. After the sowing however it is beneficial
for all that rain should fall on them, except in
the case of some which appear to germinate then
with more difficulty, as seems° to be the case with
beans, and among summer crops with sesame cummin
and erysimon.
6 As to sowing thickly or scantily one should have
regard to the soil as well as to other considerations ;
for a fat good soil can bear more than one which is
sandy and light. However there is a saying that the
same soil can take at one time more, at another less
seed ; and in general the former condition is taken
as an unfavourable omen, for then they say -at once
that the soil is hungry; however this is perhaps a
rather foolish saying. If a man should have regard
to the kind of the seed and especially to the actual
situation, considering the aspect in respect of winds
4 of. yaddxtwots, C.P. 4. 4. 7 and 8.
5 Soxet conj. W.; éd6xer Ald. § Plin. 18. 196.
177
VOL. II, N
w
~
o
THEOPHRASTUS
\ \ c/ > / xX / \
pata Kal Tov HALOV, olKELOTEpov Av AapBavor Tas
‘Svadopas.
> \ / ae 4 - wey / al ,
Ava doyov &é vet Kal ) KOTpLaLs TOls aTOpoOLs
> an
Mpos TAS YoOpas’ veros & apeivwv yYeEeLpéepios THS
€apwys. éviaxod Sé ov Evudépeww Babeiav apo-
Tplav, Bomep Kal év Lupia, d’ 6 piKpois apoTpo.s
XpOvTal. Tap ado b€ TO Mav éLepyafecPar
Brarre, cabatrep ev Suxedia, bv 6 Kal Tov Eévav
@s €olKe TOAAOL StayapTavovel. TavTa pev ovv
Mpos TAS YoOpas.
Atatpodot 5& Kal Ta oméppata Toia Troiov
/ \ Lal Lal nr
mpoaopov: év yap Tais Yetmeplvais Tupov pwadAXov
} Kpionv, cal ws citov 7) yedpoTa Kedevovow
év tais yépoos Kal dia ypovou Kivovpévais: Kal
yap avTa: mupov dépovot waddov % KplOnv. Sé-
¥. n a n
yeTar € Kal érouBpiav waddov Tupos THs KpLO hs,
Kal év Tols axotrpots pépet MaAAOV. @aatTws Oé
Kal AUTOV TOV TUPOY Totes TH Toia mpoadopos,
®@ 5) A \ , \ a \ n
olov aya0n Kal mieipa Kal yapapg Kal rerTH
\ an ” € /
<Kal> Tals adXrals Omoiws.
ac a \ , ? \ /
Towp dé drav pév xXroNphopjon Kal KUO
a e y b] na \ an \
mrelov amacr Evudéperr avOovar Sé tupois pév
Kal xpl0ais Kal tois ovr@dect BNaBepov: amron-
1 &y AawBdve: conj. Sch.; dvardauBdvo Ald. H.
2 «émpiois conj. Sch.; «émpnois Ald,
8 of 20. PL 3. 2.7. 4 of. C.P. 3. 20. 5.
5 rdvra pev oo» M3; tadra wey Ald.H.; ratra wey ody conj.
Sch. followed by W.
6 xeAevovcw conj. W.; nal dAws Ald. H.
7 «vovpévas conj. Sch. (ef. C.P. 3. 21. 4, 51a xpdvou yewp-
younévn yi) 3 Kevoupeveus UAId.; xavoumévers Vin.
178
ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, VIII. vi. 2-5
and sun, as well as the soil itself, he would more
properly gauge! the differences.
Similarly manuring ? for the sown crops should be
done with regard to the soil; and it is better to turn
up fallow? land in winter than in spring. And
there are some‘ places in which deep ploughing
is not expedient, as in Syria; wherefore they use
small plough-shares. In other parts to work the
ground too much is injurious, as in Sicily: wherefore
many settlers in the country, it appears, make a
mistake. From every point of view® therefore the
soil must be considered.
The seeds are also classified according as each
suits a particular soil; in wintry lands wheat is
sown rather than barley, and in general they say ®
that corn rather than leguminous plants should be
sown in barren soils which are only disturbed’ at
long intervals; and such soils bear wheat better
than barley.2 Moreover wheat welcomes abundant
rain® more than barley, and bears better on land
which is not manured.!® In like manner they dis-
tinguish among wheats themselves’ which suits
which kind of soil, namely which grows best in
good 14 fat soil and which in crumbling light soil,
and}? so on with other kinds of soil.
13 More abundant rain is beneficial to all crops when
they have come into leaf and formed the flower;
however it is harmful to wheats and barleys and
other cereals when they are actually in flower ; for
8 ris xpiOjs conj.W.; Kal «pidjs UM; % Kpi0h Ald. ; 4) xpiOh H.
> of. OOP. lc.
10 Explained C.P. /.c.
1) @ya0j conj. Casaub : so Vin, a Ald, (and so with the
other datives). 12 wal add.
13 Plin, 18. 151 and 152.
179
wn 2
~
THEOPHRASTUS
uot yap" dompios & aBraPes TV épeBivOov:
OUTOL yap amoxdva belans THS adpns amoAXvVTAL
opaxedtCovres Kal br Kap ov KaTec Oto pevor’
la-xuporepos dé 0 pédas épéBwOos Kab 0 Truppos
Tou NevKOD? cuméper bé, gaciv, év Tols épvdpous
TOTrOLS Oye amet pel avtov. Kvapmos bé& avOar
Hadtota iret BpéxesOat, ds 0 Kal ovx é0é-
ovaly orpuo mopeir, OOT ED elropen, OTL Toy
avOet peta O€ TY am avOnow odiryou Taper ay
bdatos Selita: civeyyvs yap 7) TeXelwots. GAN
dtav adpuvO7n Kai Brantew Soxet TA TiTw@dN Kal
KprOnv §3 jTupov padrov,
"Ev Alyirt@ 6€ cat BaBvrAdve cat Baxrpors,
Omrouv py VeTarn YOpa <i> oTraviws, ai Spdcot TO
dXov ext pépovawy. ére Kal ot ‘rept Kupiny Kal
Eveorepioas TOTFOL. KaIpLaTaTa be TATLW WS
aTAS eireiv TA Hod OS 0 Kal % SKedia
TOAVCLTOS’ TOANA yap TOD Hpos Kal paraKa
yiverat, Tou 6€ Xetpavos oniya. Syrei de ” pev
AeTTOyEWS TONKA KATA pLKpOV 2 dé mietpa Kal
TAHO0s pev éveryKetv duvarat Kal dvdpiav—mpos
d€ THY Yopas av dpiay TOVTLA TVEU MATA Kat avpar
doKovcs Eupdépew, ara dé Tap adows ToLavTa,
KkabaTrep Kat TpOoTepov elpnTal,—@s éml TO 7 av
dé pardov AUX LOS i) érrouBpia Evudéper TO CiT@"
ot yap ouBpor Kab ad\dAws évavtiot Kal Tonnes
avTa Ta omépuata SvapGelpovow, et dé un TrA-
TpanerlCovres : cf. 4. 14. 4.
26 muppos Tob Acvicod conj. Seal. from G and Plin. 18. 124;
6 rasa tov mupov UAld ; 6A. 7. wuppod H.; 6 A. 7. mupds M.
3 of. C.P. 3. 22. 3.
4 Setra: conj. Sch.; Se?oGa: Ald. H.
180
~~
ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, VIII. vt. 5-7
it destroys the flower. But to pulses it is harmless,
except to chick-peas; for these, if the salt is washed
off them, perish from rot! or from being eaten
by caterpillars. However the black and the red ?
chick-pea are stronger than the white, and it is
beneficial, they say; to sow this crop late in moist
soil. The bean® likes especially to receive rain
when it is in flower; wherefore men are unwilling,
as we said, to sow it late, because it flowers for a
long time ; but after it has shed its flowers, it needs 4
very little water, since its time of maturity is now
near. But, when cereals have matured, it appears
that water actually injures them, and barley more
than wheat.
In Egypt Babylon and Bactra, where the country
receives no rain, or but little, the dews are sufficient
nourishment; and so is it also® in the regions about
Cyrene and the Euesperides. However to all,
generally speaking, it is the spring rains which are
the most seasonable; and that is why Sicily is
rich in corn; for there is abundance of soft rain
in spring and little of it in winter. A light soil
requires plenty of rain, but little at a time; while
that which is fat can indeed bear both an abundance
of rain and a drought; (for a droughty country sea-
winds’ and breezes seem to be helpful, and various
breezes of this kind prevail in various countries,
as has been said already). Yet in general drought
suits corn better than excessive rain; for heavy
showers, apart from the harm which they do in
other ways, often actually destroy the seed, or at
5 # add. Scal. from G: so Vin.
§ @r1 conj. St. from G (?); éwe? Ald.
¥ «rdvtia conj. Sch.; wdvra Ald. ef. 8. 7. 6.
181
THEOPHRASTUS
Qos ye Totodar Botavyns, Wore KaTaTviyed Bar Kal
? a
atpopelv.
VII. Tay pév ody GAXwv oTrEeppaTtay ovder eis
Gro twépuxe peTaBdrdr.cv POerpomevov, mupov
dé kal xpiOnv eis aipdy dace Kal paddov Tov
/ / \ a: 9 b] a b] LA \
mupov, yiverOas 5é TovT év Tats érropBpias Kal
/ > a A \ > , ,
pdrdata év Tots evvdpots Kal ouBpw@dect ywpio.s.
24 > > 54 > \ e = / .
étt O ovK EoTW Hplwov 4) aipa KaOarep adAN
TOA, TWElpaVvVTaL yap Tes TOUTO éyeL, éxeiOev
n bara aS \ An fa) \ ,
Sjrov* evOUs yap TOV YEeltwavos havepa yiveTat
mepuxvias Kat Siadéper roddois: exer yap TO
4 \ \ \ \ / \ /
hvrAXrov orevov Kal dacv Kal NiTrapov, Kal ToUT@Y
’ , x / . e€ \ PS / \ cal
iovw@TaTov TO ALTAapOY » yap SacUTHS Kal Tols
TOD aiyihwmtros Urapyxel, GAN éxhavys yiverar em
TOiS TOD aiyiAWTrOS TOV Hpos. TODTO péev OdV LdLoV
a ; * \
TOUTwWY, Kal éTL TOU Aivov' Kal yap éK TovTOU
\ / \ 3
fact yiverOar THv aipar.
Tov dé épeBivOou mpos Ta dda yedpoTra TO TE
mept THY avOnaow NexPev Kal TO TaXLOTA TEdELO-
n 5] / x \ dé. \
Kaptreivy taxupotatoy ov Kat EviwdéoTaTor, Kal
1-Plin. 18. cetinge he st - CLP. 4. 5. 2.
2 ra: ? grasses 5 cf. 8. 6
® metpavra ydp Ties H.; ‘ Heicere: aitiavra: yap tives U;
& mweipovra aiti@vra: yap twes PM: so also Ald. Bas.Cain.
with mark of corruption.
+ ebOvs yap Tod conj. Sch.; ed@bs 7d rod Ald,
182
ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, VIII. vi. 7-vn. 2
least cause a luxuriant growth of leafage, so that the
grain is choked and becomes abortive.
Of the degeneration of cereals into darnel,
VII. 1Now, while it is not the nature of any
other of these seeds to degenerate and change into
something else, they say that wheat and _ barley
change into darnel, and especially wheat; and
that this occurs with heavy rains and especially in
well-watered and rainy districts. But that darnel
is not a plant of the spring, like other weeds? (for
some endeavour? to make this out) is clear from the
following consideration: it springs up and becomes
noticeable directly * winter comes; and it is dis-
tinguished in many ways; the foliage ® is narrow
abundant and glossy, and this gloss is the most
-marked of these differences; (the ® leaves of aigi-
lops’ are indeed also abundant, * but this character
does not shew itself in them till spring). This
then is peculiar to the seeds of wheat and barley,
and also to those of flax ; for that too, they say, turns
into darnel.
Of the peculiar character of chick-pea.
A peculiarity of chick-pea as compared with other
leguminous plants is that which has been mentioned
as to its flowering; and also the fact that it is
the quickest to mature its fruit, being very strong
and woody; and again there is the fact that in
5 of. CIP. 4.4. 11. 8 rots conj. Sch.; tis Ald.
7 Plin. 18. 155.
8 GAN’... aiylAwmos: text a makeshift. Wanting in Ald.
and all MSS. except U; GAN’ exdave?s ylvovrat Ka Tots Tod aly.
U; éxparijs yivera: conj. Sch.; ém) for cat conj. W.
183
THEOPHRASTUS
vad / \
TO OXov jun) TroLEtY VEeLoy <@s> KapTrLComevor" T1)V
dé woav éEaTroAdvot Kal padiota 86 Kal TayioTa
Tov TpiBorov. brws dé ovdé % TUXODGA SvvaTaL
/ > / > \ / / a \ /
hépe avTov, AXA peraryyerov Twa Set Kal TrieL-
s lal \ » ens av. \ 27 kh n
pav eivat. tov 5é ddXr@v 1) apioTn vELos ATO TOY
KUGMOV KaiTEp TUKVOOTOpOULeV@Y Kal TODD
Kaprrov pepovTa@v.
a a / na
Ta 8é év tots Oepivois dporots Odéyou Set TavTa,
\ \ \ \ a / a
dact O€ Kal Ta vayatiaia cuphépery padrov
avtois Tav éx OLos, pédwwor S€ Kal KéyXpor
éXattous vdatos: éav yap ~ywot TreEtov puddo-
/ a > / YX / € \ /
Borovowv. tayupotepov 5é 0 Kéyypos’ ot Sé pwédwvOL
i .
yAuKUTEepos Kal aobevéotepor. onoapov Sé ovdév
<f@ov> éabier yAwpov ovdé Oéppov. ef dé pnd
épvorpov pundé Oppivoy oKertéov' Kal Tadta
/ BA \ \ \ > 4 4 4
mTikpd. ore O€ TO pév épvotpov buovoy oncdpo
\ a BA \ 2 4 lal /
Kal Nimos éxets TO O€ Oppuvoy KUpVddes pwérav:
omeipeTas O€ dua Kal TO oHTamoVY. Tepl pev od”
TOUT@V OKETTEOD.
> \ an > nan , \ N 5
Ep 5€ rats dya@ais ya@pats mpos TO wn pudXdo-
paveiy émivéwovot Kal émiKeipovot Tov itor,
1 Lit. ‘does not make fallow land.’ ef. C.P. 4. 8. 3.
2 &s napmiCduevov I conj. after W. (Kapmi(duevoy thy yijv);
kapwos U; capris M; xaprov Ald. ef. C.P. lc. and 4. 8.1;
4. 8. 3: uh Kapri€ecOa thy yy GAAd veiby Toteiy (? <véos >)
kapmots, ‘for fresh crops.’
. = Oe conj. W.; ye Ald. 4 of. COPA. 3.3.
5 4 aplorn veids conj. W. (ef. 8.9.1; CP. 4. 8.1); xewplorn
Wits U; xewplorny vamos MP; xaarrlorn yeids Ald. cf. also
P. 3. 20. 7.
184
ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, VIII. vu. 2-4
general it does not reinvigorate the grownad,! since
it exhausts? it ; but it destroys weeds,’ and above all
and soonest caltrop. And in general ¢ it is not every
kind of soil which suits it; the soil should be black
and fat. Of the other leguminous plants the bean
best > reinvigorates. the ground, even if it is sown
thick and produces much fruit.
Of special features of ‘ summer crops.’
All those crops® sown at the summer seed-time
need little water,’ and they say also that spring water
is better for them than rain water; and Italian
millet § and millet need less water, for, if they have
too much, they shed their leaves. Millet is the
robuster plant, Italian millet is sweeter and less
robust. Sesame and lupin are not eaten green by
any animal’; whether the same is true of erysimon
and horminon is matter for enquiry; for these too
are bitter. Erysimon is like sesame and is oily;
horminon is like cummin and black, and is sown
at the same time as sesame. ‘These matters then
require investigation.
Of treatment of cereals peculiar to special localities.
10 In good soils to prevent the crop running wildly
to leaf they graze and cut down the young corn,
6 Plin. 18. 96 and 101.
7 dAtyou, sc. bSaros, but the omission is strange; perhaps
due to misunderstanding of éAlyou def by a scribe. Sch. joins
the words ra 8... mdyra to the last sentence, and supplies
Kapricera: Thy ynv (dAlyou Sei =almost).
8 wéAwor Ald.H.; @uwo: Vin. ef. 8. 1. 1. n.
9 (gov add. Sch. from G aud Plin. 18. 96. ef. C.P. 6. 12. 12.
10 Plin. 18. 157-162,
185
fu
THEOPHRASTUS
aomep Kat év Octradia. cvpBaiver S av pev
eriveMMoW oTocaKkltaody pndeév adXoLodaOaL TOV
, x A. 3 / 4 4 dge/
Kaptrov, av oé érrikeipwow amrak& povov éEictacbat
TOV TupoV Kal yiverOat paxpov Kal ovy adpor, dv
KaXOvoL KapaKiav, Kal ovK amoxabiotacbat
TAAW OTELPOMEVOY' TOUTO eV OVY WS TravpoLS
a \ / > a \
ovpBaivov Metrarol Néyovow. év BaBvrdvi bé
/ ,
del Kal MoTrep TeTAYpEVwS ETLKELPOVTL meV OLS, TO
dé tpitov Ta mpoBata éradgiacw: otto yap hver
\ / >? \ \ lal / \ \
TOV KavNrov, et Sé ut) HvAOpavet> yivetar Sé M1
a /
KANOS Epyacapévols TEVTNKOVTAYOA, Tots Oé émL-
al / a
MEAS ExaTovTaxoa. 7 é épyacia TO ws TAELOTOV
\
Npovov éupévery TO VOwp, OT@sS tAY ToLnoH
: \ a
TOAD" Tielpav yap ovcay Kal TUKYIY THY Yhv
del trovjoar pavnv. trAnv Sé od déper Kal troav
womep év AiyuTT@. Ta mev ody TOLAadTA YwpasS
ApeTHS.
Pietra 5 cal amo pilav mupds kal KpiOy
n a © / yy > ,' \ *
TOANAKYOD TO VoTEép@ ETEL* avToETHS SE Kal aTrO
TOV els KPadoTLY KELpOMeV@DV ETEpOU KANAMOU Trapa-
Bracravovtos. waavtws b€ Kav vO YeELmavos
éxtrayh twapaBracTdaver yap vdaTwv érruyivopé-
vov' 0 O€ oTaXUS ATEANS Kai plKPOS ATO TOY
Totovrav. Bractdvovot Sé TO baoTépw EeTEL Kal
amd TOY KaTaTOVOULEéL@Y Kal cUuTTAaTOULEVO)D,
@aTe pndev eivar OHAOV @s eEiTretvy, olov Grav
1 jAby conj. Sch. from Plin. 18. 162; #Anv Ald. H,
2 Text perhaps defective: ¢f. Plin, Le.
186
—
ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, VIII. vit. 4-5
for instance in Thessaly. And the result is that,
however often they graze it, the crop is not im-
paired; while if they cut it down not more than
once, the wheat changes in character and becomes
tall and weak—what they call ‘long-shafted’ corn,
and, if seed of this is sown, it does not recover
its character. This the Thessalians tell of as having
occurred in a few cases. At Babylon however
they cut it down twice always and as it were
systematically, and after that they let the sheep
on to it; for in that case it makes its straw, but
otherwise it runs wildly to leaf; and, if the ground
is ill cultivated, it produces fifty fold, if it is care-
fully cultivated, a hundred fold. And the ‘¢ culti-
vation’ consists in letting the water lie on it as
long as possible, so that it may make much silt!;
for the soil being fat and close must be made open.
And at Babylon? the ground does not produce weeds
and grasses, as it does in Egypt. Such are the
things which depend on the quality of the soil.
Of cereals which grow a second time from the same stock.
’ Wheat and barley also in many places grow from
the root in the next year, or in the same year from
crops cut down for fodder, since a second haulm
shoots up. The like happens also if the plant has
been nipped by winter ; for it shoots again when rain
comes; but such plants produce an ear which is
imperfect and under-sized. There is also new growth
the next year from plants which are roughly treated
or trodden down* so that hardly anything remains
visible, as happens when an army has marched over
Sof. 0.P.4.8.5. 4 ¢f. OP. he.
187
7
THEOPHRASTUS
/ , e / \ s
SiéXOn otparoredov, Kal ol oTdxves puxpol Kal
; An Y a an
TOUT@Y, ods Kadovow apvasy TaV bé yedpoTrdv
; a a €
ovdev SUvaTaL TOLODTOV TroLEtY 4) OVY OMoiws. “Kal
ai BraoTHcELs TOTAVTAYOS.
II pos av&now S€ Kal tpodnv péytoTta pev 1) Tot
>/ A / oF ¢ a
aépos Kpaois svpBddreETAL, Kal ONwS 1) TOD ETOUS
, \ a
KaTadoTacls: evKaipwv yap bddtev Kal evd.dv
Kal YEeLlmovov yivowévov aravta evhopa Kal
7 x > € , \ / 5
modvKapTa, Kav év Gduodeor Kal NeTTOYElOLS 7°
db: 0 Kal Tapo.pialopmevoe Néyovow ov KAKOS OTL
ce” s > \ + ”
ETOS PEPEL OVXL apoupa.
/ \ e a / > / a
Méya 8 cal ai y@pas Stagépovow ov povoyv TO
, \ A oe \ > ,
miepar Kal reTTAl Kal ErrouBpor Kal avypodes
<eivat> adra Kal TO aépt TO TEpléyovTs Kalb Tots
mTvevpaci* éviat yap ovoat reTTAal Kal Padrat
a \ \
Tereadopovor Sia TO pos TA TVEvMATA TA TOVTLA
KelcOat KaAXaS. Ara Oé AAXaLS TOLAdTA, KAO aTrEp
/ ¥ n \ \ \ \ cal
moNraKkis elpntat Tails pev yap Ta Cehupixa Tais
dé ra Bopeva tais Sé Ta voria.
SupBarretar 5é€ Kal ov pixpa 4 épyacia Kai
parol 1) <arpo> Tod omopou: KaTepyacbeioa yap
¢ bi > / A see f be 4 ra) n
paciws éxpéper. Kai % Kompos dé peydra Bobet
na / \ / / \
TO Sraeppaivery Kat oupmerrew MpoTpeXet yap
Ta KoTpPLOOMEVA TOV AKOT PWV Kal ElKOCLY TMLEpats”
tovtwy conj. Sch.; tovrovs Ald. H.
ef. Lewis and Short s.v. agna.
C.P. l.c. gives the reason.
TocavTaxas conj. Scal.; rooavraxe?s Ald. H,
m= © bt =
188
ei tt is
=~
ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, VIII. vu. 5-7
the field; the ears in such cases! too are under-
sized and are called ‘lambs.’? But no kind of
leguminous plant ® can do anything of the kind, or at
least not to the same extent. In these various
ways * may new growth occur.
Of the effects of climate, soil, and manuring.
For growth and nourishment the climate is the
most important factor, and in general the character
of the season as a whole; for when rain, fair weather
and storms occur opportunely, all crops bear well
and are fruitful, even if they be in soil which is
impregnated with salt or poor. Wherefore there is
an apt proverbial saying ® that “it is the year which
bears and not the field.”
But the soil also makes much difference, according
as it is ® fat or light, well watered or parched, and it
also makes quite as much difference what sort of air
and of winds prevails in that region ;. for some soils,’
though light and poor, produce a good crop because
the land has a fair aspect in regard to sea breezes.
But, as has been repeatedly said already, the same
breeze has not this effect in all places ; some places
are suited by a west, some by a north, some by a
south wind.
Again the working of the soil and above all that
which is done before® the sowing has an important
effect; for when the soil is well worked it bears
easily. Also dung is helpful by warming and
ripening the soil, for manured land gets the start by
as much as twenty days of that which has not been
5 Quoted also C.P. 3. 23. 4.
® efva: add. Sch. 2 of. OP. 3; 23, 5.
® rps add. W. ef. C.P. 3. 20. 6.
189
rn
THEOPHRASTUS
ee \ > / \ / > ,
dmac. S€ ov Evydéperr Kal yxpijocipmos ov povov
A \ \ rat > \ \ fal By " \
TOUS TEpl TOV GiTOV #&rAA KAaL TOlS AAXOLS TAY
\ / \
mTeploos, TavTnv Sé PUcipew hacw émiBadXo-
pevnv. amodduTat Oé } TTEpls Kal ETLKOLWOLEVOV
a / ¢ / / p wa \
Tov TpoBaTwrv, ws 5é Ties Aéyovat Kal 7. Mynézx71)
dua THY KOTpOV Kal TO Ovpor.
VIII. Tév 8 omeppatav Exacta Kal mpos THY
a 4 /
THs X@opas Pvow appmoTTel, Kal Odws yévn Tpds
al a e
yévos Kal év avtois Tots opoyevéow, & 81 TreL-
pavrat Svarpety. poetaBadre O€ ta Eevixa Tov
OTEpHaToOV pddioTa pev ev TpLoly ETEGW Eis TA
/ n a
emuyopia. oupéper O€ Ex TOV areewov Eis TA
\ a a
flKpov HTTOV adeewWa Kal Ex TOV WuyeWoV ava
li a \ 4 \ 1 Pe fa)
Noyov trovetoOar tiv peraBoryv. Ta & ék tav
ducxelpeplv@v €v Tois mpwiors Oe atoyxettat,
e > > ’ > a / 2\ \ ” ¢e/
@oTt am avxpov pOeipetat, éav pr Orriov Udwp
, \ nr \ > / AN \ 4
coon. Sia ToUTO Kai EvAaBNTEOY faci TO pioyeL
a \
ra Fevixa Tots éemuywplos éav pn €& omoias, OTe
n \ 4 "
aovppova TH YOpa KaTa TOV oOTOpOY Kal KATA
7 / a
TH yéverl, WaTE Kal épyacias éTépas SetTat Tas
a a \ \ \ n
Te THS ys Stadopas Kal Tas TMV oTrEpuaToV
Suvdpets Kal és TAS ExdoT@V pas.
/ /
"“Orav 5é evernpia yévntat, Kal TONVVOTTOTEpPA
/ an
Ta oméppata yivetar. “AOnvnose yoov ai xpial
1 of. Col. 2. 2. 13. The reference is perhaps to fern
grown for litter, or possibly for medicinal use. ef. 9. 20. 5.
2 xépas conj. Sch.; épas Ald. 3 & conj. Dalec.; ay Ald.
4 Puxewayv conj. W.; yuxixav UM ; Wuxpar Ald.
5 aroxeitat conj. Sch., cf. dmédxvois 8. 3.43 aroxe?ra: Ald.
of. 4. 4. 10.
190
ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, VIII. vu. 7-vi1. 2
manured. However manure is not good for all crops ;
and further it is beneficial not only to corn and the
like but to most other things, except fern,! which
they say it destroys if it is put on. (Fern is also
destroyed if sheep lie on it, and, as some say, lucerne
is destroyed by their dung and urine.)
Of different qualities of seed.
VIII. There is a particular kind of soil 2? which best
suits each kind of seed, whether we compare one
class with another or those of the same class; and
attempts are made to distinguish these. Foreign
seeds change into the native sorts in about three
years. It is well that they should be imported from
a warm climate to one that is rather less warm, or
from a cold one* to one that is rather less cold.
Those imported from a wintry climate, if they be
those of early crops, are late in coming into ear,® so
that they get destroyed by drought unless rain late
in the season saves them. Wherefore they say that
one should take good heed not to mix foreign with
native seeds, unless they come from a similar place,
since ® they do not agree with the soil’ as to the
time of being sown and of germinating, and ac-
cordingly need different cultivation ; and so that one
should take good heed to the differences of soil,
the properties of the seed, and further the seasons
appropriate to each.
When however there is a good season, the grain
also is fuller. For instance at Athens the barley pro-
8 $7: conj. Sch.; é: UMAId.
7 xépa conj. Sch.; &p¢ UMAId.
8 roduvoordrepa: cf. vdormos, C.P. 4. 13. 2, Geop. 2, 16. 1,
and other reff. in Sch.’s exhaustive note,
Igt
THEOPHRASTUS
Ta Trelota Towdow additas KpiOodopos yap
a >] lal /
apiatn tovTo & ovy Stay TrEloTaL yévwvrat
o n a
GAN’ btav AAByn Twa Kpadow. év bé TH Paxids
> / e \ fal e / \
mept “EXdrevay of mupol trotovow ulodva Ta
ddevpa, Kal év Lorous THs Kidrrxkias cal ot mvpol
>’
Kal ai kpi0at Kal wap adds GANA Tpds aTreEp
> \ Lae , \ 5 \ , \
euduns exadoTyn. PBerTiw pev OvV Kal YELPW TA
\ /- a
oméppata Kal Sia thy épyaciav cal dia thy yhv
\ fa) n
yivetat’ Kal yap amayptodTat Kal pepodrat,
kadatrep Ta Sévdpa* Kal 6das peTaBddrAXre <KaTa>
oe \ A \
THY X@Opav, WoTTEp TVA TaV SevdpwVv EvOUS ErTHKE
T™pos TO YELpoV.
Tévos & 6Xov é€adradtTew eis Erepov ovdev
\ /
adnro tépuKe TAY Tidy Kal Cera, KaOaTEp elTro-
pev év TOis TPWTOLS AOYoLsS, Kal 7 aipa & ex TaV
a \ n , x 9 \ a
mupav kal KpiOav SiapOerpopévav: 7 et pt) TODTO
GANG hirel ye pariota ev Tots Tupots yiver Oar,
/ A. oe / € \ \ \
xabamep Kal 0 peradutrupos o Llovtixos Kal TO
fal a Ul a
tav BorBav oméppa, kal adr\a@ Oé ev AdrXOlIs TOV
4 n an
omepuatov: émel cal 0 aiyitww Soxet waddov év
a a al nr BA
Tats xpilais, ev 5€ Tots haxols apakos TO TpAaXD
\ , > \ a > a c in
Kal okAnpov, ev O€ Tais addKaisg 0 TeAEKiVOS
A a / \
Gpotov TH Over TH medEKEL axXEdoV Se Kal?
4
éxactov éoTt TO cuvEeRTpedomevoy Kal ovvava-
1 kara add, W. cf. 2. 4. 1.
2 rwa conj. W.; te P; r@ Ald.; rd H.Vin.Vo. of. 2. 2. 6.
3 Cerd conj. Scal.; fea Ald. H. 42.4.1.
192
ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, VIII. vin. 2-3
duces more meal than anywhere else, since it is an
excellent land for that crop; and this is so, not
merely when a very large crop is sown, but when the.
weather has been favourable for it. And in Phocis
about Elateia the wheats produce half as much meal
again as elsewhere ; while at Soli in Cilicia this is true
of both wheat and barley ; and in other parts there
are other crops for which the soil is severally well
adapted. Wherefore grain turns out better or worse
because of the soil as well as because of cultivation ;
for in some places it changes into the cultivated from
the wild form, or the reverse, like trees; and in
general it changes according! to the soil in which it
is grown, just as some? trees, when transplanted,
forthwith deteriorate.
Of degeneration of cereals, and of the weeds which infest
particular crops.
But no kind can change altogether into another,
except one-seeded wheat and rice-wheat,’ as we said 4
in our previous discussions, and darnel which comes
from degenerate wheat and barley: at least, if this
is not the true account, darnel loves chiefly to
appear among wheat, as does the Pontie > melampyros
and the seed of purse-tassels,6 even as other
seeds appear in other crops; thus aigilops seems to
grow for choice among barley, and among lentils
the rough hard kind of arakos, while among tares
occurs the axe-weed,’ which resembles an axe-head in
appearance. Indeed in the case of nearly every
crop there is a plant which grows up with it and
5 of. 8. 4. 6, where foe was said to be peculiar to
Sicily. ef. C.P. 4.
7 Blin, 18. 155 ; 27. 121; Diose. 3. 130; Hesych. s.v, BéAAexus.
193
VOL. Il. oO
THEOPHRASTUS
i. 7 \ \ Ul 4 > v
puryvdpevov eite Sta TAS Yopas, 6TEp OvK AdoYor,
elite Ov GAAnY TWA aitiav. Evia 5é Kal havepas
-3 \ / > \ \ \ , ”
€OTL KOLA TAELOVOV, GANA OLA TO peadtota ev
> a 7 / / / e
traw ev0eveivy idva TovTaY paivetat, Ka0dtTep 1
b s fal >) ¥ \ A of) 2? ld a n
dpoBayxXn Tov opoBoy Kai 1) aTapivn TOV Pakor:
GANA 7) pev pddiota étixpatel TOV dpoBav bia
\ > a e \ > / / » > al
Tv acbéverav: 7» O€ amapivn padiota év Tots
A a /
haxots evtpodel: tpoTov Sé Twa Kai TapaTry-
a.ov €ote TH OpoBayyn <T@> eTiBdadrew Kal
/
KATEXELY ONov aanmép TAEKTAVALS’ ATTOTViTyEL yap
oUTasS, dev Kal Tovvopa eine.
To & der opuepevon evOds ek ris pitns Te
Kupive Kat T@ BovKép@ TO aipodwpov Kadovpevov
ral e /
BarXop idia. Eats S€ TO aipodwpov povoKavrov
> > / an n : \ 7 /
ovuk atrendepés [TH Kavr@]|, TANVY BpayvTepov Te
morv, Kal avobév ti Keparades exer pifav Sé
e , / > \ \ 4 ? /
vmroatpoyyvrov: ovlev dé Erepov adavaivetat
4 , A lal a
mapa To BovKepas. ywetar 5é€ TavTa év Tails
a) an / el
AeTTals ovK ev Tails Tleipais, WoTEp Kal THs
> , > nr / \ > / \ \
EvBoias év tT AnddvtT@ pev ov yivetar Tepi dé
\ , \ v ”. lal f
tov Kaynfov Kai et tis adXOS TOLOUTOS TOTTOS.
1 7 BAAN twa conj. Sch.; &AAns twa U; &%AAny Ald.
5 Te add. Sch.
3 arexrdvats conj. W.; wAexraves U; wAextavns M ; wvexrdvny
Ald.; veluti brachiis G.
4 Plin. 19. 176, who however calls this aiuddwpov. See
Index App. (26).
194
ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, VIII. vu. 3-5
mingles with it, whether this is due to the soil,
which is a reasonable explanation, or to some other!
cause. Some plants of this character evidently attach
themselves to more than one kind of crop, but,
because they are specially vigorous in some one
particular crop, they are thought to be peculiar to
that one, as ‘vetch-strangler’ (dodder) to vetches
and bedstraw to lentils. But the former gains the
mastery over the vetches especially because of the
weakness of that plant; and bedstraw is specially
luxuriant among lentils ; to some extent it resembles
dodder, in that? it overspreads the whole plant and
holds it fast as it were in coils,’ for it is thus that
dodder strangles the plant, and this is the origin of
its name (‘ vetch-strangler ’).
4The plant which springs up straight from the
roots of cummin and the plant called broom-rape
which .similarly attaches itself to ‘ ox-horn’ ® (fenu-
greek) are somewhat more peculiar in their habits.®
Broom-rape has a single stem,’ and is not unlike... ,8
but is much shorter and has on the top a sort of head,
while its root is more or less round; and there is no
other plant which it starves except fenugreek.
These plants grow in light and not in fat soils ; thus
in Euboea they do not occur at Lelanton,? but only
about Kanethos!° and in districts of like character.
5 Plin. 24, 184.
8 idt2 MSS.; ? 6a.
7 of. CP. 5, 15.5, where the same is said of Actuddwpor (cf.
Plin. 19. 176). But Ald. Bas.Cam. give aiuédwpov here; hemo-
dorum G.
8 +@ kavAg probably conceals the name of a plant.
® cf. Strabo, 10.1.9. L. is the name of a Euboean river in
Plin. 4. 64.
10 ef. Strabo, 10. 1. 8, Ap. Rhod. 1. 77.
195
o 2
J
THEOPHRASTUS
an \ /
TAUTA MeV OVY KOWA TELOVOY bYTA KATLOY VEL
an a \
parXov ev Tots eipnuévois Sid THY aobéverav.
To dé tépapov kat atépamov éyerar pev eri
an > / , > BA be \ > \ n
TOV OoTpim@Vv povov, ovK Aroryov S€é Kal éml Tov
fal / x \ eae ,
LT@OOV TApPATANHTLOV 7) Kal TAVTO TL OUMBaivelr,
»,> \ 8 \ \ \ \ a5 5 , >
GAA Oia TO yn THY avTHY elvat ypEiayv ovY
e / ’ / 3 \ 1O b] \ 4 e /
opoiws eudhavés' émrel ovd éml Tovtay amayTwv
ec 4 > \ / » Pa | lal / ,
OMOLMS ANAG MANLCTA ETL TOV KUaL@Y NEyETAL
\ a y_? 5 \ s r
Kal PaKkov, eT OVY Kal padoTa TacyYoVTwY
+) \ \ \ 4 / ,
elre Kal Oia THY xXpeiav hawopévov. yiverat
youv mAEovayas' modkdaxovd yap ToToL TIVés
€ /
elaw ot aiel hépovar tepdmova Kal addov Tad
> / \ w ce >’ \ n e / n
aTepapova: TO O€ ws emt TAY ob AeTTOYEw UAAXOV
Tepapova’ Kal aépos KaTdoTacis Tis Tove THY
4 4 a \ 4 by
TOLAUTHY TapadrAaynv: onpuetov S€ OTe TavTa
/ \ 4 / > Oé / \ \
xopia Kal opoiws épyacGévta héper troté pev
Tepapova <ToTé dé aTEepdmova.> epi PirlaTovs
\ ¢ , , 2\ ce. ow A >
dé 6 KVapos ALKW@pEVOS, Edy VITO TVEvMATOS éey-
, n , By > /, 7
xoplov AnPOH, Tepduwv wv aTepduwv yiverat.
na \ 9 7 é , n lal oy a
TAUTA MEV OVY LNVVEL OLOTL TOAAAKWS THY AUVTOV
lof. 2. 4. 2; CP. 4. 12; Plin. 18. 155, who makes
ateramum, teramum plants.
2 rreovaxa@s: toAAaxov I conj. ; mA€ov: moAAax@s MSS.
3 more 5¢ drepduova add. H. from G.
4 of. CP. 4. 12. 8; Plut. Quaest. Conv. 7. 2. 3; Plin. lc.
196
ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, VIII. vin. 5-7
The reason then why these plants, which attach
themselves to more than one kind, grow stronger
when attached to the plants specified, is that the
latter are not robust.
Of the conditions in the seeds of pulses known as * cookable’
and ‘uncookable,’? and their causes.
1'The terms ‘ cookable’ and ‘uncookable’ are only
applied to pulses, but it is not unreasonable to
suppose that conditions like those indicated, if not
identical with them, occur also in cereals, though
they are not so obvious, since these plants are not
put to the same use. Indeed it is said that these
terms are not applied even to all pulses alike, but
chiefly to beans and lentils, either because these
are specially subject to these conditions, or because
the use to which they are put makes them more
conspicuous. At all events the conditions occur
for a variety of reasons; for in many parts 2 there
are places which regularly produce seeds that are
‘cookable,’ while others again produce seeds that
are ‘uncookable’; in general however it is light
soils which tend to produce the former. Now it is
a certain condition of the climate which causes this
variation ; a proof of which is the fact that the same
piece of land, tilled in the same manner, produces
sometimes seeds that are ‘cookable,’ sometimes
seeds that are ‘uncookable.’* In the district of
Philippi, if the beans, while being winnowed,‘ are
caught by the prevailing wind of the country, they
become ‘ uncookable,’ having previously been ‘ cook-
able.’ These facts prove that for various reasons,
of districts ® which are close together, have the same
5 airav conj.W.; 6 tay Ald, ef. a similar expression 8, 2. 10.
197
THEOPHRASTUS
/ ” / \ e , / rif
Yoplwov éua ovvopa Kai opoiws KaOjueva Kai
ovdepiav éyovta Kata Thy yhv Siahopay TO pév
Tepduova TO 8 atepdpova déper, cal éviote pdovov
avraxos dSioprfovens.
/ a
IX. Kapriferar tiv yhv pddtota tupos eita
/ > A 1 ee \ bd \ a , € \
KpiOn, dv” & Kat o péev ayabny Entre? x@pav 2 Sé
\ / \ > ta] , >
xpi, Svvatar Kai év tais wadhapwrépais €x-
/ ca) \ a / 7.
hépev’ Tov dé yYedpoT@v padiaota €péBivOos
lal a e
Kaitep éiaxtotov Ypovoy év TH yn pévav, Oo Oé
7 A 3 / \ 4 > \ \
Kvamos, WoTrTep EEYON, Kai GrXws ov Bapv Kal
ére xomrpiCew Soxel Thy yhv 61a pwavotnta Kal ed-
onviav: 8: 6 Kal of wept Maxedoviay cal Oetta-
Aiav Otay avOdow avatpéovat Tas apovpas.
Tév dé opotomipav Kai opotoxpiOwr, olov Ceras
, ~~ / ; vow, > ,
Tipns odvpas Bposov aiyiAwtos, toxXUpOTAaToOV
Kal pddiota Kapmilouevov » fed: Kal yap
moduvppifvov Kal Baddppifov cal moAvKddamov: oO
dé KapTros KovpoTtatos Kal mpoodidas Tao Tois
A a Se ae e / 4 \
feos. tov dé ddrov o Bpoposs morvppitos yap
\ ® \ U € SD ,
Kal ovTos Kal TmoAvKdAapos. 1 5é GAVpAa pada-
K@TEpov Kal aalevértepov TovT@Y. % dé Tidy
mavtwv Koupdtatov: Kal yap Kal povoxddapov
<kai AeTToKdrAapmov,> bv 06 Kal yopav [Entei
Pof.- OP. 4.1251. 2 cf. C.P. 4, 8. 3.
3 Plin. 18. 120; Varro 1. 23. 3; Col. 2. 10. 7.
4 8. 7. 2,
5 7.e, dig in the bean-plants if the soil is poor, before the
pods are formed enough to make it worth while to gather
the beans. So Varro d.c, ® Cited by Galen,
198
ee
ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, VIII. vin. 7-1x. 2
aspect and shew no difference of soil, some bear
‘ cookable’ some ‘ uncookable’ seeds, and that some-
times when there is only! the breadth of a furrow
between them.
Of the grains and pulses which most exhaust the soil, or which
improve it.
IX. Wheat exhausts the land more than any other
crop, and next to it barley; wherefore the former
requires good soil, while barley will bear even on
somewhat crumbling soils ; ? and of leguminous plants
chick-pea is the most exhausting, although this crop
is in the ground only a very short time. 3 Beans,
as was said,* are in other ways not a burdensome
crop to the ground, they even seem to manure it,
because the plant is of loose growth and rots
easily; wherefore the people of Macedonia and
Thessaly turn over the ground when it is in
flower.°
°Of the. plants which resemble wheat or barley
—such as seta (rice-wheat) one-seeded wheat olyra?
*(rice-wheat) oats aigilops—zeia is the strongest ® and
most exhausts the ground; for it has many roots
which run deep and many stems ; but its fruit is the
lightest and is welcome to all animals. Of the rest
oats® is the most exhausting; for this too has many
roots and many stems. Olyrais amore delicate plant
and not so robust as these. But one-seeded wheat
is the crop which is of all the least burdensome to
the soil; for it has but a single slender stem !°;
wherefore also it requires a light soil and not, like
7 See Index.
8 taxupétaroy conj. W. from Galen ; ioxupdétepoy Ald.
. 5, Peeeee moAvppiCos yap conj. Sch.; B. woA.* Kad yap Ald.
° gat AewroxdAapor add, Bod, from ‘Galen.
#99
THEOPHRASTUS
/ > iA ¢ \ / \ > 4
AeTTHV, OVX WaTrEp 1) Fed Tieipay Kal ayabrp.
lal € a a
gore dé 600 TavTa Kal opoLldTata Tots Tupois H TE
/ e e
<fera kal 9 tidn,> o 8 aiyitwW Kal o Bpomos
@oTEp aypt ATTA Kal avrypepa.
> / x / \ ce Dir iA X
Emixapriferar 6€ ofddpa Kai 0 aiyitwy TH
a 2 / \ 4 e \
ynv, Kat éote TrodvppLfov Kal TodvKadAapov: 7 Se
aipa TavTEeh@s aTnyplo@pévov. TeV O€ év TOFS
o \ lal
Gepivois apotous TO onoapmov SoKet YaXeT@TAaTOV
eivat TH yn Kal pddtota KapTiverOar Kaitou
TOAVKAAALO@TEPOY Kal TaXVKaAALw@TEpoY Kal
Tonuppilotepov Kéyxpos. Stadhéper O€ Ta TE pds
THY yhv Kovpa Kal TA TPOS THY HwETEpay TpOhHy.
évia yap évavtiws, @omep TA yedpoTra Kal oi
/ \ \ \ ey A Ze x» / \
KéyxXpo Kal Ta Tpos Huas dé, daoTep EXEXON, Kal
5 a \ aA z ¢
Tarra Coa. Kal TEPL MEV TOVTWY ANS.
/ \ an / \ \ \
X. Noonpata 6€ TOV oTEeppadtory Ta pev Koa
/ > / e ae. , \ er ay, /
mTavTov éotiv, obov ) épvoiByn, Ta O idiad TivHr,
e ¢ \ Aare , \ eee
oiov 0 odakertcpos Tod épeBivOov, Kal Td wd
KapT@v KkatecbiecOar Kal bro WvuAdOv, Tiva Oe
kal um ddd@v Onpidiov. évia bé Kal Wopid cal
Grud, Kabatep Kai TO KYuvoY. Ta O éTLyWO-
ra \ fal , an
peva Cha py €€ avTav adr éx Tov &Ewber ody
, \
opoims Brame. erriyiveTar yap 7 pev KavOapls
1 4 re Cera kal 7 Thon add. W. from Galen.
2 6 8 conj. Scal.; 67° Ald. H.; #7’ UMP.
3 «altro: conj. W.; nattAld. cf. C.P. 4. 15.1.
4 7a add. St. 5 8. 3. 5 ad fin.
8 kal ra Ald.; nat oi ra UMP; ? xa ad 7a W.
200
ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, VIII. ix. 2-x. 1
zeta, one that is fat and good. These last two,!
zeia and one-seeded wheat, are also those which are
likest to wheat, while? aigilops and oats are as it
were wild and uncultivated things.
Aigilops also greatly exhausts the land, having
many roots and many stems; while darnel is a
plant which has become altogether wild. Of the
crops sown at the summer seed-time sesame seems
to be most severe on the land and to exhaust it
most; yet® millet has more numerous and stouter
stems and more roots. Moreover there is a difference
between crops which # are called ‘light’ in relation
to the soil and those called ‘light’ in regard to
human use. For some, such as leguminous plants
and millet, are light in one sense but not in the
other; and, as was said,®> what® is light for men is
not necessarily so for the other animals. Now
enough of these matters.
Of the diseases of cereals and pulses, and of hurtful winds.
X. 7 As to diseases of seeds—some are common to
all, as rust, some are peculiar to certain kinds; thus
chick-pea is alone subject to rot® and to being
eaten by caterpillars and by spiders®; and some
seeds are eaten!? by other small creatures. Some
again are liable to canker and mildew," as cummin.
But creatures which do not come from the plant
itself but from without do not do so much harm;
thus the kantharis is a visitor among wheat, the
7 Plin, 18. 152 and 154, 8 of. 4. 14. 2.
% YvAAGy: described by Arist. H.A. 9. 39. 1.
10 §¢ add. Sch.; ? karecOleoOa- KkarecOletat 5€ Kal bard W. W.
1 Ywprg cal chug conj. W.; Padpas nal dAuars Ald. ef. 7.5.4 n.
#2 Plin, 18. 156.
2oi
©
oo
THEOPHRASTUS
cal a \ / /
év Tois mupois, TO 5é hardyytov év apdBors, adda
& év adXors.
"EpvaiBa & ws ads eitrety TA o1TwON MAd-
“a , a \ 4 a
Nov TOV OoTpiov avTa@V é TOUT@Y KpPLOn wadrov
) Tupds' Kail Tov KpLOav Etepar éEtépwv, udduoTa
A f ee a
& ws eimeiy 1) AxirArnls. Suadépes 68 xal 4 TadY
/
vopiwv Oéois Kat pvaois ov puiKpdv: Ta yap
/ \ / > > a. Khe &
mpoonveua Kal petéwmpa ovK épvorBa i) %HrTov,
\ » \ » , ,
GANA TA éyKotNa Kal aTvoa: yiverat bé 1) épvai Bn
, s > / \ qr tig TIN
TAVGEAHVOLS padioTa. aToAAvTaL bé Kal v0
an \ \
TOV TVvEvLaTwV Kal TUpOS Kal KpLOn, Stay H
> a a iA > / \ > n
avOodvra AnPOH } apts amnvOnkota Kal acbevi:
n / a
parrov S€ KpiO}, wodddxis. & Hdn év tO adpv-
\ 4 \
veoOat odca, éav peydda Kal Treiw ypovov ért-
/ \ \ a
yévntar: Enpaiver yap Kai afavaiver, 6 Kadodot
a /
rives eEavewodaobar. SvaTrordrvor 6é Kal HALOS O
BA \ tal \
Exvéhenos Aupw Kal “adXov trupov 7 KpLOyv, Hore
> PHaS, +4 \ 4 ot 4 y
pnd émidnrov eivat Tov otayuy TH der dvTa
KEVOD.
Tov d€ mupov amodXvovart Kab of cxoAHKES Of
\ > \ / Ld \ ce? € \
pev evOds Katecbiovtes pvopuevat Tas pitas, oi dé
dtav avypavtTes atroxvOjvar wn Sivwvtar TOTE
, e 4 , \
yap éyyuvopevos 0 cK@NHE EoOier TOV aTroTnrL{o-
yy a
pevov Kadapmov' éoOies b€ aypt TOD aTayvOS, EIT
1 Plin. 18. 154.
2 épvo1BG conj. W.; épvoi8a Ald.; eis add. Sch,
8 7a add. Sch. 4 of. C. P.3. 22..2.
5 épvo184 conj. Sch.; épuciBac Ald.
6 ef. CLP. 4. 13. 4; Plin. 18, 151.
7 wéyada conj. Sch.; ueyddn UMAId,
202
ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, VIII. x. 1-4
phalangion in vetches, and other pests in other
crops.
1Generally speaking, cereals are more liable to
rust? than pulses, and among these barley is
more liable to it than wheat; while of barleys. some
kinds are more liable than others, and most of all,
it may be said, the kind called ‘ Achillean.’ More-
over the position and character of the land make no
small difference in this respect; for lands which ®
are exposed to the wind‘ and elevated are not
liable to rust,® or less so, while those that lie low
and are not exposed to wind are more so. And
rust occurs chiefly at the full moon. © Again
wheat and barley are destroyed by winds, if
they are caught by them either when in flower,
or when the flower has just fallen and they are
weak ; and this applies specially to barley, indeed
it oecurs when the grain is already ripening, if
the winds are violent’ and last a long time; for
they dry up and parch the grain, which some call
being ‘wind-bitten.’ Also a hot sun after cloudy
weather destroys both, and wheat more than barley,
so that the ear is not even conspicuous, since it is
empty.
Wheat is also destroyed by grubs; sometimes they
eat the roots, as soon as they appear,’ sometimes
they do their work when by reason of drought the
ear cannot be formed ®; for at such times the grub
is engendered, and eats the haulm as it is becoming
unrolled; it eats right up to the ear and then,
8 @uduevar conj. Sch.; @uduevoy Ald. ef. C.P. 3. 22. 4.
9 Gmwoxv0jva: conj. Sch. after Vin. Vo.G 3 amrodv0jvae UM
Ald. ef. C.P. 3. 22.4; 4. 14.1.
10 Gxomnvi(duevev: lit. ‘unwinding itself.’ All edd. mark
the word as corrupt.
203
THEOPHRASTUS
éEavahooas aToAduTat Kal édv pev Odov exhayn
/ 2 oN e / \ \ ; ee, as n
TEMEWS AUTOS O TuUpds, éav Sé emt Odtepov Tod
\ n
Kandapmov Kal éxBidontat TIY aToXYVaLY, TOUTO
pev avov Tod otaxvos Oatepov bé byes. ryiveras
dé ov TavtTayod TO Tepl Tovs Tupods, olov év
OetTanria, adda KaTAa Yowpas TiWds, OoTEP ev TH
/ \ n > / > A /
AtBin Kat ths EvBoias év r@ AndavTo.
/ \ / a
LK@ornKes b€ yivovtar Kal év Tois @Ypows Kal
a 7 a lal an
Tots AaPvpots Kai Tots Ticois, bTav bypavOdc.
, A
Kal Oepunpepiar yévwvtTat, Kabdmep Kat év Tots
> / e 4 / \ b] ,
épeBivOows ai Kara. tavta 5é éFavadooarTa
/ n al
Tas Tpopas aTOANVTaL Kal év Tots YAwpOtS Kal év
lal ral lal iy nr
tois Enpots Kaptrots, olov of Te imes Kal ot év Tots
\ na
KUGMOLS eyryLvopevot Kal Ev TOIS AAXOLS, WOTTEP KAI
an n 4
év Tois dSévdpecu Kal ev Tots Evrous EXEXON, TAY
na an / \ iA
TOV KEepacT@v Kadovpévwmv. Tpos aravta 8)
n , e na
TavTa peyara Siadépovew ai y@pat ovK adoyws:
\ 4 lal \
6 yap anp evOvs dvdhopos TH Oeppos 7) Wuyxpos
5 x e \ x U e 8 9 e /, ?
elvar 7) vypos 7) Enpos: obTos & Hv 0 yovevov
A X +2 e I / > pyre." 4
0 Kal év ols ei@Oact yivegPat ovK del yivovTaL.
n g
XI. Tav dé orepuatav ovy 4 adtn Svvapis
? ” \ / \ > /
éotiy eis Te THY BrYAoTHTW Kal eis Onoavpicpor.
avtds: se. the grain. dvaivera: conj. W.; ? abatvera aitds.
6drepov conj. Sch.; @arépov Ald.
cf.C P. 3. 22. 3. &xpots conj. St.; dxpors Ald. H.
caddrep rat conj. Sch.; kat caddmep Ald.
naayra conj. W.; 7a Ald.
204
ao rec t
ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, VIII. x. 4-x1. 1
having consumed it, perishes. And, if it has en-
tirely eaten it, the wheat itself! perishes; if
however it has only eaten one? side of the haulm
and the plant has succeeded in forming the ear,
half the ear withers away, but the other half remains
sound. However it is not everywhere that the
wheat is so affected; for instance this does not occur
in Thessaly, but only in certain regions, as in Libya
and at Lelanton in Euboea.
Grubs occur also in okhros® lathyros and peas,
whenever these crops get too much rain and then
hot weather supervenes; and caterpillars occur in
chick-peas under the same conditions.4 All° these
pests perish, when they have exhausted their food,
whether the fruit in which they occur be green or
dry, just as wood-worms do and the grubs found in
beans and other plants, as was said of the pests
found in growing trees and in felled timber. But
the creature called ‘horned worm’ © is an exception.
Now in regard to all these pests the position makes
a great difference, as might be expected. For the
climate, it need hardly be said, makes a difference
according as it is hot or cold, moist or dry; and it
was the climate which gave rise to these pests’;
wherefore they are not always found even in places
in which they ordinarily occur.® |
Of seeds which keep or do not keep well.
XI. The seeds have not all the same capacity for
germination and for keeping well. Some germinate
6 of. 4.14. 5; OP. 5. 10. 5.
78 hv 6 yovedov I conj.; 8 Av 6 vebwy UAld.; & fvo-
vevov M ; 8 éoriv 6 yovebwy conj. Sch.; 8 6 yovedwy conj. W.
8 ze. because the atmospheric conditions are not always
favourable to the pest.
205
to
oo
THEOPHRASTUS
eva jev yap Sraoraver Kal TeXeLodTaL TaXvoTe
Kal Onoaupiverar Kpatiora, Kabamep EAvjos Kat
KéYX pos évia o€ Bracraver pev ev TAXEWS be
OnTETAL, Kaldmep 0 0 KUaMOS Kal pearXov oO Tepa-
Mov TAXD. 5 4) adbakn kal o SoAtyos" KptOn be
mupod <Oairtov'> Oartov 6é Kal 0 KovLopT@oys
cites Kal o év oikypact KoviaTois 7) AKOVLATOLS.
Tiverac 87 pO erpopévors oT EpMact iva Coa,
cabdmep eréxOn, may épeBivOou: povos yap ovTos
ov. Cworyovet. Kal TNTOMEVOLS pev Tact onan’
KOTTOMEVOLS dé xa?’ &xactov idvov. TWavT@v be
paduor a Srapevovew €péBvP os Kal dpoBos, TOU-
TOV O ere paiddov 0 Oépmos: arr’ Eotxé yy ovTOS
OO TEP drypic.
Aragéper dé ws eouKxe xXepa xopas Kat anp
aépos eis TO KOTTECOaL Kal Hi, Ta omépwara év
"ATroAovia your 7H mept TOV Loveov ovK €obie-
c Jai gaow bAws KVamor, dt 6 Kal eis Oncavpio-
pov amoribed Bat Sapever dé Kal mept Kugixov
él TAELO. peya be pos Srapovny Kal TO Enpa
Oepivery éharTov yap 1) vypoTns: Gepifover 6
¢ " /XUAOTE pa. TQ pev xeSpora Tpos TO aN Xov Kal
pdov avdr€Eal, TaXY yap KaTappel Kal avavbévta
1 ef conj. W.; ov Ald. 2 onmera add. W.
3 of. 8. 8.6; C.P. 5. 18. 2. 4 @arrov add. W.
5 nal 6 Kov.... d&xovidTols conj. W., cf. CP. 4. 16. 1; 6 Kove-
opt wns Kar 6 kovlopros- Kat 6 év rots Kovioprois ev dmacw, ofov
kovidros }} akovidrots Ald.; so also UM, but omitting ro?s; U
gives koviarois; } 6 a&koviopos for nal 6 Kovloptos mBas. cf.
Plin. 18. 301, Varro 1. 57. 1, where the use of a cement of
pounded marble is recommended.
8 8h POetpouévors conj. Sch.; diapPerpouévorcs UMAId.
206
ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, VIII. x1. 1-3
and mature very quickly, and keep excellently, as
Italian millet and millet. Some germinate well,!
but soon rot,? as beans, and especially those that are
‘cookable *’ ; so do tare and calavance ; also barley
perishes sooner‘ than wheat ; and dusty® grain and
that which is kept in plastered store-rooms perishes
sooner than that which is kept in unplastered rooms.
Again, as seeds decay, they engender special
creatures, except chick-pea, which alone engenders
none. As they rot,’ all produce a grub; but, as
they get worm-eaten, each produces a_ special
creature. Chick-pea and vetch keep best of all, and
better still than these lupin; but this, as it were, is
like a wild kind.®
®It appears that soil and climate make a difference
as to whether the seed gets worm-eaten or not;
at least they say that at Apollonia on the Ionian Sea
beans do not get eaten in this way at all, and there-
fore they are put away and stored; and about
Cyzicus they keep an even longer time. It also
makes a great difference to keeping that the seed
should be gathered dry, for then there is less
moisture in it.1° However the seeds of leguminous
plants are gathered with a certain amount of
moisture in them," because then they can be collected
in greater quantity and more easily; for otherwise
they are soon shed and get shrivelled up and split ?;
7 7,e. rot is produced in all cases by the same creature
(oxwAnt), but the condition called being ‘worm-eaten’ is due
in each plant to a different pest.
8 7.e. and so the seed is hard and not liable to these attacks.
ef. 8. 11. 8; O.P. 4. 16. 2.
® of. C.P. 4. 16. 2. 10 j.e, liability to rot.
I éyxvAdrepa conj. Sch.; ebxvadrepa Ald.H.Cam.; edxnadrepa
Bas. of. C.P. 4. 13, 3. 2 Plin. 18, 125,
207
fos)
THEOPHRASTUS _
\ \ \ \ / A
Opitretat, Tovs dé Tupovs Kal yévos TL KpLOdv
\ 7
dua TO BeATious eis TA AdXGiTa yiverOar pH aTe-
/
Enpappevas.
Av 6 kal eis O@pous ovvTiOéact Kai Tupods Kal
xplOds, Kal Soxodow adpbver0ar év Oop@ wadrov
RY a > > / \ a e e \
) AuTOcapKeElV. OvK ea ieTat Sé ciTos, dtav tabels
a > , \ / / e /
OepicO7 abépiotos S€ padtota Orapéver Oo Tupos,
a ¢
éTe O€ padrov o Oéppos: ovdé yap Oepifovar
TOUTOV TpoTepov i) DOwp yevéa Car, Sid TO exTNddv
OepiCopevov Kal aworAdvaOat TO oTréppa.
IIpos éxpuow 5€ Kai THY OAnv oTopay dpiota
Soxel Ta évdeva: Ta bé Steva Yeipw Kal Ta Tpieva,
7a 8 brepteivovta ocxedov dyova, mpos O€ THY
citnow apKodvta. Bios yap éatw éxdoToLs wpic-
mévos eis younv. Kaito. Kal TavTaLs TapadAaTTEL
tais Suvdapect 1a Tovs TOTOUs év ols av Onoaupi-
a /
Covtat. tHS youv Kamadoxias év ywpio tii
T@ Karoupévo Létpa cal tettapaxovta érn d1a-
7 \ : / \ / \ / ,
peévery hac yovipa Kal ypnoiwa Tpos oTopor, eis
Sé tHv citnow éEnKxovta 7 EBSounKoVTAa: TO yap
er > , \ XY ex ory \ \ o
éXov ov Kom@TecOar: Ta Oé imatia Kal THY adAdXnV
/ , \ \ / ”
yabav KxoTTecOat. TO yap xXwploy adXws TE
e \ J \ BA Ns 2a S24 \
inpyrov eivar Kal evrrvovy Kal évavpov aiel Kal
am avaTorns éxover kat dSvoews Kal weonuBpias.
1 4 Avwooapkeiy conj. H.; jAlka owpdv U; jAtka capkav M.
W. brackets as due to a gloss. cf. CP. 4, 13. 6.
2 Stay iodels conj. Scal.: so Vo.; 6 tavvodeis Bas.Cam.
epio Oj conj. W.; mepipvg MSS.
208
ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, VIII. x1. 3-6
and wheat and one kind of barley are gathered
before they are dry, because then they are better for
meal.
Wherefore the grain of wheat and barley is put
into heaps, and it seems to ripen in a heap rather
than to lose substance.! (However corn does not
get worm-eaten when it is reaped after exposure to
rain.)* Also corn lasts better than other things if it
is left standing, and so does lupin to an even greater
extent ; indeed this crop is not even gathered till
rain has fallen,®? because, if it is gathered, the seed
springs out and is lost.
Of the age at which seeds should be sown.
*For propagation and sowing generally seeds one
year old seem to be the best; *those two or three
years old are inferior, while those kept a still longer
time are infertile, though they are still available as
food. For each kind has a definite period of life in
regard to reproduction. However these seeds too
differ in their capacity according to the place in
which they are stored. For instance, in Cap-
padocia at a place called Petra they say that
seed remains even for forty years fertile and fit
for sowing, while as food it is available for sixty
or seventy years; for that it does not get worm-
eaten at all like clothes and other stored-up articles.
for that the region is, apart from this, elevated and
always exposed to fair winds and breezes which
prevail alike from® the east, the west, and the
3 apdtepov } conj. W.; tov tpdrov UAld. ef. C.P. 4. 13. 3;
Plin. 18. 133. 4 Plin. 18. 195.
5 of. 7.5.5; Geop, 2. 16.
6 am’ conj. Sch.; ém P,Ald.
209
VOL, Il, P
a
THEOPHRASTUS
gact 8& kat év Mndecia xal tais adXats Tais
inpnrais yopais Suapéverv Onoavpifoueva Trodvv
xpovov. €épéBivOov 5é 54 Kal Péppov Kal dpoBov
, \ / \ \ A 8 4 a
Kal Kéyxpov Kal Ta TotadTa SHrov 6tt TOAAM
TrELw TOUTOY, WoTTEp Kal év Tots Tepl THY EXXdSa
, >. \ A , Py y n
TOTOLS. ANAA TAVTA MEV, WOTTEP ELPNTAL, TMV
4 y
TOT@Y lova.
Aoxet € Kal yh Tis elvat Tapa Tiow % Sia-
TATTOMEVN TUVTYNPEL TOY TUpPOV, WBoTrEp H TE EV
"OnvvO@ Kal ev KnpivOe tis EvBoias: trovet dé
veipw ev eis THY aiTnow adpoTepov SE TH Tpoc-
/ 4 \ / > \ 4
over: TapaTdttovaer Oé YoiviKka eis TOV pédipvOV.
IIupobévta mavta ta oméppata amodduvTaL
kal aBracTh yivetar Kaitot wept ye BaBurAadva
\ \ \ \ \ > n 7
hace tas KpiOas Kal Tovs Tupovs érl THs dro
a \ n
mndav, @oTEp TA Hpvyomevas adda OSfrov Ott
4 / 3 a é x ¢ fal
duahopa tis é€ott THs Oepporntos, 7) aTABS Tas
/ 7 \ S / \ »N \
Oeppacia yivetar [kat] 4 mndnou. Kal Ta pev
nr \ e \ / x 9s
TotavTa oxedov watrepel Kowa dokevev av eivat
4 XN a ,
TAVTOV 1) TOV TAELTO TOV.
1 cf. C.P. 5. 18. 3; for millet-seed see J.H.S. vol. xxxv.
part i. p. 22.
2 Siararrouevn conj. H.; diamdattomévn UMAId.; d:axorro-
pévn Py. ef. Plin. 18. 305.
3 xapamdrrove: conj. Sch., ef. Geop. 2. 21. 3; (€umdocewv) ;
mnapatartovot UMAId. ef. Varro 1. 57, 1.
210
ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, VIII. x1. 6-7
south. They say that in Media! also and other
elevated countries the seed when stored keeps for
a long time. And it is plain that chick-pea lupin
vetch millet and the like will keep a far longer time
than these seeds, as they do even in districts of
Hellas. However these peculiarities, as has been
said, are due to the particular region.
Of artificial means of preserving seed.
There appears to be a kind of earth in some
places, which when sprinkled ? over the seed helps
to make wheat keep, for instance, the earth found
at Olynthos and at Kerinthos in Euboea; this
makes the grain inferior for food, but fuller in ap-
pearance ; the earth is sprinkled ® in the proportion
of one pint to twenty-four of grain.
Of the effect of heat on seeds.
All seeds if exposed to fire perish and become
infertile. Yet they say that at Babylon‘ the grains
of barley and wheat jump on the threshing-floor
like corn which is being parched. However it is
plain that it is some particular kind of warmth®
which produces this effect: or else the jumping
is simply another effect of heat.6 Such behaviour
would appear to be common to most,’ if not to all
kinds.
4 i.e. the grain is there exposed to great. sun-heat. ef.
de agne 44.
> 7,e. the sun’s heat is different in kind, and therefore in
effect, to that of a fire.
8 Gepuacta con). Sch.; @cpuacta Ald. A.
7 @omepel Kowa COnj. Sch. from G; domep cixdvaa UM ; domep
eixdves Ald. H.
211
Pp 2
THEOPHRASTUS
a ,
8 “Ema 8é éyes Twa idsoTnTa Kal Tov SoKovVTMY
\ / \ \
@omrEep ayptwv eivar Kal KATA THY yéveow Kal THY
yy ef € A \ € SERS e \
expuaolv, @oTrep 0 Oéppos Kal 0 aiyidNwy: o meV
, x e \ \
yap Oéppos Kaitep taxupoTaTos OY Ouws, €av py
>9\ > \ a e/ A \ 4 ‘
evOvs amo THs GAw KaTaBryOH, Kaxoguns yivetai,
KaBamep érévyOn, xal TO Srov Sé ovK EOéres
KpuTTecOar TH yn, Sv 0 Kal ovX UTapodvTes
EI /
omelpovot: TodAdKis O€ Kav eis DANY Rotary
/ \ /
Tiva Téon, SlwoadpEevos TAUTHVY GUVaTTEL THY pilav
a a \ / / \ o val
Th yn Kal Bractdve. yopav S€ bpaupov Entei
Kal avranv padrdov, To Sé Grov ovK eGéret
,
pvecOar év Sisetpyaocpévy.
\ a
9 ‘O 6é aiyitow avdradw: év yap TH yewpyou-
/ / eer na . , > \
peévn KaAALOV* Kal éviaxod dé TpoTepoy aBAaGTNS
x 2\ n / \ / 7
av éav yewpynOn BractTdves Kai yiveTas ToXUs,
+ om de cal , > fal / mn) be > a
Kal drws 5é dire? yopav ayaOnv. idiov dé adTod
NéyeTaL Tpos TA AAa TA COLTON OTéppata Kal
) Tap éviauTov BraoTHOLS ExaTépov THY oTEp-
patoav. 6s 8 Kal ot BovrAdpevos TeAéws POctpar,
4 \ \ 7 / \ > /
SiopPaptov yap 6) pice: TUyxXdveLr, TAS apovpas
avidow aotopovs émt ovo étn, Kal btav ava-
/ \ / > fa / a
BractTHon Ta TpoPaTta érmradiaot TodAAKIS, Ews
av éxveunOaot, cal arn yiverar dOopa ravre-
¢ \ a a
Ans apa O€ TOUTO wapTupEl Kal THY Tapa pépos
Braornow.
2 «al conj. Sch.; # Ald. H.
2 of. 8. 1.3, 3 of CLP. 4. "7. 3.
4 brapodyres conj. H.; iramopodvres UMAId. cf. C.P. 3.20.8.
212
ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, VIII. x1. 8-9
Of certain peculiarities of the seed of lupin and aigilops.
Some even! of those kinds which seem to be
more or less wild have peculiarities as to their
germination and growth, for instance, lupin and
aigilops. For lupin, although it is very robust,
unless it is planted immediately after leaving the
threshing-floor,? turns out of poor growth, as was
said, and refuses altogether to be buried in the
ground ;* wherefore they sow it without first
ploughing * the land. And often if the seed has
fallen amid thick undergrowth or herbage,® it
thrusts this aside, fastens on to the earth with its
root and grows vigorously. It seeks sandy and
poor soil for choice, and will not grow at all in®
cultivated” soil.
Aigilops has the opposite character; it grows
better in tilled soil; and in some places where at
first it would not grow, if the ground is tilled, it
grows and yields a large crop, and in general it
likes good soil. A peculiarity ® mentioned in regard
to it as compared with other cereal seeds is that one
seed in two does not germinate for a year. Where-
fore those who wish to destroy it entirely, (since
it is naturally hard to destroy), leave the fields
unsown for two years, and, when it springs up,
send in® the sheep several times till they have
grazed it down, and this is a way of completely
destroying it. At the same time this testifies to the
fact that the seed does not all germinate at once.
5 of. 1. 7. 3; Plin. 18. 134. 8 éy conj. W.; 7H Ald. H.
ef Sit = Sef CP. 4. 6. 1.
9 éragiaiot conj. Sch., cf. 8. 7. 4; apijor Ms aglnor P;
aptao: Ald,
213
sa
poli
~-
i
nips, pbabk. aval
ta
se if BYR lf
ae t
le 5% r
ee OF ay
a vied ix ds
7 = 41
y ~aF
‘ oat
ae bark.
>:
a TOT
Ak Pin ryt apo)
epeyo soikt jot gs
‘ mae eare $3 BS
ifog F ENGEL. ' wi 3 ae
Y i0e Tite sr! ¢
F7 ‘shiske bith “a¥e0%
meted: ail fess ess of
3eh4 He0 dae 6 meres se
‘ake re :
1 TOV ore a fe Se Heap rit es
Pre v Bait ‘| ‘Saag ey ba iE! . -
19 sabes: a Asia" os ; + us, thes " ar > sue
lus “Se PIS
a]
au
2 iad a1} si bi ts
CHASE bu
- : ATOR) , eur Aare .
how a ?
+ | 7 3 ot » a
Wiest WRI VePR F109 G
L ‘H byporns oikela TOV PUTO?, iy 59 Kanodat
TWeEs OTTOV OVOWATL Kou TpooaryopevovTes® dwva-
_ pv 66 ~ Xe OMAOov Tt THY ‘eae aoriy EKAOTN. Xupos
dé Tals pev paddov Tats e TTOV axonrovdel, Tals
dhws ovK ay Sofever, obras aabevis Kal bdapijs
tis éoTe. TELTTH bev ov UmdpxKer waar KaTa
Thy PrdoTHOW, LoxvpoTtaTn Sé Kal pwddoTa
éxpaivovea THy éavTis Pvow Grav Hdn Tavontar
Kal Bracrdvovta Kal KapTroyovowvTa, oupBaiver
bé TIOL TOV purav Kal xpdas idias € éyewv* Tols
pev NevKasS olov TOUS OT @dert, Tos 0 aipaToders
olov TO KevTaupie Kab TH atpaxtunior Kaovpery
axdvOn, Tots O¢€ XAwpor, Tots & év addy X pod.
évdy ha dé padrov Tatra év Tots émetelous Kal
- Tols éreTELoKavAroLs 7) Tots Sévdpots.
‘H & byporns TOV péev Tayos exeEL povoV, OaTEP
TOV OTWOU' TOV O€ Kal Saxpu@dys yiveTat, KAOd-
ep ears TEVKNS TepeBivGou TiTvos apuysaris
Kepdaou Tpoupyns dapxevOov KéOpov Tis axavOns
Ths Aiyurrtias mrereas, Kal yap altn déper Komp
of. CP.6. 4A: 16.
2 | have omitted 7 and restored 8 before @ye: (om. Scal.;
found in UMAId. ).
3 «g@ xevtavply conj. Scal. ef. Plin. 25, 32; xevravptd: conj.
St.; «evrnpla P,Ald.G, of. 9, 8. 7.
216
— m7
BOOK IX
OF THE JUICES OF PLANTS, AND OF THE MEDICINAL
PROPERTIES OF HERBS.
Of the various kinds of seat yes and the methods of collecting
them.
I. ! Moisture belongs to plants as such and some
eall it the ‘sap, to give it a general name; and
it plainly has? special qualities in each plant.
This moisture is attended by a taste, in some cases
more, in some less, while in some it would seem to
have none, so weak and watery is it. Nowall plants
have most moisture at the time of making growth,
but it is strongest and most shows its character when
the plant has ceased to grow and to bear fruit.
Again in some plants the juice has a special colour ;
in some it is white, as in those which have a milky
juice ; in some blood-red, as in centaury * and the
spinous plant which is called distaff-thistle ; in some
green: and in some of other colours. And these
qualities are more obvious in annual‘ plants and
those with annual stems than in trees.
Again in some plants the juice is merely thick, as
in those in which it is of milky character ; but in some
it is of gummy character, as in silver-fir fir terebinth
Aleppo pine almond kerasos (bird-cherry) bullace
Phoenician cedar prickly cedar acacia elm.® For
4 éy inserted here by W. instead of before rots éweretots.
5 wredéas after xédpov P,Ald.; transposed by Sch. after
Tobias Aldinus. ef. Plin. i3. 67. .
217
oo
THEOPHRASTUS
\ A a lal
TAHV OUK EK TOD HrOLOD AXN év TO KapUKE, ETL
A. 233. @ e / 1 a / / \
bé af’ av 0 AiBavos Kal 7 cpipva, Sdxpva yap
kat TadTa, Kal TO Baddoapov Kal <)> yarSavn
kal €t TL TOLOUTOV ETEpOV, Olov hace THY aKkavOav
\ > 7 ed 3 @ / / cA n 7
Thy ‘Ivdixnv, ag’ Hs yiverat te Gwotov TH omvpvn’
/ n a
cuviotatar b€ Kal él THs oyivov Kal emt Tis
> / n 3oe/ / bp] & e /
aKdavOns ths iEivns KaXoupévns, €& Ov ) pacTixn.
7 a
“Aravta 6€ TadTa evoopa Kal oxedov boa
TLOTHTA Tiva &YeEL Kal Nitros: boa 8 ahiTh TadTa
8 doopa, Kabdrep TO Kompe Kal TO THs apvy-
n »” \ / \ € hes ¢ > 4
darjs. exer dé Sdxpvov nai » ikia 4» év Kpnrn
Kal » TtTpayaxav0a Kadovpévn? TtavTnv dé Tpo-
/ / a
Tepov wovtTo povov év Kpntn dvecOat, viv dé
\ \ > 7A i a II / \
gavepa kal év ’Ayaids tis IleXorrovvycov Kal
G@drr06t cat ths “Acias wept tHy Mydecav. Kal
TOUT@Y wey TaVTMVY ev TE TOS KAaUAOIS Kal TolsS
oTEAevedt KAL TOIs aKpEem“oat TO Sakpvov" éeviov S
év tais plifais, WoTEp TOU immocedWoU Kal THs
/ \ ” n a
ckKappovias Kal ad\AwV Tokay happaKxodor.
Tov O€ Kal év TO KaVA® Kal év TH pify Kal yap
\ \ Dues ed \ \ es e
TOV KavAOV OTriCovolw eviwy Kal TAS pias, Wome
Kal TOD ciAdiov.
5 an / a
To pev ovv Tod immocedivov Tapopooy TH
4 % > 4 e > a "é
apuvpyn Kat Ties akovoavTes ws évTedOev %
cptpva nyodvta, Practdavew é€& adtis immocé-
1 KwpdK@ conj. Sch. ; ; SS pe H.; ayelw P,Ald. probably a
gloss on kwpixw, for which cf. 2. 8. 3 and reff. in note. Plin.
l.c. has preserved the right word rept an absurd blunder
—in Coryco monte_Ciliciue.
218
ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, IX. 1. 2-4
this last also produces a gum, though it does not
exude from the bark, but is found in the ‘bag’!
of the leaves; there are also the juices from which
come frankincense and myrrh; for these too are
gums ; so too are balsam of Mecca khalbane? and any
others of the kind that there may be, such as, they
say, the Indian akantha, from which comes some-
thing* resembling myrrh; and a similar substance
forms on mastich and the spinous plant called izine
(pine-thistle), whence mastic-gum is made.
All these have a fragrant odour, as in general have
those which contain a viscous substance and are
fatty ; while those that are not fatty have no scent,
as gum and the juice which exudes from the almond.
The pine-thistle* of Crete has also a gum, and so
has the plant called tragacanth ;° this was formerly
supposed to grow only in Crete, but now it is well
known to grow also in Achaia in the Peloponnese
and elsewhere in Hellas and in Asia in the Median
country. In all these plants the gum occurs in
the stems the trunks and the branches, but in
some plants it is found in the roots, as in alexanders
scammony and many other medicinal plants. In
some it is found in the stem and also in the root; ®
for of some’ plants they tap the stem and the roots
as well, as is done with silphium.
Now the juice of alexanders is like myrrh, and
some, having heard that myrrh comes from it, have
supposed that, if myrrh is sown, alexanders comes up
2 galbanum. cf. Plin. 12. 121; 24.21. Verg. G. 3. 415;
4, 264. See 9. 7.2; 9.9. 2n.
3 +. I conj. ; 7d MSS. * itia=itivn. See Index.
5 Plin. 13. 115. © of; O.P. 6, 11.. 15.
7 évlwy kai conj. Sch.; kat éviwy Ald.
219
THEOPHRASTUS
Auvoy pureverar yap, @orep énéx On, Kal amo
Saxptov TO imaroo é\uvov, Kabatrep 1 KpWeavia. Kal
arra. TO oe Tob otdpiov Spop, cabamep avTo TO
otdduov: 6 yap omds Kadovpevos TOD ourpiov
Sdxpvov € eoTW. » 6€ cxappovia Kab el Tt ano
TOLOUVTOV, WATEP 2néyOn, pappaxa@ders Exovat TAS
duvapels.
5 Iavtey dé TOV elpn Levon Ta pev AVTOMATHS
ouvioTaras, Ta 0 amr evTopns, Ta & dupotépaber:
Téuvouct dé OHAXov OTe Ta xpiorpa Kal TH pad dov
emubnToupera. Tov © amo THIS apvyoanns ov-
Sepia x peta Saxpvou, du O KOvK adehodar, TAHV
éxeivo rye pavepov OTL @v avTOMATOS ” THEI
6 TOUTMY TAEL@V 7 ETLPPOI) THS VypoTHTOS. ov THY
avtny & dpav aravtov ai évTopal Kai 7 THES,
GNA TO pev THS autrérov pddtota cuvicracbai
pacty éav puck pov ™po Tis Praorioews THNON,
Tod bé peTOT @pov Kal apxopevov TOD YeLwsvos
HTTOV" KalToL TpOs YE KapmoToKiay at @paroTarat
Tats ye Trelorais avuTat. TIS &é reppivOov Kal
THS wevKns Kal ei Ex Tivo” AArwY pyTivyn yiveTaL
pera THY Braornow- TO O Ohov OUK eméTELOS o)
TOUTWV, ANN els Theo Xpovoy y évTOMn. TOV ce
AtBavorov Kal THY omipvav bro Kiva gaat Kab
Tats Gepporarars Huépars eévtéuvew @aavTws
dé Kal TO év Yupia Baroapov.
7 ~AxptBeatépa 88 Kab erdtrav 4 Kab todrer
1 é abrijs conj. Scal.: ef. Plin. 19. 162, where smyrniwm is
given as a nen) év avrots Ald.
eo Pail 36.6.8; CP. 1.4. 6.
39.1, 3. 4 of. CLP. 6. 11.15,
220
ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, IX. 1. 4-7
from it ;1 for, as was said,? this plant can be grown
from an exudation, like the krinonza (lily) and other
plants. The juice of silphium is pungent like the
plant itself; for what is called the ‘ juice’ of silphium
is a gum. Scammony and similar plants, as was
said,®? have medicinal properties.
In all the plants mentioned the juice either forms
naturally, or when incisions are made, or in both
ways,* but it is obvious that men only make incisions
in plants whose juice is of use and is specially sought
after. Now there is no use in the gum which
exudes from the almond, wherefore men do not tap
it. However it is plain that in plants whose gum
forms naturally the flow of juice is greater. The
incisions and the clotting of the juice do not take
place at the same season in all cases; ‘but the juice
of the vine clots best they say if the incision is made
a little before budding begins, less well in the
autumn or at the beginning of winter ; (although in
regard to production of fruit these ® seasons are the
best in the case of most® vines). However with
terebinth fir or any other tree which produces resin
the best time is after the period of budding; yet
in general these trees are not cut every year, but
at longer intervals. The frankincense and myrrh
trees they say should be cut at the rising of the
Dogstar and on the hottest days, and so also the
‘Syrian balsam’ (balsam of Mecca).
The cutting of these is also a more delicate matter
5 uadrAov emiCntrodpeva Tod 8 ard THs a. conj. W. supported
by G3 maAdov> énl yodv 7d ard ris & UMAId.
8 Kodk apeAkoda conj. Scal., cf. 9. 2. 13 Kav apéAnovow U;
Kav apéAcwot MAId. ef. Plin. 24. 105.
7 Plin. 24. 106. 8 « iconj. W.; «at UPAId.
9 ye conj. Sch.; d¢ Ald. of. C.P. 3. 13, 2.
221
THEOPHRASTUS
évTopy” Kal yap a Tuppon THs UypornTos éNaT-
Tov av O€ Kal oO KAaUNOS eVTEUVETAL Kal 7) pita,
TOUT@Y 0 KAUXOS T POTEpoV, OoTEp Kal TOD oUn-
piov, Kal kanodor dé TOV om OY TOUT@V Tov pev
Kavrlav Tov bé pugiav: Kab eo Bedriov o 0 prtias
cabapos yap Kab Svaavns: Kal Enporepos. 0 6¢
Kavdtas Dry poTEpos” Kal 62a TovTO deupov atte a
TEplTaTTovGt T pos THV THEW, THY a pay THS
eVT OMS ioacw ol AiBves: ovToL yap ob oihguov
NéyouTes. @oavtTas o€ Kal ot prforopoe rat ot
TOUS pappaxaders oTroUS ouANEyorTEs" Kal yap
ovToL TOUS kavovs omifovar TPOTEpor. aT NOS
dé mavres Kal of Tas pilas Kal ot Tods dtrovs aUA-
AéyouTES THY OiKelay Wpav éExdoT@Y THpodcL. Kal
TOUTO bev 61) KOLVOV.
i. °H be pyrivy yiverat Tove Tov TpoTrov: év
ev Th TevKY Orav aperxobetans 7) n Oas efarpeO 9,
ouppel yap eis TO EAKopa ToUTo Telov 9 y) DypoTns,
év O€ TH ENATH Kal TH Titi OTav yevodpevolr TOV
EUiwv adedkxoowow: ov yap Tas adopiopos
omotes: apedcodor yap Kal Tas TeppivOous év
ap oiv Kal év TO TEREX EL Kal €v Tots aK pepoow"
atel be TAEL@V Kal Bedtiov 7) eis TO oTéXexXoS
cuppeovca THS Ets Tous dxpemovas.
Atadépovar dé kal Kara 7a dévdpa. Berriorn
pev yap 1) TeppivOivn? Kat yap. cuvesTnKvia Kal
evmdeoTATN Kal xouporarn TH oo mh aXNW’ oniry).
devTEpa dé uy éxativn Kal murvivn, Kouporepar
yap THs mevxivns. wrelotn O€ 4 TevKivyn Kal
1 of. 6. 3.2; C.P.6. 11. 16.
2 alagiov conj. St.; ciApiov UM ; ciAguoréyovres PAld.
222
ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, IX. 1. 7-1. 2
and is done on a smaller scale ; for the: flow of juice
is less. In those plants whose stem and root are
both cut the stem is cut first, as also with silphium ;
and the juices so obtained are called respectively
stallx-juice and root-juice, of which the latter is the
better, for it is clear transparent and less liquid.
The stalk-juice is more liquid, and for this reason
they sprinkle meal! over it to make it clot. The
Libyans know the season for cutting, for it is they
that gather the silphium.? So also do the root-
diggers and those that collect medicinal juices, for
these too tap the stems earlier. And in general
all those who collect whether roots or juices observe
the season which is appropriate in each case. And
this remark applies generally.
Of resinous trees and the methods of collecting resin and pitch.
II. ® Resin is made in the following manner :—in
fir it is done by removing the resinous wood after the
tree has been tapped ; for then the juice flows into
the hole so made in greater abundance ; in silver-fir
and Aleppo pine it is done by tapping the wood, after
tasting it. For there is no fixed rule for all alike ;
thus with terebinth they tap both the stem and the
branches ; but the juice which runs into the stem is
always more abundant and better than that which
flows into the branches.
There are also differences in* the resin obtained
from different trees. The best is that of terebinth ;
for it sets firm, is the most fragrant, and has the most
delicate smell ; but the yield is not abundant. Next
comes that of silver-fir and Aleppo pine, for these are
more delicate than that of the fir. But that of the fir
3 Plin, 16. 57. 4 xara conj. W.; Tatra Ald.H.
223
THEOPHRASTUS
/ \ / \ 4 /
Baputdtn Kxal mitt@dertatn Sia TO pddioTa
évdadov elvar Thy TevKnV. aryetar 8€é év aoKois
,
vypa, KaTELTA OUTW GUVicTAaTAaL. KalTOL pact Kal
THVv TéppvOov TiTTOKAaAUTELa Oat Trepl Yupiav: Eat
yap Gpos, Kabartrep év Tots Eutrpoa Dev eltroper, méeya
TeppivOarv weotov dtrav peyarov.
"R bé \ \ / \ \ £8 be
viot S€ hac Kal Ti TiTVY Kal THY Kédpov Sé
\ / > \ n \ e > /
tiv Dowiikyny: ara TadTa péev ws evdeyoueva
lA \ \ 4 > \ A \
AnTTéov Sia TO oaviov' éerrel of ye wept Make-
/ fa
Soviav ovde THY TWEevKNY TLTTOKAUTOUGLY GAN 7
” a \ v \
THY appevas KadovoL yap aAppeva THY M1) Kap-
n \ / >7 n € fa
mopopov. THs S&é Onrelas édv Twa Tov pilav
AdBwow: adtraca yap évdabos revKn Tais pifais
/ \ / Y p : \ 4 / p he, ‘
KaAMoTn O€ TITTA yiveTat Kal KaDapwTdtn 1) ex
Tav opodpa mpocciiwy Kal mrpocBoppar, ex oé
an / 4 \ , >
TOV TAadicKio@v BrocupwTEepa Kai BopBopwdns’ év
\ n , / +O\ “d 7
yap Tots ododpa marioxios ovde pvetat TevKN
TO Tapatray.
\ ,
"Kote 5€ Kal adopia tis Kal etpopia Kal rrH-
\ n \
Gous kai KadXovhs: Stay pev yap yetmwv péTpLOS
\ , 7
yivntal, TOMAY yiveTat Kal KAN) Kal TO YpopaTte
,
NevKoTépa, Otay 5é icxyupds, odLyn Kal poxOnpo-
Tépa. Kal Tadta yé éote Ta oOpitovta TAHGOs Kal
\ fal
KAANOVHY TITTHS, OVX 7) ToAVKAPTA TOV TEVKODV.
1 mirroxavteta bat con]. Sch., cf. 9. 3.453 mirroxavéica U;
mrtwbetoa Ald. = 3s 2, b:
sf 38 con}. W.; wal Ald. H. cf. 3. 12. 3.
4 uh conj. W.; ye Ald.H.; os yh Cod. Casaub, Vin.; ye why
Vo. (Thy &xapmov ’mBas. ). of. 3
5 Plin. 16. 59.
224
ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, IX. 1. 2-4
is the most abundant, the grossest and the most pitch-
like, because this tree has the greatest amount of
resinous wood. It is carried about in baskets in a
liquid state, and so acquires the more solid form which
we know. However they say that in Syria pitch is
extracted even from the terebinth by burning!; for
there is in that land a mountain which, as we said
before,” is all covered with great terebinths.
Some ? say the same of Aleppo pine and also of
Phoenician cedar; but this must be taken as only
indicating what can be done, the practice not
being common; for the people of Macedonia do not
extract pitch by burning even from fir, except from
the ‘male’ kind (they call the kind which bears no
fruit+ the ‘male’); the ‘female’ kind they only
treat in this way when they have found roots con-
taining pitch; for all firs have resinous wood ex-
tending to the roots. °The finest and purest pitch
is that obtained from trees growing in a sunny
position and facing north®; that obtained from trees
growing in shade is coarser’ and muddy; (in ex-
ceedingly shady places the fir does not even grow
at all).
Again the yield may be either good or bad as to
amount and as to quality; thus, when there is a
moderate winter, it is abundant and good and whiter
in colour, but, when there is a severe winter, it is
scanty and of inferior quality. And it is these
conditions, and not the tree’s capacity for bearing
fruit, which determine the amount and quality of
pitch.
5 Apparently because this is the dry quarter in the Balkan
peninsula.
7 Broowpwrépa conj. Sch.; Bpornpotépa M ; BrAoonporépa Ald.
of C.P. 6. 12, 5.
225
VOL, Il. Q
5
fs)
THEOPHRASTUS
f / a \
Oi dé rept tiv “Idnv daci, Starpodvtes Tas
, \ \ \ n b] / \ \
mevKas Kal THY pev KarodvTes “Idatav tiv 8é
7 \ b] an 2 y / \
mapaniay, Thy éx THs “ldalas mrEiw Kal pedav-
FA , \ / \ \ ¢
TEpaV yivecOar Kat YAUKUTEpay Kat TO OXOV
evmbectépav pny, EnOcicavy Sé édAaTTW éx-
, , \ ” \ ? ’ » A A
Baivew: mreiw yap exe Tov oppor, de 6 Kat
/ n
AeTTOTEpay eivar. THY dé THs waparias EavOo-
/ \ / b] 4 v4 \ \ ”
Tépav Kal TaxuvTépav wpnv, OoTe Kal THY Adee
éhaTTo yiverGat, dadmdectépav dé Tiv *ldaiav.
ws 6€ aTAas eirrety Ex THs tons Oadds TAELw Kal
58 / > Lal > /, / Q@ * °
bdapectépav év tats éropBpiars yiverOar 4 év
Tols avypots, Kal é« TOY Yetwepwav Kal Tad-
NA , lal n
ckiwy TOT@VY eK TOV Evelh@v Kal EvOLELVOD.
TADTA MEV OVV OUTwS ExaTEpoL NéyoUCLY.
"AvatAnpovabat S& oupBaiver Ta KoikOpata
mpos TO TaAw é€aipely TOV pev ayabav TwevKaV
EVLAUT@, TOV O€ peTpL@Tépory év Svoly erect, TOV
be Q@ n b] / e de > / ]
€ movyOnpwv év Tplolv. 9 O€ avaTTANPwaIS OV
tov EvXov Kal THs cuuhicews AANA THs TiTTHS
> , b] \ \ vA > / an \ aA
éotiv: émel TO Evrov advvaTov ouudivat Kal ev
/ uA ° >? et b] / \ /
yevéoOar mad, arr épyacia dia TocovTou
Ypovou yivetar THS TitTHsS’ avayKatoy 5é SHrov
vd \ an 4 , / , ”
6tt Kal TO Etro yiverOai Tiva Tpdcdvo.r, eizreEp
1 Plin. 16. 60.
2 ebwoeorépay H.; edxpwwwderrépay UMAId.; ? edxpiwveorépay
Kal ebwdectépay W. of 3. 9. 2,
3 Plin. dc.
226
OO
ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, IX. 1. 5-6
The people of Mount Ida distinguish different
kinds of fir, calling one ‘that of Mount Ida’ (Corsican
pine), another the ‘ fir of the seashore,’ (Aleppo pine);
1and they say that the pitch obtained from the former
is more abundant blacker sweeter and generally
more fragrant? in the raw state, but that boiling
down reduces the amount; for that it contains a
larger proportion of watery matter, wherefore it
is less substantial; but that derived from the ‘fir
of the seashore’ is browner and thicker in the
raw state, so that the amount is less reduced by
boiling down; that the ‘fir of Mount Ida’ how-
ever contains more resinous wood. And, speaking
generally, they say that from an equal amount of
resinous wood more pitch is obtained and in a more
liquid state in wet weather than during a drought,
and from a wintry and shady position than from one
that is sunny and enjoys fair weather. Such is
the account given by the peoples of Mount Ida and
of Macedonia respectively.
3 The holes for the pitch fill up, so that the pitch
can be again removed,‘in good firs in a year, in those
of more moderate quality in two years, in poor trees
in three. The filling-up is composed of the pitch ;
it is not caused by closing up of the wood; for the
wood cannot close up and become one again, but the
effect which takes the time mentioned is due to the
tormation of the pitch.’ However it is clearly in-
evitable that there should be some new growth of -
the wood too, seeing that the resinous wood is
4 kaipetv conj.Sch.; efatpew Ald.H.
5 So W. explains @AAa... mrris. Or perhaps (as Sch.),
‘however this is the interval which must elapse before the
pitch can be worked again.’
227
P Q 2
THEOPHRASTUS «
éEarpoupevns THS Sadds kab xatouévns ths wltt
i oe ntl ” Siac sani: pind: | dhgede 8
n Ly
€kpon. TOUTO MeV ODY OUTW ANT TEOV.
\ ,
Oi dé wept thv “Idnv daciv, btav AeTicwor
\
TO oTéAEKXOS,—AETICovat Sé TO TPOS HALOV jépos
émt dvo i) Tpels THXELS ATO THS yhs—évtadOa
THS ETippons yiwouéevns évdadodoOa eviavT@ pd-
Mota, ToUTO & Srav éxTereKynowow ev éEtép@
f > a \ \ 4 e , \
Tadw évdadova0at Kai TO TpiTov MTav’TwS, META
dé tadra Sia Thy brroTomip éextimtey To dSévdpov
UTd TOV TrevpaTov camév: ToTe 8 éEatpetv
avTov THY Kapdiav, TOUTO yap pddioTa Sadades
; yap fe Q
a \ A e an \ \ / A
eEaipety dé x TaV pitav Kal yap TavTas, WoTrEp
elropev, €vdadous Tracey.
Kixos S€ Sirov Ste tas péev ayabds, BoTep
, a A a \ \ 4 \
EXXON, TVVEYaS TOUTO dpav Tas dé Yelpovas Sia
mAelovos Ypovov' Kal Taplevopévwv pev TTrEw
\ an a
Ypovov avTéyely, éav b€ Tacav éEalpHow éXATTO:
divatar S ws oixe Tpeis pddtoTa ToladTas
éEaipécess UTropéverv. ovy dua 5é Kapropopotaw
a \ n n
ai Tedxat Kal Sadopopodor xapropopobar pév
yap ev0vs véas, dadopopovor 5é tatepoy TOAAD
/ /
m™ peo BUTEpat yivomevat.
,
IIT. Tov bé wittav catovor tovde Tov tpoTov"
Stay KaTAaCKEVadTwWOLY Oma TOTOY waTEP AAW
1 4.e, and so this kind of wood at least is replaced by fresh
growth. 2 Plin. 16. 57.
3 rijs éemippojs ywwouevns évdadodc00a conj. W.; Thy émippohy
ywouevnv @vdadov Ald.; ris émippojs yiwouervns evdadov ylvecOat
conj. Sch.
228
ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, IX. n,. 6-m. 1
removed ! and burnt when the discharge of pitch takes
place. So much for this account.
2 The people of Mount Ida however say that, when
they bark the stem,—and they bark the side towards
the sun to a height of two or three cubits from the
ground,—the flow of pitch takes place in that part,®
and in about a year the wood becomes full of pitch ;
and that, when they have hewn this part out, pitch
forms again in the next year, and in the third year
in like manner; after which * that the tree, because
it has been cut away underneath, is rotted by the
winds and falls; and that then® they take out its
heart, for that is especially full of pitch, and that
they also extract pitch from ° the roots ; for that these
too, as we said,’ are full of pitch in all firs.
Now it is plainly to be expected that they should,
as was said, repeatedly thus treat a good tree, but an
inferior one at longer intervals, and that, if the tree
is husbanded, the supply should hold out longer,
while, if they remove all the pitch, it will not hold
out so long; it appears as a matter of fact that the
tree will stand about three such removals of its
substance. ® However firs do not produce both fruit
and pitch at once; they begin to bear fruit when
they are quite yourg, but they only produce pitch
much later, when they are older.
Of the making of pitch in Macedonia and in Syria.
III. This is the manner in which they make pitch
by fire :—having prepared a level piece of ground,
4 werd 5¢ tadTa conj. Sch.; ra 5 radra UM; 7a 5€ To1adra
Ald.
5 +ére conj. Sch. from G; rovs Ald,
6 é« Ald.; nal conj. W.
79. 2. 3. 8 of. C.P. 5. 16. 2.
=
229
THEOPHRASTUS
TOUT AVTES éxouoray els TO pécov aupponv wal
bo
ie)
TavTnv edadicwor, KATATX LT AVTES TOUS Koppovs
ovyTiéace mapamdnotav ovvOcow THs TOV av-
Opaxevovtar, may OUK éuBoO pov: avXrAa Tas
oxitas opBas Tpos GAAHAAS, WaTE Nau Bavew brpos
alel KaTa THOS yiver Pau dé pacw, Orav a
cweats D KUKX® fev OyoonKOYTA Kal éxaTov
THXEOY els typos 8é éEneovta TAeloTov n TeVTI)-
KovTa 7) EKATOV apporépors, edvTep n Oas Tuyxavy
mietpa. cuvéévtes otv avTiy o8tws Kal (kara
oKeTracavTes UAn yhv éwtBarovtes KaTaKpUTTOU-
ow OT@S pndapdas Stadkaduryn TO Tp, aTOANUTAL
yap Y miTTa TOUTOU oupPBavros. bpanrovor be
KATA THD Drrohevrromevny diodov- eira O€ Kal
TavTa emeppatavres TH ody Kab eTLX@oaVTES
THpodow dvaBaivovres Karta KN MAKOS, 7 AV OPOct
TOV KAT VOY @Bovpevon, Kal émiBaddovow aiel
THs yi Oras pnd avanapry. KATETKEVATTAL
dé oxeTOS Th TITTY bua THS ovvbecews THS
aTrOppons els oO vvov boov ameXovTa TevTe-
Katoeka TX ELS" a o _ aTroppéovea Ths miTrns
puypa yiveTar KaTa THY adi. Kalerae dé pa-
Mora dvo jpuépas Kai vuKTas: TH yap baoTepaia
po Hrlov | dvvavTos exxexavpery ryiveTaL wal
évdédw@Kev 1) Tupd TODTO yap cupBaiver pyKéte
peovons. TovToy bé€ TOY Ypovoy amTavTA TnpodaLY
1 €Sapiowor: of. 9. 4. 4.
2 cf. 5. 9, where however the ‘ pit’ is not described.
3 yiverOa 5. Something seems to have dropped out at the
beginning of this clause. ? ‘‘and they say that the pile at
largest is 180”. . .: so Sch. supplying weyiorn after 7. The
omitted words might also throw light on the preceding
sentence.
230
—
Ee a
ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, IX. u1. 1-3
which they make like a threshing-floor with a slope
for the pitch to run towards the middle, and having
made it smooth,! they cleave the logs and place them
in an arrangement like that used by charcoal-burners,”
except that there is no pit; but the billets are set
upright against one another, so that the pile goes on
growing in height according to. the number used.
And they say that the erection is complete,’ when the
pile is 180 cubits in circumference, and fifty, or at
most’ sixty, in height ; or again when it is a hundred
cubits in cireumference and a hundred in height,' if
the wood happens to be rich in pitch. Having then
thus arranged the pile and having covered it in with
timber they throw on earth and completely cover it,
so that the fire may not by any means show through ;
for, if this happens, the pitch is ruined. Then they
kindle the pile where the passage is left, and then,
having ° filled that part® up too with the timber and
piled on earth, they mount a ladder and watch
wherever they see the smoke pushing its way out,
and keep on piling on the earth, so that the fire may
not even shew itself. And a conduit is prepared for
the pitch right though the pile, so that it may flow
into a hole about fifteen cubits off, and the pitch as
it flows out is now cold to the touch. The pile burns
for nearly two days and nights; for on the second
day before sunset it has burnt itself out and the pile
has fallen in; for this occurs if the pitch is no longer
flowing. All this time’ they keep watch and do not
4 Guporépois: aupotépwoe conj. Sch.
5 émibpdiayres conj. Scal. from G, stipant; emdtavres UM
Ald.; emiodéavres H.
6 radra Ald.; ravrny W. after Sch.’s conj.
7 rodrov 5€ Tov xpdvov conj. Sch. from G, totwm tempus ; rbvte
5& roy tpdrov UMAId.H,
os 231
THEOPHRASTUS
dypuTvoovTes, ST WS pn Svadaprrn, Kal Ovovar
5é Kal éoptdfovow evyopevor TmoNAaY Te Kal
Kady yiverOar tiv mirtay ot pev 62) Tepl
Makedoviav kaiovoe Tov TpOTrOY. TOUTOV.
"Ev 6€ TH ’Acia gaol mepl Lupiav ouK éK-
TENEKOVTAS THY 48a arn ér av’te TO Sévdp@
Tpoo Kate pépovras Opyavov TL mepuTreTrounevov
Kal TovUT@® mTeplamtovtas, «iO Stay éxTHEwor
7 4 p ie »” \ 7 /
TaUTHV Tad é€T7 AAO Kal AAO pEeTadhEepe*
dpos O€ €otiv avTois Tis Kal onpela Tov Tavera
kal pardiota SfHrov Ste TO pnKéte pelv. TLTTO-
Kavtodar 8é, OoTeEp Kab T™ pOoTEpov EX On,
TAS TeppvOous: TevKnY yap ov pépovow ol
TOTrOL. Ta pev ovy Tepl THY pynTivny Kal THY
TiTTaV oUTMS EXEL.
Iv. Ilept dé AMBavwTov Kal opupyns Kab Ban-
odpov Kar el TL ToLovT ov érepov ore pep Kal an
evTOpiS yiverat Kal avTowaTes elpnrau. Tota de
TUS ” TOV dévdpav pious Kal el TL Tepl THY ryéve-
ow %) TIV cuAroyIy | TOV addov LOLOV avrois
dmapxet metpat ov el7rely, oo avTas dé Kal qept
TOV ovo evo pov" _axedor yap Ta Ye Trelora
aTO TOV TOTeV eoTl TOY TE TPOS MErnUBpiay Kal
aVaTOAHD.
Divera pev oby 0 APavos Kal 9 omUpva Kal 9
Kacla Kal étL TO KLVALWLOV ev Th Tov ‘ApaBov
Xeppovjow mepi te LaBa Kai ‘ASpapvra kal
1 éxmedexavtas conj. W.; éxmAécovres U3 exmddovtres M; ek
wdnrrovres Ald.
* The sense given to mepimeroinuévov is unexampled, and the
word may be corrupt,
232
ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, IX. m1. 3-1v. 2
go to rest, in case the fire should come through; and
they offer sacrifice and keep holiday, praying that
the pitch may be abundant and good. Such is the
manner in which the people of Macedonia make
pitch by fire.
_ They say that in Asia in the Syrian region they
do not extract the pitch by cutting! out of the tree
the wood containing it, but use fire to the tree itself,
applying an instrument fashioned on _ purpose,”
with which they set fire to it. And then, when
they have melted out the pitch at once place, they
shift the instrument to another. But they have a
limit and indications when to stop, chiefly of course
the fact that the pitch ceases to flow. They also, as
was said before, use fire to get pitch out of the
terebinth ; for the places where this tree grows do
not produce the fir. Such are the facts about
resin and pitch.
Of frankincense and myrrh: various accounts.
IV. As to frankincense myrrh balsam of Mecca
and similar plants it has been said that the gum is
produced both by incision and naturally. Now we
must endeavour to say what® is the natural character
of these trees and to mention any peculiarities as to
the origin of the gum or its collection or anything °
else. So too concerning the other fragrant plants;
most of these come from places in the south and east.
Now frankincense myrrh cassia and also cin-
namon are found in the Arabian peninsula’ about
3 roiTw mepidmrovras seems to have been G’s reading (Scal.) ;
TovTo weptadeipovtas MSS. #9..2. 2
5 sola conj. W.; moAAv Ald. © 7 before ray add. Sch.
7 Xeppovnow conj. Salm.; xepa vnow Ald. ef. Plin. 6. 28.
233
i)
>
THEOPHRASTUS
KeriBawa Kal Mapanu. puerar Oe Ta TOD M-
Bavorod kal THs oLUpyns dévdpa Ta pep év TO
dper Ta 0” év Tals iSiaus ryewpryiars b1r6 THY ime-
pelay, | ov 6 Kal TA [Lev Oeparreverau Ta 8 ov TO8
Gpos eivat pac typnov Kab acd Kal voopevor,
peiv S ef avTod kal motauovs eis TO méStov.
elvat be TO fev TOD MBavorod dévdpov ov péya,
TEVTATNXY 6é Te Kal ToAUKAAOOD, pUrov oy
Exel émipepes Th ati@, TAY ENATTOV TONY Kab
TO XPOmare Troades o$édpa, Kkabamep TO Tiyyavov"
herdpdozov 6é way, @omep THY dapyny.
Thy o€ opipvay éharrov ere 7@ peyeder Kal
Oapvodéorepov 8¢, TO be oTENENXOS exeuv aK pov
Kal TUVETT Pap pevov él THS Yh: TAX UTEPOV dé 3) i
KVNLOTAX ES” _ provov 6é exew elov Gpotoy TH
dvOpaxry. Erepot dé of hadcKorTes reBewpnreévar
Tepl ev Tob _Heyedous oxeddv cvppavodary: ov-
déTepov yap elvar méeya TOV devdper, éXaTTov be TO
THs owuprns Kal TaTeLVvoTEpoV" pvARov dé exerv
TO TOU AiBaverod Savoedes Kat evo Aovoy S
Elva’ TO O€ THS opwipyns axavOddes Kal ov Xezor,
pudrov bé mpoceuepes exelv TH mTEREG, 7a
ovdov é& adxpouv 6é éraxavbitov, daTEep TO TAS
mpivov.
"Edacav dé OUTOL KaTa TOV TapumAoUY Ov é&
‘poor é €TOLOvVTO KONTOU onrety éxBavtes ddwp
év TO Oper Kal ovT@ Jewphaat Ta (dévopa Kal THY
ouAOYND. civar © audotépwr évteTunpéva Kal
1 Plin, 12. 55 and 56. 2 Plin. 12. 67.
3 Zxew conj. Sch.; @xer P,Ald.
. AtBavwrod Bapvocides ae AeidpAatov 3 elvar conj. Sch. ; ArBa-
vou Tov Sapvoeides kal Aerdpuddoy & eiva: UM ; ArBavov Sapvoesdts
234
ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, IX. iv. 2~4
Saba Hadramyta Kitibaina and Mamali. The trees of
frankincense and myrrh grow partly in the mountains,
partly on private estates at the foot of the mountains ;
wherefore some are under cultivation, others not;
the mountains, they say, are lofty, forest-covered
and subject to snow, and rivers from them flow down
to the plain. The frankincense-tree,! it is said, is not
tall, about five cubits high, and it is much branched ;
it has a leaf like that of the pear, but much smaller
and very grassy in colour, like rue; the bark is
altogether smooth like that of bay.
The myrrh-tree? is said to be still smaller in
stature and more bushy; it is said to have® a tough
stem, which is contorted near the ground, and is
stouter than a man’s leg; and to have a smooth
bark like that of andrachne. Others who say that
they have seen it agree pretty closely about the
size ; neither of these trees, they say, is large, but
that which bears myrrh is the smaller and of lower
growth ; however they say that, while the frankin-
cense-tree* has a leaf like that of bay and smooth
bark, that which bears myrrh is spinous and not
smooth, and has a leaf like that of the elm, except
that it is curly and spinous® at the tip like that of
kermes-oak.
6 These said that on the coasting voyage which
they made from the bay of the Heroes they landed
to look for water on the mountains and so saw these
trees and the manner of collecting their gums.
‘They reported that with both trees incisions had
Kad AeldpAotov F eivar Py; AtBavouvr GAA& Tod wer Sapvoedés Kad
Aerdpuddoy elva: Ald.H. ef. Plin. 12. 57.
5 cf. 3.10.1; 3.11.3.
6 ef. Arr. Anab, 3.5.4; 7, 20.1 and 2,
? Plin, 12, 58-62, .
235
THEOPHRASTUS
Ta oTEAEYN Kal TOUS KAAOOUS, GANA TA Mev OorrEp
a a \
akivn Soxeiv teTuhoOat Tovs dé AeTTOTEpAas ExeLY
\ \ \ /
Tas évtouds: TO O€ SdkKpvovy TO mev KaTATiT TEL
n / / lal
TO 5€ Kal mpos TO Sévdpw TpocéxecOar. évvayod
a /
pev vToBeBAno Oat Widlous €x howwikwy TeTreEY-
/ > a) be \ ES A r0 , 0 \
pevas, eviayov o€ TO Edados movoy noadiclar Kat
\ s \ \ \ | Pe, n /
Kka0apov eivary Kal Tov pev éml tov Wid0ov
AMBaverov eivat Kal Kabapov Kat Siadavh, Tov S
A lod ? a /
érl THs yas HTTov: Tov 8 esl Tots Sévdpois mpoc-
/ > 7 / 7 A \ \ Leh d
exomevov atroEvey ardnpo.s, dv 6 Kal brody éviows
mpoceivat. TO O€ pos admav pepepicbat Tos
\ /
LaPaiow, TovTovs yap elvar Kupiovs, Sixatous dé
\ \ > s 2 A \ 207 A e
Ta Mpos aAAHAovs, Oe 6 Kal ovdéva THpeiv: OOev
a \ A
kal avtot Sawiras eis Ta TOA AaBovTes évbé-
aOat tod MBavwtod Kal Ths ocuvpyns épynuias
7 \ > a > ® prea. /
ovens Kal amromyev. éreyov 8 ovTot Kal TOdE
Kal épacav akovew, OTL cvvdyeTat TavTaxobev 1
4 15,6 \ > \ \ \ ne /
opupva Kat 0 ALBavwTOS Els TO LEpoOV TO TOU AtLOv:
* > 4 \ A , > t \
tovdto © elvat pev tov YaPalwv dywrtatov Sé
A \ / a /
TOAD TOV Tept TOV ToToV, THpElv 5é Twas “Apa-
Bas évorrXous' 6tav O€ Kopiowow, ExacTov cwpev-
cavTa TOV avToD Kal THY opmUpVaY Opmolws KaTA-
nN a \ n fal an
AuTrety Tois él THS huraxhs, TUévar Sé eri Tod
a \ a
cwpod TivdKtov ypadnv éxov Tov Te TAROOUS THY
\ an A a rn
HéTpOV Kal THS TYLAs hs Sel mpaPhvar TO mérpov
“d
éxaotov: Otay 6€ of Eutropot TapayévwvTal, oKO-
mety Tas ypadds, dotis & av avtois apéoxn
1 rpabjvat conj. Sch. from G; mpac@jva U; mpoobetvar P,
Ald. .
236
ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, IX. tv. 4-6
been made both in the stems and in the branches,
but that, while the stems looked as if they had
been cut with an axe, in the branches the incisions
were slighter; also that in some cases the gum
was dropping, but that in others it remained sticking
to the tree ; and that in some places mats woven of
palm-leaves were put underneath, while in some the
ground underneath was merely made level and
clean; and that the frankincense on the mats was
clear and transparent, that collected on the ground
less so; and that that which remained sticking to
the trees they scraped off with iron tools, wherefore
sometimes pieces of bark remained in it. The
whole range, they said, belongs to the portion of
the Sabaeans ; for it is under their sway, and they
are honest in their dealings with one another.
Wherefore no one keeps watch ; so that these sailors
greedily took, they said, and put on board their
ships some of the frankincense and myrrh, since
there was no one about, and sailed away. ‘They also
reported another thing which they said they had
been told, that the myrrh and frankincense are
collected from all parts into the temple of the
sun; and that this temple is the most sacred thing
which the Sabaeans of that region possess, and it is
guarded by certain Arabians in arms. And that
when they have brought it, each man piles up his
own contribution of frankincense and the myrrh
in like manner, and leaves it with those on guard ;
and on the pile he puts a tablet on which is stated
the number of measures which it contains, and the
price for which each measure should be sold}; and
that, when the merchants come, they look at the
tablets, and whichsoever pile pleases them, they
237
J
@
THEOPHRASTUS
/
peetpnoapévous tiWévat THY Tiny eis TOdTO TO
xwptov évOev dv EXwvTat, Kal TOV iepéa Tapayevo-
\ / / A nA A n
Hevov TO TpiTov pépos AaPovra THS Tims TO Ged
> fa) a \ n an 3
TO NoLTOV AUTOU KaTaXLTElY Kal TODTO GOV eivat
n / ,
Tots Kuplots, Ews av EXwvTat Tapayevouevol.
, \ an n
"AdXor 5€ Ties TO pev TOV MBavwTod Sévdpov
Y / / x a
dmotov elval pact cyiv@ Kal Tov KapTov Tais
axwiat PvAXOv O€ UTEépvOpov eivar Sé TOV ev eK
TOV véwy ALBavwTOV NEVKOTEPOY Kai dodpoTEpor,
tov & 逫 Tov TapynKuaKotev EavOotepov Kal
, \ \ an n
eVoomoTepov’ TO O€ THS ouUpYNsS SuoLtoy TH TEp-
, , ~ \ 9 / ,
piv0w, TpaxuTepoy © Kal axavOwdécTtepov, HUA-
an A \ UA
Nov O€ pLKP@ TTpoyyvAoTepor, TH Oe yevoes Sia-
lal a /
pacwpLévols Gpmorov TO THs TeppivOov: civar O€ Kal
/ /
TOUTOY TA TAPNKUAKOTA EVOT LOTEPA.
/ / an n ,
TivecOar 5é auhotepa év TS AUTO TOTM* THY dé
n F3 , lal
yv vrdpytkov Kai TAAK@Sn, Kat VdaTa myyaia
omnavia. TavTa per ody UTEevarTia TO viderPat
/ «
Kal vecOat Kat ToTapovs éEtévar’ TO 5é Tapopotov
s \ 4 a 4 7. \
elvat TO Sévdpov TH TeppivOwm Kal AdroL TiVés
, € \ \ oo f -
Néyouow, of S€ Kal Odws TéppuvOoy eivary Kopt-
nan \ / \ b ] Fe id a | an ’ /
cOhvat yap Eva pos Avtiyovoy uo Tov Apa-
Bov tov tov AMBavwTov KaTayovTor, a ovdev
/ nm n / \ 2 / a
Suéhepe THY THS TEeppivOou: mAHV OvTOL ye merfov
1 Plin. 12. 66 and 67. 2 Plin. 12. 53.
3 rAaxwdyn: lit. ‘with a crust’; so W., but the word does
not seem to occur elsewhere in this sense.
cf. 9. 4.2.
238
ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, IX. tv. 6-8
measure, and put down the price on the spot whence
they have taken the wares, and then the priest
comes and, having taken the third part of the price
for the god, leaves the rest of it where it was, and
this remains safe for the owners until they come and
claim it.
Others report that the tree which produces the
frankincense is like mastich, and its fruit is like
the fruit of that tree, but the leaf is reddish: also
that the frankincense derived from young trees is
whiter and less fragrant, while that derived from
those which have passed their prime is yellower and
more fragrant; also that the tree which produces
myrrh is like the terebinth, but rougher and more
thorny; that the leaf is somewhat rounder, and
that, if one chews it, it resembles that of the
terebinth in taste; also that of myrrh-trees too
those that are past their prime give more fragrant
myrrh.
1 Both trees, it is said, grow in the same region ;
the soil is clayey? and caked,®? and spring waters
are scarce. Now these reports are contradictory to
4that which says that the country is subject to snow
and rain and sends forth rivers. However others
make the statement ® that the tree is like the tere-
binth ; in fact some say that it is the same tree ; for
that logs of it were brought to Antigonus by the
Arabs who brought the frankincense down to the
sea, and that these did not differ at all from logs of
terebinth.° However these informants were guilty
5 7.e. the statement quoted of the myrrh-tree, §7. The
‘tree’ is here the A:Bavwrds, but these authorities did not
distinguish it from the myrrb-tree. See below.
8 rev conj. Sch.; tg UAId.
239
co
10
THEOPHRASTUS
eTEpov ayvonua Tpoonyvoovv' @ovTo yap éx Tob
avroo dévdpou TOV Te Bavaro ylweo Oar Kal TI
owupvav: duoTrep éxeivos 0 orvyos miPavarepos O
Tapa TOV WaT reve dTov é& “Hpooy TOAEWS"
érel kal TO Urép Yapoewy TepuKos Tod UBavo-
Tov dévdpoy év iep@® Tim Sadvoerdées Eyer TO PUA-
dov, ev Te bel ora0 uaobar TobTO" 0 MBaveoros S
exet, Kal o éx ToD OTENEXOUS Kal 0 é« TOY aKpe-
povor, opotas kal Th oper Kal TH oopH Oupie-
pevos TO GAXM MuBavers. mépuxe 5€ TODTO “OVOY
TO Sér8pov oddepds Tuyxdvew <Oepametas>.
"Eveot dé Aeyouow @S TAEL@V pev 0 MBaveoros
év TH ‘ApaBig yiverau, KkadrJov 5é év Tais eTTLKEL-
evans ynToLs wv émapxovaty évtad0a yap Kab
oXnMaTOT Lely emt TeV dévdpov otov dv Oédwor*
Kal Taxa TODTO ye OvK aTriMavor' evdéxerar <yap>
oTrotav av Bothovra Toveiy THY évTOMHD. cial
6 TLVES Kal peyddor opodpa TaV xYovdpar, OoT
elvat 7@ pev oyKe XerpoT An Oratous oral up dé
TEov 2 TpiTov HE pos pas. _apyos 5é Kopiferat
Tas 0 MBaveros, 6 Guovos dé TH Tpor ower provg.
THs opvpyns b€ 1 yey OTAKTI y dé ThATT.
Soxipacverar o 7 ev apueivav TH yevoet, cal
amo TAvTNS THY OM“oxXpav hapBdvovar. . Tmepl
pev ovv MBaverod Kat owupyys oxedov ToTavTa
aKnKOapEV AY pL ye TOU VOY.
1 Plin. 15, 57; ef. 16. 135.
2 8 dye: conj. W.; ditera: P,Ald.; om. H.
* Bepametas add. Sch. from G3; odSemais ruyxdveww UMAIA. ;
ov mwas tuyxdvew Po. But there is no sign of a lacuna in the
MSS., and oddeulas is probably corrupt, as W. suggests. ode
bcp. is inconsistent with 9. 4. 2.
4 wAelwv conj. W.; 7dtwv P,Ald.
240
ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, IX. tv. 8-10
of a further more important piece of ignorance ; for
they believed that the frankincense and the myrrh
were produced by the same tree. Wherefore the
account derived from those who sailed from the city
of Heroes is more to be believed; tin fact the
frankincense-tree which grows above Sardes in a
certain sacred precinct has? a leaf like that of bay, if
we may judge at all by this; and the frankincense
derived both from its stem and its branches is like
in appearance and in smell, when it is burnt as
incense, to other frankincense. This is the only
tree which can never be cultivated.®
Some say that the frankincense-tree is more
abundant‘ in Arabia, but finer in the adjacent islands °
over which the Arabians bear rule ;° for there it is
said that they mould the gum on the trees to any
shape that they please. And perhaps this is not
incredible, since it is possible to make any kind of
incision that they like. Some of the lumps? of gum
are very large, so that one is large enough in bulk to
fill the hand and in weight is more than a third of a
pound. All frankincense is gathered in the rough
and is like bark in appetrance. Myrrh ® is either
‘fluid’ ® (myrrh-oil) or ‘ solid’ (agglutinated). That
of better quality is tested by its taste, and of this
they select that which is of uniform colour... Now
of frankincense and myrrh these are about all the
facts that have come to our notice at present.
5 Plin. 12. 60.
6 érdpxovow conj. Coraés; évumdpxovor P,Ald.
7 rev xdvipwv conj. Sch.; 7G xdvdpp P,Ald.
8 i.e. here the commodity so called.
® cf. Odor. 29.
10 §uédxpwv conj. Sch.; dudxpw UM ; éudxpouv Ald.; rhv érépay
KkaTadapBavovet Po,
241
VOL, I. R
THEOPHRASTUS
V. Tlept d€ xivauepov cal xacias tade dé-
yovot' Oapvous péev audotepa TadT eivat ov
peyarous GAN AiKovS ayvou, TOAUKAAOOUS bé
Kal Evrwbeis. oray be exxopoow, OXOV TO KLVa-
[L@ |LOV Suatpety ELS TEVTE pEepn’ TOUTOY. dé TO ) Tpa-
TOV Tpos Tots Pracrois Bédriarov elval, 0 TEp-
veTat om Bapratov Y pLKp@ petCov: _ Em omevov dé
TO Sevtepor, 0 O kal TH TOMN Ear TOV" eiTa TO TpiTov
Kal TéTApTOV éaxXatov dé TO Xelpio tov TO pos
TH) pin: prouov yap eax LO TOV exeuv" XPNTLLOS
88 obtos, ob 70 Evhov du 0 Kal TO axpopues Kpa-
TLa TOV, Theta Tov yap nat Kal TOV rotor. ot
pev OUT@ AéyoUC LD.
"ArXot be Japvddes pep Kal eTL HarDOV ppu-
yavades elvat pact dvo & avtod yévn, TO pev
péay TO dé AevKov. Aéyeras bé TUS Kal pd0os
vmép avTov pvec Pat fev yap paciy € év hapayéw,
év TAUTALs Ce opers eivau ToAXovs ony wa Oavdor-
pov éxovTas, Tpos ods Ppakdpevor Tas YEelpas Kal
TOUS Todas KaTaBaivover Kal cuAEyouTW, el”
éTav eLeveynoar OuehouTes Thia pEpn draxdn-
pobvTar Tpos TOV Mov, Kal iv ay Aaxn 0 HALOS
KaTanelTova ty" aTrLovTes o evOds 0 opav pact Kato-
pévnv TavTHny’ ovTos pev oy 7 évTt pvOos.
Tay oe Kkaciav gaol Tas pev paoous TAaXv-
tépas éyewy, ivesders dé opodpa Kal ovK elvat
Tepiprevoas Ypnotpwov Sé Kal TavUTHS TOV proLOD.
1 Plin. 12. 85-94.
2 A similar tale is told of frankincense by Herodotus (3.
OS has an equally surprising tale about cinnamon
111)
242
ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, IX. v. 1-3
Of cinnamon and cassia: various accounis.
V. ! Of cinnamon and cassia the following account
is given: both are shrubs, it is said,and not of large
size, but of the same size as bushes of chaste-tree,
with many branches and woody. When they cut
down the whole cinnamon-tree, they divide it into
five parts; of these the first is that which grows
next the branches and this is the best: this is cut in
lengths a span long or a little longer; next comes
the second kind, which is cut in shorter lengths ;
then come the third and the fourth, and last the
least valuable wood, which grows next the root; for
this has least bark, and it is the bark and not the
wood which is serviceable ; wherefore the part which
grows high up the tree is the best, since it has the
most bark. Such is the account given by some.
Others say that cinnamon is shrubby or rather like
an under-shrub; and that there are two kinds, one
black, the other white. ? And there is also a tale told
about it; they say that it grows in deep glens, and
that in these there are numerous snakes which have
a deadly bite; against these they protect their
hands and feet before they go down into the glens,
and then, when they have brought up the cinnamon,
they divide it in three parts and draw lots for it with
the sun; and whatever portion falls to the lot of the
sun they leave behind; and they say that, as soon as
they leave the spot, they see this take fire. Now
this is sheer fable.
3 Cassia, they say, has stouter branches, which are
very fibrous and difficult to strip of the bark*; and
it is the bark of this tree also which is serviceable.
3 Plin. 12. 95-97.
4 repiproioa H.; repiprAcdoa: UMP,Ald. ef. de igne 72,
243
R 2
THEOPHRASTUS
e 9 / \ Loh, / e
dtav obv Téuvwot Tas padSdous, KaTaKOTTELW ws
S ny na / a
dudaKxTvAa TO phKos 1) pikp@ pelfo, radra & eis
4 / > 4
veddopov Bvpaav Katappantev eit ex TavTNS
kat tov EtN@Y onTopévMv oKwANKLA yiverOat,
, a a
& To pev Evrov KatecGier, Tod prorod S ovy
/ 4 a
anTeTAal OLA THY TLIKPOTHTA Kal SpimwvTHTAa TIS
n /
do wihs. kal Tepi wey Kacias Kal KiWapepmou
a /
TOTAUTA EYETAL.
VI. To dé BadAcapov yiverat pév év TO adAOVL
A \ , . / 5 / 7
TO Tept Yvpiav. Tapadeicouvs 8 eivai dace dvo
/ \
fovous, TOV pev boov eixoot TACO Pav Tov 8 erepov
n \ /
TOAA® €AdTTova. TO Oé Sévdpov péyeOos pev
HALKoY poa peyddn ToAVKAAdoY be odddpa:
4 \ » oe / \ 4
PvAXrov S€ Exe Gpmotov THYaY@, TAHV ExdevKoP,
> 7s \ s \ \ , n
aeipuAnrov dé elvat’ Kapmov Sé Tapopolov TH
/
TeppivOe Kal peyéGer Kal oxnpate Kal ypopate:
7A / \ a \ a /
evades opddpa Kal TOUTO Kal padXov Tod daxpvov.
To 6é ddxpuvov amo évTophns cvrAdéEeyew, évTéu-
. \ v a ¢ \ Ne 4 /
ve O€ dvv&t aLdnpois U0 TO doTpoP, bTaY “uadLo-
\
Ta Trin @ol, Kal TA oOTEAEYN Kal TA AVwW. THY
\ \ e \ / a > S
dé cvAXoyny Orov TO Oépos TrotetcMat: OvK civaL
dé mov TO péov, AAN év Huépa Tov avdpa cvARE-
\ 3
ye Soov Koyxnv' THY O oopyny diahépoveav Kal
/ v4 > \ n \ > a ,
TOXAHV, OOTE ATO puLKpOD TrorALY édixvetoat TO-
n a +
Tov. GX ov hotav évtad0a axpatov adra TO
oUVnyMéevovy KEKpapévov' TrOAAnY yap SéxecOat
1 yeddopov conj. Sch.; veddepoy P,Ald. ? Plin. 12 111-123.
3 ebGdes . . . rodvTO P,Ald.; edd5y. . . rodroy W. after Sch.’s
conj. But the clause begins without a conjunction, and some
244
ee
ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, IX. v. 3-v1. 2
When then they cut off the branches, they chop
them up into lengths of about two fingers’ breadth
or rather more, and these they sew up in raw!
hide ; and then from the leather and the decaying
wood little worms are engendered, which devour the
wood but do not touch the bark, because it is bitter
and has a pungent odour. This is all the in-
formation forthcoming about cinnamon and cassia.
Of balsam of Mecca.
VI. ? Balsam of Mecca grows in the valley of
Syria. They say that there are only two parks in
which it grows, one of about four acres, the other
much smaller. The tree is as tall as a good-sized
pomegranate and is much branched; it has a leaf
like that of rue, but it is pale; and it is evergreen ;
the fruit is like that of the terebinth, in size shape
and colour, and this too is very fragrant,? indeed
more so than the gum.
*The gum, they say, is collected by making
incisions, which is done with bent pieces of iron at
the time of the Dog-star, when there is scorching
heat ; and the incisions are made both in the trunks
and in the upper parts of the tree. The collecting
goes on throughout the summer; but the quantity
which flows is not large ; in a day a single man can
collect a shell-full®; the fragrance is exceeding
great and rich, so that that which comes from a small
amount is perceived for a wide distance. However
it does not reach usina pure state ; what is collected
is mixed with other things; for it mixes freely with
words about the flower may have dropped out, to which this
clause refers ; cf. however Odor. 32.
* Diose. 1, 19, 5 Plin. 12. 117.
245
THEOPHRASTUS
a \ a 2
Kpacw: Kal To év tH ‘EAAdOL ToAdAdKIS eEivat
, + \ / \ \ i /
Kexpapévov' evoopa d€ ofodpa Kai Ta paPdia:
4 n ,
kabaipev yap Kal TOvde Evexa Kai Tov d:apdpov:
a \ , \ \ 4 / \
TorcloOar <yap> Tiwia. Kal THY épyaciay THY
\ fal /
Tept Ta Sévdpa oyedov ev TavTH aitia eivas Kal
/ n . ,
Thv Bpoynv: BpéyecOar yap cuvexa@s. cuvattiav
be 8 nw 3 n \ 4 / \ bé 8
é Soxety elvar Tod wn peydra yiveoOas Ta Sévdpa
\ \ al e / / \ \ \ /
kal THY TOY paBdioy Toujv. Sua yap TO TOANG-
> / gle 4 > / \ > > a
Kis émrixetperOar paBdous adiévat Kat ovK els Ev
\ ¢
CKTELVELY THY OPLNDY.
+ be Oe > / i) a /
Ayptov 6é ovdév eivat Baroapov ovdapod: yi-
a / /
veoOar 5é éx mév TOD peifovos mapadeicou ayyei-
dua O@dexa Goov Hpryoaia, éx 5é Tod érépov SdvoO
/ a ‘al be \ \ ” 8 \
poovov' Ta@XElLcVal O€ TO MEV AKPATOV OLS TPOS
> / \ 2.) of \ / i] / \
apyvpiov TO 8 adAXo KaTa NOyor THs pisews: Kal
fal / \
TovTO pev Stadépov te haivetar Kata THY evoo-
/
piav.
€ a
VII. ‘O &€ Kaddapos yivetar Kal 0 cyxotvos UTEp-
/ a
BddXovte tov AtBavov petaed tod te AtBdvov
a a /
Kal adXov TLVOS OpoUsS pLKPOD Ev TH advAWVITKH
, yh Eee. s n> , c
TOUT@, Kal ovy ws TLVés hace TOD AvTiALBavou' oO
yap ’AvtiriBavos paKpav améyes tod AtBavou
Kai petaéd tovTay éotiv dv avAOVA KaNodGL TeE-
/ \ \ , e/ ASF se / nh de 3
Siov ToAv Kal Kadov. Srrov Sé 6 Kaddapos Kal Oo
axoivos pvetas rAimyn peyaddn TUYyydVEL, TpOS
na lal 7
TavTny dé év TO Eder TO aveEnpappéve TepvKace’
1 tov I conj.; trod MSS. G’s rendering shews that the
explanation of the ‘ different reason’ (i.e. to strengthen the
tree) has dropped out of our texts. 2 yap add. Sch.
246
ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, IX. vi. 2-vu. 1x
other things; and what is known in Hellas is
generally mixed with something else. The boughs
are also very fragrant. In fact it is on account of
these boughs, they say, that the tree is pruned (as
well as for a different reason'), since? the boughs
cut off can be sold for a good price. In fact the
culture of the trees has the same motive® as the
irrigation (for they are constantly irrigated). And
the cutting of the boughs seems likewise to be
partly the reason why the trees do not grow tall;
for, since they are often cut about, they send out
branches instead of putting out all their energy in
one direction.
Balsam is said not to grow wild anywhere. From
the larger park are obtained twelve vessels con-
taining each about three pints, from the other only
two such vessels; the pure gum sells for twice its
weight in silver, the mixed sort at a price propor-
tionate to its purity. Balsam then appears to be of
exceptional fragrance.
Of other aromatic plants—all oriental, except the iris.
VII. 4 Sweet-flag and ginger-grass grow beyond
the Libanus between that range and another small
range, in the depression thus formed ; and not, as
some say, between Libanus and Anti-Libanus. For
Anti-Libanus is a long way from Libanus, and
between them is a wide fair plain called ‘The
Valley.’ But, where the sweet-flag and ginger-
grass grow, there is a large lake,> and they grow
near it in the dried up marshes, covering an extent
3 The ‘motive’ is the production of boughs. év tairh
aitla I conj.; tavtny aitlay UMP,Ald.; év radrn airig conj. W.
4 Plin. 12. 104 and 105. 5 cf. CP, 6. 18. 2.
247
bo
THEOPHRASTUS
ToTOv dé éyovot mAélov i) 7 LAKOVTA OTAOLMD.
ov dfovor b€ xXdwpol adr EnpavOévres, 7h
mpocower Se ovdev _Stapépover TOV dddov" €io-
Barrovts & eis tov Tomov evOds oop TpoOC-
Banrnreu* od pay TOppwTEepo ye 7 am oTrvON) yiverat,
calamep tives pact, Tals T poo Pepopevars vaval
Tpos THY Xopar: Kal yap. 0 TOTrOs OUTOS amo
Pararrns aTrexer TAelous 7 éxaTov TEVTHKOVTA
aradious: GX’ év TH "ApaBia thy amomvonv
elvai pace THY amo THs YO pas eto pov.
"Ey pev ovv Zupia TA TWEPLTTA TH OTMH axedov
TavT éotiv: yap xarBavn- Baptrepov Kal par-
Rov papparddes: émel Kat arn ryiverau rept
Lupiav ex TOD TAVAKOUS Kahoupevou. Ta O€ ddAXa
mavTa Ta eVoopa ols mpos TA dpopara YPOVTAL,
TQ [ev e€ "Tvddv Komiterar KaKelev € emt Oddarray
KaTaméumerat, Ta & é& ‘ApaBias, otov Tpos TO
KWALO Le Kal TH Kacta, Kal K@MAKOV ETEpOV
elvat TO e@paKov KapT ov" TO 8 érepov Tapapic--
youow els Ta omovoaorata Tov pvpov. TO 6€
Kapodpwopmov Kal duopov oi pev éx« Mnéeias, ot &
é& “Ivdav cal tadta Kal thy vdpdSov Kal Ta adda
TQ THEO Ta.
Ols pev ou €is TA apopaTa ypavTaL oyedov
Tabe otis Kaclia Kivdmuwmov Kapod wa pov vapdos
vaipov Barcapoyv domanrabos otipak ipis vdptn
1 od« 8Covor conj. Guilandinus, cf. O.P. 6. 14. 8; od doxotar
P,Ald.H.
2 cf. C.P. 6.18.1. tay tAAwy: sc. kadduwv cal cxolver.
3 rpoopepomevats vavol mpds conj. Scal.; mpood. elva: rpds P,
4 of. 9. 9. 2n. ‘The plant,’ z.e. one of the plants so called.
5 Plin. 12. 135; ef. 13. 18,
248
ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, IX. vu. 1-3
of more than thirty furlongs. They have no
fragrance! when they are green, but only when
they are dried, and in appearance they do not
differ 2 from ordinary reeds and rushes; but, as
you approach the spot, immediately a sweet smell
strikes you. However it is not true, as some say,
that the fragrance is wafted to ships approaching ®
the country; for indeed this district is more than
150 furlongs from the sea. However it is said
that in Arabia the breezes wafted from the land
are fragrant.
Such then are the plants in Syria which have
remarkable fragrance. For that of khalbane is more
oppressive and somewhat medicinal; ‘for this perfume
also is produced in Syria from the plant called all-
heal. As to all the other fragrant plants used for
aromatic odours, they come partly from India
whence they are sent over sea, and partly from
Arabia, for instance, komakon®—as well as cinnamon
and cassia. The fruit called komakon is said to be
distinct ® from this; the komakon of which we
are speaking is a perfume which they mix with the
choicest unguents. Cardamom and Nepaul cardamom
some say come from Media; others say that these
come from India, as well as spikenard and most, if
not all, of the other species.
Now this is a general list of the plants used for
perfumes :—cassia cinnamon cardamom spikenard
nairon balsam of Mecca aspalathos storax iris narte
6 eivos has no government, and W. considers the passage
corrupt. Comparison of Plin. /.c. suggests that the original
text may have been something like this: 7d kéuaxov naprdv
bv: Tov 5€ xuvAdv k.T.A., 7.€. ‘komakon is of different character
from these, being a fruit, whose juice—.’ Plin. valls «, a kind
of cinnamon,
249
THEOPHRASTUS
KOTTOS TAVAKES KpOKOS oLUpVAa KUTELPOV a KOIVOS
KadNaMOS GudpaKov AwTOs avvNTOS. Tov’TwY be TA
pev pifac ta Sé drorol Ta Sé KrABVES Ta be Evra
Ta d€ omépuata Ta Oé Saxpva Ta Sé aVOn. Kal
Ta Mev TOAAAXOD yiveTat, TA Oé Tep_TTOTATA Kal
evodmotata mavra éx tHs “Acias Kal é« Tov
areewav TOTMV. €k yap avThs Evpemns ovdév
eat &&@ Ths ipsoos.
Aitn 8 apiorn év “Idduptois, od« ev TH pos
OdrattTav Yopa, aA» év TH avaKkexwpnkvia Ket-
pévn S€ wadXov mpos apxTov. Toto Sé TOT@Y
Siadépovow év ols aucivov: épyacia bé Tepi av-
THY ovdELia TANV TOD TrepiKaOnpavTa avaknpavat.
Ta yap év tH Opaxn dvopeva pribia, cabarrep
TO TE TH VaPS@ TpocEeueph THY dopnvy Exov Kal
éTep ATTA, pixpadv Twa Kal acbevh THY evwdtav
eyel. Kal TEepl Mev TOV EvOT MOV ert TOTOUTOV
eipnabw.
VIII. Ilept 88 tov ora@v bca pn TpoTepor éi-
pytat, Neyo © obov el tives hapwax@ders 7) Kat
ddras @yovor Suvapes, Terpatéov opoiws eltrety
dpa Se Kal rept pilav, kal yap TOY OTaV TivES Ex
TovTwY Kal ywpis avTal Kal’ avTas ToAXAS Kal
mavtolas éxyovat duvapets, ON@s O€ Tepl TavT@V
happaxwddar, olov Kaprovd xuALopod HUARD pt-
Cav moas: Kadodar yap Kai Toav éia Tov pap-
pakwbdav ot prfoTomot.
1 of. C.P. 6. 14. 83 6.18.12; Plin. 21. 40.
2 See Index App. (25).
250
ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, IX, vu. 3-vu. 1
kostos all-heal saffron-crocus myrrh kypeiron ginger-
grass sweet-flag sweet marjoram Jo/os dill. Of these
it is the roots, bark, branches, wood, seeds, gum or
flowers which in different cases yield the perfume.
Some of them grow in many places, but the most
excellent and most fragrant all come from Asia and
sunny regions. From Europe itself comes none of
them except the iris.
1This is best in Illyria, not in the part near the
sea, but in that which is further inland and lies
more to the north. In different districts it varies
in quality ; no special attention is needed, except to
scrape the roots clean and dry them.
As for the roots which grow in Thrace, such
as one? which has a smell like spikenard and
certain others, their fragrance is but slight and
feeble. Let this suffice for an account of sweet-
smelling plants.
Of the medicinal juices of plants and the collection of them:
general account.
VIII. Now we must endeavour to speak in like
manner of those juices which have not been
mentioned already, I mean, such as are medicinal
or have other properties; and at the same time
we must speak of roots; for some of the juices are
derived from roots, and apart from that roots have
in themselves divers properties of all kinds; and
in general we must discuss medicinal things of all
kinds, as fruit, extracted juice,* leaves, roots, ‘ herbs’ ;
for the herb-diggers call some medicinal things by
this name.
3 xvAtouod P,Ald.H ; cavdod conj. W. The list is of the
aspects in which the herbalist would regard the plant, not of
the parts of the plant.
251
THEOPHRASTUS
a A /
Tav 8€ prt@v mretous pév eiow ai Suvdpes Kal
\ , a \ / ec
mpos reiw: Entodvta 5é pardiota ai dappya-
, a
Kwders Os YpnoipmeTatat, Stadépoveat TH TE MH
\ \ a na a
Tpos TaUTA Kal TO pun ev Tois avTois exe THY
4 a al
Sivamw. os © odv éml wav ai wrelorar pen ev
avtais €yovot Kal Tois Kaptots Kal Tois dmois,
evar O€ Kai év Tols PvAXOLS* TAS 5é duvAN@SELS
Py / \ \ \ / a ef
vvdpes TAS TONAAS OYEdOY TrOaS KAXODEL, Bo-
TEP ElpNTAL MLKP@® TpOTEpoy, ot prloTopmot.
7 a 4
‘O pev ody Omriamos yiverat TOY omifopévav os
érl TO TOAD TOD Oépous, THY pev Evia Tapévou TOV
‘ / id \- / / /
dé mpoehmrvOor0s. % O€ peoropia yiverat TiveY
Kal v7ro Tmuporomiay Kal pox pp Tporepov, ov pony
GaXN } ye TAciwv TOD peTom@pou Mer “Aperodpor,
édtav guddoppojcacw, dowv 5é Kal 0 KapTros
n /
XpHotwos, STav apepOdor Tov KapTov. Eats Sé 6
\ \ a a
OTL MOS 7) ATO TOV KAVAOY, OaTEep TOD TLOVLAA-
A a /
Nou Kal THs Opidakivns Kal oyedov TOV TELA TOY,
\ an n n n
) ato TOV pildv, } TplTov aTd Ths Keharhs, Bomep
n a?
THS MNK@VOS' TAUTNS yap moVvns OUTw Kal TOUT
n lal > \
idvov avTHS. TOV wey odV Kal avTOMATOS O OTFOS
1 From this point to 9. 19. 4, yiverOu, the text is repeated
in U, with considerable variations, as a tenth book. Ald.
also repeats the first few lines of this passage (down to end
of §1) as a fragment of a tenth book. The two Medicean
MSS also repeat 9. 8. 1, trav Se pilav, down to 9. 10, 3,
BéAtioto: Se Kal ois, as part of a tenth book. The ‘tenth
book ’ readings in each case are distinguished by a *.
2 pilav: pita signifies a medicinal plant in general (cf.
piCdrouor) as well as ‘root’; the double sense makes transla-
tion of this section awkward ; I print it ‘root’ where it has
the wider sense.
252
ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, IX. vu. 1-2
1'The properties of ‘ roots’ 2? are numerous and they
_have numerous uses; but those which have medicinal
virtues are especially sought after, as being the most
useful ; and they differ in not all being applied to
the same ® purposes and in not all having their virtue
in the same parts of them.*. To speak generally,
most ‘roots’ have it in themselves®; or else it is
found in the fruits or the juices of the plant; and in
some cases in the leaves as well, and it is to the
virtues of the leaves in most cases that the herb-
diggers refer, when they speak, as has just been
said,® of ‘ herbs.’
The collection of the juice from plants from which
it is collected is mostly done in summer, in some
cases at the beginning of that season, in others when
it is well advanced. The digging of roots is done in
some cases at the time of wheat-harvest or a little
earlier, but the greater part of it in autumn after the
rising of Arcturus when the plants have shed their
leaves, and, in the case of those whose fruit is
serviceable, when they have lost their fruit. The
collection of juice is made either from the stalks,’ as
with tithymallos (spurge) wild lettuce and the majority
of plants, or from the roots, or thirdly from the head,
as in the case of the poppy ; for this is the only plant
which is so treated § and this is its peculiarity. In
some plants-the juice collects of its own accord in
3 raira conj. Scal. from G; ratra Ald.
4 After dSivauw U*Ald.* add éamep etpnta: pixp® mpdtepoy ;
omitted here by Sch.: see below. 5 Sc. in the roots.
6 Scmep... mpdrepoy inserted here by Sch.: see above;
omep elpntrar Ald.
7 gavaav Vin, Vo.Cod.Cas.: so also G; naprév Ald. HM*.
8 udvns orm Kal conj. W.; wdvns nat Ald.H; pdvoy ottw
kat M*,
253
THEOPHRASTUS
cuviaTatat Sakpue@dns Tis, BoTEP Kal THs Tpaya-
/ 0 - \ Oe / > - “ be
Kavons: tavTny yap oveée Témve éoTi* TaD
/ > \ a > 2 a ® eT \ aR
TrELoToY ao THS évTo“Hs. wv évious pev EevOdS
a \ n
eis ayyela cuvayovew, @oTrep Kal TOV TOU TLOV-
a \
peddrXovu 7) pNnKe@viov, Kadovar yap apdhortépas, Kal
e n od / / n \ \ /
aTAS Goa TOVOTTA TUyYXdvEL’ TMV SE f1) TOAVO-
bets / A \ a ‘a PS ,
Tov épio AauBdvovew @oTep Kal THS Opidaxivys.
> \ /
*Eviev & ov8 omicpos adr olov yudAtopos
5] 4 4 U4 x / \ i) ,
éoTiv, WoTTEp boa KOarTes 7} TpiivayTes Kai Ddwp
a \ /
emuyéavtes amndovor kal AapBavover THy vTo0-
an e \
aotacw: Enpos 5é SfAXov Ste Kal EXa4TT@V O YUAOS
a a \
TovTov. aT dé TOV wev AArov pil@v TO YUALC-
n n n 7 \
wa acbevéctepov Tod Kaptrod, Tov Kewvelov Oé
ioxupotepov, Kal THY aTadrNaynVY paw Tote? Kal
/
OdtTw pixpov tmavu Katatrotiov Sobév: évepyo-
be \ > \ ” / > \ \
TEpov O€ Kal els Tas AXNaS XpElas. toyupor 5é
Kal TO THS Oawias. ta bé adda Tavta acbevé-
> a
OTEpA. Ol fev OY OTTLG MOL aYEdOY TOTAUTAXOS
ylvovTat.
n \ e /
Tis 5é prSotopias ovK Eote ToravTn Siapopa
\ > a WA
TAHV €v Tais wpats oloy Oépous 7) weTOT@poL, Kal
fal / xX a n fal
TO Taobe 7) Tdode THY pifav: olov Tod éAXeBopou
\ / \ \ al
TaS KATW TAS NeTTTAS* THY yap dvw THY Taxelav
\ / a
Thv Keparwdn dacly ayxpeiov eivar Kal Siddvat
1 ef. Diose. 2. 136 ; Plin. 20. 58.
? cf. Diose. 3. 7.
3 fdw conj. Sch.; pao U; patios M*Ald.
254
ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, IX. vim. 2-4
the form of a sort of gum, as with tragacanth ; for
incision of this plant cannot be made; but in most it
is obtained by incision. In some cases the juice is
collected straight into vessels, for instance that of
tithymallos (spurge) or mekonion (for the plant has both
names) and in general the juice of specially juicy
plants is so collected. But that of those which do
not yield abundant juice is taken with a piece of wool,
as also that of wild lettuce.!
2In some cases there can be no collection of juice,
but there is a sort of extraction of it, for instance in
the case of plants which are cut down or bruised ;
they then pour water over them and strain off the
fluid, keeping the sediment ; but it is plain that in
these cases the juice obtained is dry and less copious.
In most ‘roots’ the juice thus extracted is less
powerful than that of the fruit, but in hemlock it is
stronger and it causes an easier? and speedier * death
even when administered in a quite small pill; and it
is also more effective for other uses, °That of thapsza
is also powerful, while all the rest areless so. Such
then is a general account of the various ways of
obtaining the juices of plants.
Of the cutting of roots for medicinal purposes, and of certain
superstitions connected therewith.
As to cutting of the roots there is no such
diversity of practice, except as to the season, which
may be summer or autumn, and as to the particular
roots selected. ® Thus in hellebore the slender lower
roots are taken, for they say that the thick upper
part’ which forms a sort of head is useless, and that
4 @d77w conj. Sch.; éAdrtrw UM; Oarrov UF M* Ald.
5 of. Plin, 13. 125. 6 Plin. 25. 53. ? «.e. rhizome.
255
oO
ao
THEOPHRASTUS
Tais Kvaw btav Bovr\wvtar Kabaipev. Kal éd
2 Rew / 4 / 4,
étépwv 5€ Tivwv ToravTas réyovor Stahopas.
lal /
"Ett 5€ doa of happaxoTadXar Kal oi prloTopor
\ \ / fa)
Ta pev lows oixeiws TA Oé Kal émiTpaywdodv TEs
/
Aéyouot. KEedXeVOVTL Yap Tas pey KAT dVvEpov
a , A
loTapévous Téuvewv, WaoTrep ETépas TE TLVaS Kal
\ / , \ \ n
Tv Oaryiav, adeufduevov Rita: TO yap Toya
> a 7X bs > 7 + ed \ \ na
avowetv éav €& évaytias. Kat’ dvepov dé cal Tod
/ \ \ / > \ \ /
Kuvoo Batov TOV KapTov cuAéyeELY, Ef Sé pr) Kiv-
duvoy eivar Tov OfOarpov. Tas bé viKTwP Tas
be Ale e / y de \ \ ar b] 4
é€ pel” repay, évias 5é ply Tov HrALov émuBar-
New, olov Kab TO KaXovpevov KAUpEVOP.
\ an
Kai tatta pév xal ta TrapatAnoia TovTOLS
Rey ol > > 7 / / > a
TaX Gv OUK adXAoTpios Sokevey Aéyerv’ emricwvels
/ e / b] / 7 4
yap Tier ai duvapes: éEartev yap pacw wc-
: a \ / > \ c /
wep Top Kal KaTaKkaie* émel Kal o €AdEéBoOpos
Taxv KxapnBapely trove?, Kal ov Stivavtat Todvy
/ /
xpovov opuTrewv, d 5 Kal mpoecBiovar cKopoda
\ BA > / > \ \ A
Kal AKpaTOV éETLTIVOVoOLV. ANAA TA ToOLAUTA
v4 ,
@omep éTibeta Kal Toppwber, olov THY TraLwviar,
e \ : / a , VA
ot O€ yAuvKvcidny Kadodol, vVUKTwMP KEedAEvOVTOW
> v4 7\ \ c / 5 a n e \
OpuTTEW: ay yap nuépas Kal OfOF Tis WTO Spvo-
KONaTTOV TOV pey KApTOY aTrohéywv KiVduvEveLy
na ? val \ \ cs / > /
Tois OpOarpols, THv dé pilav Téuvov éxrimrery
\
THY €Opar.
1 &ri 8& boa conj. Sch. from G 3 @r 8 &s U*; eri Se ds Ald.
H ; éors 8 &s M*.
256
ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, IX. vin. 4-6
it is only given to dogs when it is desired to purge
them. And in certain other plants also such
differences are mentioned.
Further we may ! add statements made by druggists
and herb-diggers, which in some cases may be to
the point, but in others contain exaggeration. Thus
they enjoin that in cutting some roots one should
stand to windward,—for instance, in cutting thapsia
among others, and that one should first anoint
oneself with oil,? for that one’s body will swell up
if one stands the other way. Also that the fruit
of the wild rose must be gathered standing to wind-
ward, since otherwise there is danger to the eyes.
Also that some roots should be gathered at night,
others by day, and some before the sun strikes
on them, for instance those of the plant called
honeysuckle.®
These and similar remarks may well seem to be
not off the point, for the properties of these plants
are hurtful ; they take hold, it is said, like fire and
burn; ‘for hellebore too soon makes the head heavy,
and men cannot go on digging it up for long; where-
fore they first eat garlic and take a draught of neat
wine therewith. On the other hand the following
ideas may be considered far-fetched and irrelevant ;
5for instance they say that the peony, which some
eall glykyside, should be dug up at night, for, if a man
does it in the day-time and is observed by a wood-
pecker while he is gathering the fruit, he risks the
loss of his eyesight; and, if he is cutting the root at
the time, he gets prolapsus ani.
2 Plin. 13. 124; Diose. 4. 153.
8 of. 9, 18. 6. 4 Plin, 25. 50.
5 Plin. 27. 85; 25. 29.
257
VOL. IT. 8
7
Qo.
THEOPHRASTUS
PurdttecOar S€ Kal THY KevTavpioa TéuvovTA
TpLopYNY, OTws av aTpwTos aTéAOn. Kal Gddas
/ Mak \ a 3 , / > \
dé Tuas aitias. TO 0° érevyopevoy Témveiy ovdev
lows atoTrov' GAN él TL Kal AXO TpocTiPeacw,
a eA \ / q~-9 / 4
olov Otay TO TavaKes TO AoKkdnTrietoy KaXovpEVoOV"
’ / \ an A , \
avTeuBarrgev yap TH YR TayKapriav <Kai>
a ef \ \ , /
perTTovTav: Otay Oé€ THY Eto, Tpinvov pedT-
/ \
Tovtas avrTeuBarrew picOovr Téuvew O€ audnKer
Eider meprypdavta eis Tpis* Kal OTL dv TpaTov
a / ” wa bd WA RAG /
TunOn peTéwpov Eye €i0’ oTw TO ETEpoy TéuvELY.
Kai adra 6é toradta TrEiw. Teprypadew é
\ \ 5 , > \ / / be
Kal Tov pavdpayopav ets tpis Eider, Téuvew oe
\ e / / a ] 4 4
mpos éomépav Brérrovta. Tov & €EtEpov KUKAw
a a \
meplopxetoOar Kal eye WS TAELoTA Trepl ad-
podiciwy. TodTo & Gmoioy Eoike TH TeEpt TOV
4 , \ \ / ud
Kupivov Aeyouev@m KaTAa THY BrAacdnutav OTav
omeipwot. mepiypadpew dé Kal tov é€dAdEBopov
Tov pédava Kal Téuvery toTapevoy Tpos Ew Kal
/ > \ \ / \ >
KaTevxomevov' aeTov O€ gvddttecPar Kal éx
n \ 5 b] n , \ 9S a
SeEras Kal é& dpiotepas: Kivdvvoy yap elvat Tots
\ / oo /
TELLVOUGLY, EdVTTEp EyYUS ETLYEVHTAL 0 AETOS, aTrO-
1 Plin. 25. 69 adds that this plant was therefore also called
Tplopxis. ef. Diose. 4, 162.
2 nal... airtas U*M*; 2? nad 4AAa 5€ ToLadTa W.
® Plin. 25. 30 and 31.
258
ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, IX. vu. 7-8
It is also said that, while cutting feverwort! one
must beware of the buzzard-hawk, if one wishes to
come off unhurt; and other reasons for caution ?
are also given. That one should be bidden to pray
while cutting is not perhaps unreasonable, but the
additions made to this injunction are absurd ; for
instance as to cutting the kind of all-heal which is
called that of Asklepios ; for then it is said that one
should put in the ground in its place an offering
made of all kinds of fruits anda cake ; and that, when
one is cutting gladwyn,* one should put in its place
to pay for it cakes of meal from spring-sown wheat,°
and that one should cut it with a two-edged sword,
first making a circle round it three times,® and that
the piece first cut must be held up in the air while
the rest is being cut.
And many similar notions are mentioned. Thus
it is said that one should draw three circles
round mandrake with a sword, and cut it with
one’s face towards the west; and at the cutting
of the second piece one should dance round the
plant and say as many things as possible about the
mysteries of love. (This seems to be like the
direction given about cummin,’ that one should utter
curses at the time of sowing.) One should also, it is
said, draw a circle round the black hellebore and
cut it standing towards the east and saying prayers,
and one should look out for an eagle both on the
right and on the left; for that there is danger to
those that cut, if your eagle should come near, that
4 cf. Plin. 21.42, who read ipw. ef. Diosc, 4, 22, where éupis
is called a kind of 7pis ; so also Plin. 21. 142.
5 rpyunvov conj. Salm.; tprunvovs M*Ald.H.
8 rpls conj. Sch.; tpe?ts U*M*P,Ald. So also in next section.
? of. 7. 3. 3.
259
s 2
i)
THEOPHRASTUS
> .: ‘
Ovnokev €viavT@. TavTa pev ovv émibérors
> n
EoLKEV, WOTTEP elpyTat. TpoTrot © ovK eiol TeV
prfotopey THY ods El TOMeED.
IX. "Eore 6é, @oTEp EEX ON, TOV yey mavra
XPT wa Kal pita Kal 0 KApTros Kal oO o708,
OomeEp adddov Te Kal TOU mavanous® Tov oe y}
piSa Kal o O77 0s, olov THs TKappovias Kal TOU
KuKrapivou Kab THS Oarpias Kal ETeponv, kadamep
Kal TOU pavdparyopou" Tov yap jeavdparyopou TO
purrov XPNT LOY elvai pace T pos Ta EXKN MET
arpitou, THv O€ pifav Tpos épuolme)has Eva deiody
Te Kal ) OF eu devdeioay Kal Tpos TA modaypiKa Kal
™pos Umvov Kal Tpos pirrpa: didoace o év olv@
i) OF" TEmVOUTT dé TpoxtaKous aomep papavidos
pai évelpavTes vmép yAevKous expéuacayv én
KaTVO.
‘O 88 ere Bopos emt TavTa TH Te pity Kal TO
KapT@ XPNTLMLOS, elmrep ov év "Avtixdpa, xabdmep
daci, TO Kapr@ Ka0aipovow &yer b€ <TOv>
onoapody ToUTOD.
— Wheto be Kal TOU TAVAKOUS Ta XpyoLwa Kat ov
TAVTA TPOS TA aura GAN’ Oo pev KapTos 7 pos. Tas
éFauBrooes Kal Tas ducoupias, 6 6€ 670s 7
xarBavn Kahovpevn Tpos TE Tas eEapBrooes
Kal ™ pos TQ omdo para Kal Tous TOLOVTOUS
movous, éTt O€ Tpos TA WTA Kal TAS hwvackKias’
1 gdvmep eyyds emvyévnra conj. W.; éav dé 6 eyyis wh Groréuvn
6 aétds aroOvjaxe: éviavrg UMAId. Similar confusion with
variations in U*M*PP,: restoration a makeshift. ef. Plin.
25. 50. 2°953. 1,
3 Diose. 4. 75; Plin. 26. 104 and 121.
4 cf. 9. 12. 1,
260
ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, IX. vin, 8-1x,. 2
they may die ! within the year. These notions then
seem to be irrelevant, as has been said. There are
however no methods of root-cutting besides those
which we have mentioned.
Of the medicinal uses of divers parts of plants.
IX. As was said,? of some plants the root, fruit and
juice are all serviceable, as of all-heal among others ;
of some the root and the juice, as of scammony ®
cyclamen thapsia and others, such as mandrake ; for
the leaf of this, they say, used with meal, is useful
for wounds, and the root for erysipelas, when scraped
and steeped in vinegar, and also for gout, for sleep-
lessness, and for love potions. It is administered in
wine or vinegar; they cut little balls of it, as of#
radishes, and making a string of them hang them up
in the smoke over must.
5Of hellebore both root and fruit are useful for
the same purposes,°—if it is true, as is said, that
the people of Anticyra use the fruit as a purge;
this fruit contains the well-known’ drug called
sesamodes.
Various parts of all-heal are also useful, and not all
for the same purposes ; the fruit is used in cases of
miscarriage and for disorders of the bladder, while
the juice,® which is called khalbane, is used in cases
of miscarriage and also for sprains and_ such-like
troubles; also for the ears, and to strengthen the
5 Diosc. 4. 108, 109 and 162.
§ ravra conj. Sch. from G; tadta U*M* Ald.
? I have inserted tov, ef. 9. 14.4; Plin. 22. 133 ; 25. 52 and
64; Diose. /.c. The drug was actually called onoauoedés or
onoauoedys. For the sense of rodror cf. 3. 7. 3; 3. 8. 3 and reff.
8 This seems to be a mistake. cf. 9. 7. 2; Diose. 3. 83;
Plin, 12, 126,
261
THEOPHRASTUS
H be pia Tpos TE TOUS TOKOUS al ra yuvarceta
Kal pos vmoluytov pucas: xpnoiun dé Kal pos
TO iptvov pipov Sua THY evodiav: io XUpoTepov bé
TO om Eppa THS pins. yiveras dé mepi Yuvpiav
Kal TéuveTat TreEpt TUPAaynTov.
Tob dé KuKhapivov ” wey pita mMpos TE TAS
exTrUI TELS TOY preypovay Kal mpoaberov yuvargi
Kat mpos Ta EXKy ev pereTee o 6é omros T pos Tas
amo Keharts cabdpoess € év perere eyyedpevos, Kal
mpos TO meOvoKe, eav év olv@ diaBpéxov 6166
TS Trively. dryaOnv dé THY pitav kab axutdxvor
Teplam TOV | Kal els pirtpa: Grav Sé opvgwat, KaTa-
Kalovow eit oivep devoartes TPOXLTKOUS TOLOVG LY,
WOE TAS. Tpuyos 7 pumropeba..
Kai tod otxvov be TOU aypiou THY péev pifav
<m pos> ardovs Kal opas Booknpatov TO O€
onépua xvrcoOev rovet TO é€XaTHpLOV. aUAXE-
yerat O€ TOD POworapov TOTE yap Ber LoTov.
Tis dé Xapaispvos Ta pev purra m™pos Ta
pryypara Kal Tpos TA Tpavpara év erat TpuBo-
peva Kal Tpos TA vEewopmeva Eden rov 8é Kapmov
cabatpew yon" arya ov be Kal opbaryois: ™ pos
dé Ta dpyeua Tpog dryer TO pudrov Tpipavra év
EXaiw. yer dé pvAXa pev oldmep Spis, TO Se
avaoTnwa THS GANS Ocov omiBaptaioy: evoorpov
dé kal HOv.
To péev otv pn pds Tav’Td TavTa Ta pépy
XpHotua Tuyyavew ovK tows atoTov:.To bé THs
1 éxmuhoes conj. Coraés from Plin. 26. 120, eruptiones ;
éxavevoers M* Ald.
2 Diosc. 2. 164; Plin. 25. 133; 26. 149.
3 cf. Plin. 23. 63,
262
ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, IX. 1x. 2-5
voice. The root is used in childbirth, for diseases
of women, and for flatulence in beasts of burden.
It is also useful in making the iris-perfume because
of its fragrance; but the seed is stronger than the
root. It grows in Syria and is cut at the time of
wheat-harvest.
Of cyclamen the root is used for suppurating !
boils ; also as a pessary for women and, mixed with
honey, for dressing wounds; the juice for purgings
of the head,? for which purpose it is mixed with
honey and poured in; it also conduces to drunken-
ness, if one is given a draught of wine in which it
has been steeped. They say also that the root is a
good charm for inducing rapid delivery and as a love
potion; ?when they have dug it up, they burn it,
and then, having steeped the ashes in wine, make
little balls like those made of wine-lees which we
use as soap.
4 Of‘ wild cucumber ’ (squirting cucumber) the root
is used for® white leprosy and for mange in sheep,
while the extracted juice makes the drug called
‘the driver.’® It is collected in autumn, for then it
is best.
Of germander the leaves pounded up in olive-oil
are used for fractures and wounds and for spreading
sores ; the fruit purges bile, and is good also for the
eyes ; for ulcers’ in the eye they pound up the leaf
in olive-oil before applying it. It has leaves like
the oak, but its entire growth is only about a palm
high ; and it is sweet both to smell and taste.
Now that all parts are not serviceable for the
same purpose is perhaps not strange; it is more
4 Diosc. 4. 150; Plin. 20.3. _ ® mpds add. St.
8 of. 9. 14. 1 and 2, 7 of. 7.6.2; Diosc.3..98.
263
THEOPHRASTUS
> nm e7 \ \ v \ ‘ / /
adThs pitns TO pev av@a TO b€ KdtTw KaSaipew
Oavpaciotepov, olov Kal THs Oarias Kal Tis
> / e 7.) SV a \ na ,
iaxaoos, of & amiov Kadovat, Kai THs ABavwTi-
dos' OTt yap av Kai KaTw Kal avw TavTa SvvaTat
, / \ / > \ ”
[xaPatpey |, cabamep To éXaTHpLov, OVOev ATOTOY.
"Eyer 5€ 9 Oalia Pidrdrov pév Guoiov TO
papabe@ mrAnv TWAaTUTEpOY KavArOV bé vapOnKedy
pilav dé Neve.
‘H & ioyas 4 arios PUANOV pev exer TN-
yavodes Bpayd Kxavrovs 8 émuyelous tpeis 4)
, c/ \ Y ar) , \
Téttapas pifav 8é olavtep 0 aaddderos mAHV
Aetruplodyn: ire? S€ dpewwa ywpia Kal Koyda-
Koon. auArAréeyeTat Sé TOD pos. TOUTO ev
ovv idtov TOV eipnuévov. |
X. ‘O 6€ €ArXEBopos 6 TE wédXas Kal O AeEUKdS
@orep omwvupor paivovtar rept S& THs dyrews
Siadwvodow oi pév yap opoiovs eivar, TANY TO
xpepwate povov Siapépav THY pifav Tod pév
Nevany TOD dé péAawvav: oi Sé Tod pev pédXavOS
TO dvrAdrov Sadvades Tod 5é AevKod Tpacades,
Tas 5& pifas opolas mAnY TOV yYpouadtov. of &
ovy opotovs Aéyovtes Tordvde ghacly eivar tiv
poppijy: Kavrov pev avbepixodyn Bpaydiv ofddpa:
4 \ 7 , / an
pvrArov 5 TrAaTVTYLTTOV, TAapopoLov opodpa TO
nr , a S ” I] \ \ tales | fol c/s
Tov vapOnKos, phKos 0 éxov: evOu & é« THs pikns
1 Gri yap conj.W.; dca yap UU*M*; ra wily M ; 7d yap Ald,
2 Diose. 4. 153; Plin. 13, 124. § Diose, 4, 175,
264
ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, IX. 1x. 5-x. 1
surprising that part of the same ‘root’ should purge
upwards and another part downwards, as is the case
with thapsia and iskhas—which some call apios (spurge)
—and with banotis ; for! it is not strange that on the
other hand the same parts should purge both upwards
and downwards, as is the case with ‘ the driver.’
2 Thapsia has a leaf like fennel, but broader, a
stalk like that of ferula, and a white root.
3 Iskhas (or apios) has a leaf like rue and short,
three or four prostrate stems, and a root like that of
asphodel, except that it is composed of scales; 4 it
loves mountain districts with a gravelly soil. It is
collected in spring. Now this account applies
only to the above-mentioned plants.
Of hellebores, the white and the black: their uses and
distribution.
X. ®° The white and the black hellebore appear to
have nothing in common except the name. But
accounts differ as to the appearance of the plants;
some say that the two are alike and differ only in
colour, the root of the one being white, of the other
black; some however say that the leaf of the ‘black’ is
like that of bay, that of the white like that of the leek,
but that the roots are alike except for their respective
colours. Now those who say that the two plants are
alike describe the appearance ® as follows :—the stem
is like that of asphodel and very short; the leaf has
broad divisions, and is extremely like that of ferula,
but is long; it is closely attached to the root and
4 cf. Diose, 3. 134,
5 Plin. 25. 47-61. See Index. ef. 9. 11. 5n.
6 i.e. of the two plants regarded as one; but the text of
the following description seems to be hopelessly confused.
265
bo
rs
THEOPHRASTUS
HpTHnMéevov Kal emiyevopvArov? moduvppifov 8 ed
a a \ ,
pdra Tals AeTTAIs Kai YpNnoLMoLS.
. a \ \ \ L \ \
Avaipeiy 6€ Tov pév pédAava Kat immous Kal
a . = 7A \ >O\ , Us \
Bods kal bs, dv 0 Kal ovdév véwecOar TOUT@V: TOV
\ \ / \ / \ B] g
dé Nevxov véwetOar Ta TpoBaTa Kal é€K TovTOU
la) a \ / =
mp@tov acvvopOivar tiv Svvauw Kabatpopévor
éxeivwv: wpatos € wetore@pov, Tod 8 Hpos awpos:
GNX Tpos THY TuAAalav ot ex THs OltHs TVARE-
a \ A ,
youvat TAElaTOS yap éevTavla hveTat Kal apLoTos:
a \ , a ” \ \ /
povayod bé gvetar THs Oitns wept tiv ILupay.
\ ‘
Mioryerar Sé pos THY TéaW, STS EvEMes 7, TO
a b] / / a > 9 \ /
THs €dXeBopivyns oméppa: TodTO 8 éatl Todpuor.
e / a
Dveras 5€ o pév pédXas Tavtayod: Kal yap év
a / >
Th Bowtia cai év EvBoia nai tap’ addols Tod-
a ¢ nae a
Rois: adptotos 5é 0 €k TOV ENiK@vos, cal drws TO
c \ \ a
dpos evpdppaxov. oO O€ AevKds Orduyaxod: Bér-
tioTor Sé Kal ols yp@vTar pddiota TéTTApeEs 6
val ¢ ¢
Oitaios 6 Tlovtixos 0 ’EXedtns 0 Madiorns. daci
Sé tov "Edeatny év tots auTerdor dvecOar Kal
moveiy TOV olvoy OUTw SiovpHTLKOY BaTE Nayapovs
,
elval Tavu TOUS TivovTas.
4 a
"Aptotos 6€ TavT@y Kal TOUT@Y Kal TOV dANwv
a €
0 Oitatos. o &€ Llapvacios nal o AitwXxKds,
/ \ \ 3 6 \ \ AL oF n
yivetat yap kat évtav0a Kat modXol Kal wvodvTat
\ an > 2O/ >’ v4 \ \
Kal Tw@dovow ovK eldoTes, [ovX STE] oKANPOl Kal
1 Which were held apparently at Thermopylae regularly
in autumn and sometimes in spring: the meeting would give
opportunities for sale. &AA& implies a spring meeting.
266
———- = ~
yaaa
ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, IX. x. 1-4
creeps on the ground ; the plant has numerous roots,
to wit, the slender roots which are serviceable.
Also they say that the black is fatal to horses oxen
and pigs, wherefore none of these animals eat it ;
while the white is eaten by sheep, and from this
circumstance the virtue of the plant was _ first
observed, since it purges them; it is at its prime
in autumn, and past its prime when spring comes.
However the people of Mount Oeta gather it for the
meetings! of the Amphictyons; for it grows there
in greatest abundance and best, though at only one
place in the district of Oeta, namely about Pyra.
(The seed of rupture-wort is mixed with the
potion given to promote easy vomiting; this plant
is a small herb).
The black kind of hellebore grows everywhere ;
it is found in Boeotia, in Euboea and in many other
places; but best is that from Mount Helicon, which
mountain is in general rich in medicinal herbs. The
white occurs in few places ; the best and that which
is most used comes from one of four places, Oeta,?
Pontus, Elea, and Malea.2 They say that that of
Elea grows in the vineyards and makes the wine so
diuretic that those who drink it become quite
emaciated.
But best of all these and better than that found
anywhere else is that of Mount Oeta, while that of
Parnassus and that of Aetolia (for the plant is
common in these parts too and men buy and sell it,
not knowing‘ the difference) are tough and ex-
2 § before Oiraios add. Sch.
3 Madrérns conj. Hahnemann, ef. Strabo 9. 3. 3; Macoar:-
rns Ald. Plin. /.c. gives Parnassus as the fourth locality:
cf. § 4.
ane words ovx re may have arisen from ovk ciddres,
267
THEOPHRASTUS
dyav wepioKedeis. TadTa pev odv Smota Tails
poppais dvta tats Ouvdpect Svahépovta.
an \ \ / / ”
Kandodoar 5€ tov pédavad tives Extopwov Merapu-
TOOLOV, WS ExElvVOU TpPAToV TEe“ovTOS Kal avev-
povtos. KaGaipovor bé€ Kal oiKias avT@ Kal
mpoBata suveradovtés Tia éT@diy Kal eis aKa
d€ wrelw YpavTat.
XI. Tlovna bé éote kal Ta ravaKny Kal oi TLOU-
parro. Kal érep atta. TdvaKes yap Kadodar
Tp@Tov pev TO év Yupia, Tepl ov piKP@ Tpotepov
elpntat. dda Sé Ta Tpia, TO pev Xetpwverov
, \ Te / \ ~ jes 4 /
kanovpevoy TO 0 “Ackrnrievov To 8 “Hpaxrecov.
” \ \ \ , 4 \ iA
Eyer 56€ TO pev Xecpwverov pvddrov pev Gpotov
Aatabw peiCov 5é Kal dacv’tepov, avOos Sé ypu-
aoedés, pitay dé pixpdv- iret O€ pddiota Ta
, a ,
Yopia Ta Tiovas ypavTar Sé mpos TE TOds eyeLs
Kal Ta hardyyia Kal Tovs ofmas Kal Ta adra
EpweTa OiddvTes év oiv@ Kal adeihovtes pet
a oT an
€Xaiou' Tov o éyews TO Ohya Kal KaTATAATTOV-
tes Kal év o€ivn tuety Sidovtes* ayabny 5é hace
Kal éXKa@v év olv@ Kal édaiw Kal dupatav év
MENTE.
/ a
To & ’AckArntieov thy pifav phos péev ws
\ a
omilapunv AevKnv O€ Kal Tayelav opddpa, Kai
provoy Taydy Kal AduKwdn* Kavrov SE Exet yova-
, / 4 \ ae? € ,
T@On TavTayober, PurAXroV O€ olovTEep 7 Oarvia
TrANY TaxXvTEepov: ayabov é cival Pact éEpTeTav
1 From this phrase @crowor came to be used as a synonym
for ‘black hellebore.’ ¢f. Plin. 25.47; Diose. 4. 149; Hesych.
and Galen, Lex. Hipp. s.v.
49. 9. 2. 3 Plin. 25. 32; 26. 139.
i mixpay conj. H. from Plin. 25, 32. radix parva; warpay U*
Ald.
268
ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, IX, x. 4-x1. 2
ceeding harsh. These plants then, while resembling
the best form in appearance, differ in their virtues.
Some call the black the ‘hellebore of Melampus,’!
saying that he first cut and discovered it. Men also
purify horses and sheep with it, at the same time
chanting an incantation; and they put it to several
other uses.
Of the various kinds of all-heal.
XI. There are also several kinds of all-heal
ttthymallos (spurge) and other herbs. ‘To begin with,
one plant called all-heal is the one found in Syria, of
which we have recently spoken.2 ? Then come the
three other kinds, known as that of Chaeronea, that
of Asclepios, and that of Heracles. That of Chae-
ronea has a leaf like monk’s rhubarb, but larger and
rougher, a golden flower, and a small? root; and it
specially loves rich ground; they use it for the bites
of snakes, spiders, vipers® and other reptiles, ad-
ministering it in wine or anointing the place with it
mixed with olive-oil. In treating a snake-bite they
use a plaster of it, and also give a draught of it
mixed with vinegar °; and they also say that it is good
for sores’ when mixed with wine and olive-oil, and
for tumours when mixed with honey.
8 The kind called after Asklepios has a white and
very stout root about a span long and a thick bark
which is crusted with salt®; its stem is jointed all
the way up, its leaf like that of thapsta, but
thicker ; it is said that it is good to scrape and drink
ojras conj. Scal., ef. Arist. Mir, Ausc. 164; ofras Ald,
kal év délvy conj. Sch., ef. 9. 13.35; év dtlvn nai PAld,
For the genitive cf. §§ 2,3; Xen. Mem. 3. 8.3.
Plin. 25. 30; Diose. 3. 49.
aAvKddyn: ? ‘has a briny taste.’
omonan
269
rs
THEOPHRASTUS
, Ae \ \ 4 e \
te Evovta tivev, Kal omdnvos Stay aiwa epi
b] \ 3 rd \ / / >
avtov év pedtxpat@, Kal Kkeharaias tpiBovta év
BA n
eduiw adeihew Kal Ado TL €av TOVH Tis adavés,
\ \ ] / > 7 / / \
Kal yaoTtpos ddvvns év oivm Evovta. SvvacOar dé
/ / n
Kal Tas MaKpas appwoTias exKivelv. eTELTAa TOV
n a n \ / :
EAXKOV TOV pev vypav Enpov éemiTattovta Tpo-
/ > 5 An n \ n b
KkataxrutovTa év olvm Ocpue, Tov dé Enpav év
% ‘al e
olvm dedoat Kal KaTAaTAAaTTELW.
€ / \ Yj
To & “Hpdkrevov pvrAXov pév exer péya Kal
\ \ / n ec? \ e
Tratd Kal TploTiOapov Tavtayh, pilav Sé ws
\ / / A+: / a
daxTUAov TO Tayos Sixpay 7) TpiKpaV, TH yevoet
‘ A ] 3 a lal
pev UToTiKpov TH O oopn KaOdrep ALBavaTodD
a \ nA a
Ka0apod: ayabny dé Tis iepas vooov puyvupévny
e /
POKNS TITUG OTOV TEeTAPTHMOpLOY TriveLY, Kal Odv-
/ a n an
vns KaTa yaoTépa év olv@ yAuUKEL, Kal EXKOV TOV
\ ¢e an \ an de a > f @
pev vypav Enpav Tav dé Enpav év pédiTt. avTar
> 4
pev ody TavTas éyovar Siadhopas Te Kat Suvdmers.
"AdnXa 66 TavdKn TO pév AeTTOhUAAOY TO be
” id \ / > a € > , / /
ov ai O€ Ouvapers audoiv ai ad’tat, mpocOeTov TE
\ \ / p Mage | / \ \
yuvaél Kat KaTaTAacpa peT addiTov Kal mpos
\ \ /
Ta é€X\KN Ta AAA Kal TPOS TA vEm“omeva.
7, \ \ e / \ e 7,
Yvvevupor 5é Kal ol oTpvxyvor Kal of T’OUpar-
1 xepadatas conj. Sch.; nepadjs Ald.
2 rev EAKav Conj. Sch.; trav 5 EAxwdav (sic) U*; Trav EAKwdar
Ald. H. ef. § 3.
3 Plin. 25. 32; Diosc. 3. 48.
4 Sixpay % rplxpay conj. Sch.; Sixpay 7 tplkayv UM; dixparh
mixpav U*; Sixpavi }) tTpixpavy Ald. .
270
ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, IX. x1. 2-5
it against bites of reptiles, to take it -in a posset of
honey for disorders of the spleen, when the blood
collects about it, and against headache! to pound it
up in olive-oil and anoint the head ; that it is of use
also in other obscure troubles, and against stomach-
ache, if scraped and taken in wine. It is said also
to be able to prevent long periods of sickness. Again
for running sores? one may sprinkle it on in hot
wine, first washing the place, while for dry sores one
may soak it in wine and apply a plaster.
3The kind named after Herakles has a large
broad leaf, three spans each way, a root as thick as a
man’s finger, forking in two or three +; in taste it is
somewhat bitter, in smell like pure ffankincense 5 ;
Sit is good to drink it against epilepsy, mixed with
the rennet of a seal in the proportion of one to four,
or in sweet wine against pain’ in the stomach ; it
may be used dry § for running sores, and mixed with
honey for dry ones. Such are the special features
about these plants and their respective virtues.
°There are also other kinds of all-heal, of which
one has a fine leaf, the other not; the properties of
both kinds are the same; namely they are used as a
pessary for women, and a plaster may be made of
them mixed with meal for spreading sores as well as
for ordinary sores.
Of the various plants called strykhnos.
As to strykhnos again and tithymallos (spurge) there
is in either case more than one form of the plant
5 A.Bavwrod kabapod conj. Sch.; A:Savwrdv kalapsy UM ; AL-
Bavwtot U*; AtBavwrod nabapay Ald.H xadapod perhaps due
to ka@drep. 6 cf. Fr. 175; Diosc. 2. 75.
7 dSdvns conj. W.; ddivac UMU*Ald.
8 Enpay conj. Sch.; énpa U*Ald.; Enpal M. ® Plin. 35. 33.
271
THEOPHRASTUS
A \ 4 e \ e / ¢ \
AOL. TOV yap oTp’XVaV oO péev UTVedns Oo é
pavikos. Kal o pev dmrvedns épvOpav éywv tHv
/ ef -
pilav wotrep aiua Enparvopévnv, opuyttopévny 8é
/ \ \ > , / 4
NEvKHVY, KaL KapTOV é€puOpoTEepov KpoKov, pUAXOV
5é TWupddrAr.@ Gmotov 7) pnr\<a TH yAvKeia Kal
A B \ 93 \ 4 pi 2 < Y , /
> \ a €
avTo dacv Kal Tuyuny péya. TovTov THs pitns
\ % / / \ Lf > ”
Tov drovov KOTTOVTES Mav Kal BpéyorTes ev olv@
b] , if n \ an / ,
axpato Sidoact Tretvy Kal trove? Kabevdery. ve-
Tat o€ év xapddpars Kal Tois wyypacty.
¢ \ , e \ 7 a > \ e
O dé pavixds, ot 5é Opvopov KaXodow avTor oi
\
5é wepitTov, NevanVY Exe THY pilav Kal paxpav
¢ / \ / / ’ > A >\ \
as THYEWS Kal KoiAnV. Sidotar 8 adTis, éav pev
iA / \ lal e A / 9S
@ote Talley Kal doxely EavT@ KaANCTOY Eival,
5 \ @ mn 2\ be lal / 0 \
paxun oTabu@ €ay o€ padrdAov paweolalt Kai
/ \ / 4 / x\ ?
gavtacias twas haiverOar, dvo Spaypai éav 6
iA \ “4 n
@oTe pn TaverOat patvopevov TpEis, Kal cUp-
/
Tapautyvuvat dacly omov Kevtavpiov: éay Oé
A b) a / 4 \ \ \ /
MOTE ATOKTELVAL, TEeTTApES. EXEL SE TO meV PUAXOV
ied > , \ r \ \ \ A
bmotov evCaouw mwrAnv peclov, TOV dé KaVAOY OaTrEp
] / \ Ae, / /y&- \ \
opyvias, Kepariv b€ BaoTep ynOvov peifw dé Kal
Sacutépav ore 5é Kal TAaTAVOU KapTO.
1 cf. 7. 15. 4, where a third orpixvos is mentioned, which is
duévupos, not cuvévupos, i.e. which has nothing in common
with these two orptxvo: except the name. cf. also 9. 15. 5.
2 xpéxov conj. Dalec. from Diose. 4. 72, xapriv ... k«poxt-
Covra; kédxxov MSS.
3 ruyphy péya U; ruOuhy wéeyas U* Ald. H.; W. adopts Bod.’s
conjecture om@auhy néya.
4 Plin. 21. 177-179; Diosce. 4. 73.
5 @ptopoy Ald.H.; @pvdpov U*; Bpudpov U; Bpvopovy MmBas. ;
272
ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, IX. x1. 5-6
denoted by the name. 1 Of the plants called strykhnos
one induces sleep, the other (thorn-apple) causes
madness. The first-mentioned has a root which be-
comes red like blood as it dries, but when first dug
up it is white; its fruit is a deeper orange than
saffron,” its leaf like that of tithymallos or the sweet
apple; and it is itself rough, and about a foot high.’
The ‘ bark’ of the root of this they bruise severely,
and soaking it in neat wine give it as a draught, and
it induces sleep. It grows in water-courses and on
tombs.
*'The kind which produces madness (which some
call ¢hryoron® and some vperitton®) has a_ white
hollow root about a cubit long. Of this three
twentieths of an ounce in weight is given, if the
patient is to become merely One and to think
himself a fine fellow; twice this dose’ if he is to go
mad outright and have delusions 8; thrice the dose,
if he is to be permanently insane ; (and then they
say that the juice of centaury is mixed with it);
four ® times the dose is given, if the man is to be
killed. The leaf is like that of rocket, but larger,
the stem about a fathom long; the ‘head’! is like
that of a long onion, but larger and rougher. And
it also resembles the fruit of the plane-tree.
briorem G. Plin. l.c. seems to have read épv@pdv; Diose, J.c.
Bpvor.
8 repitToy Ald.H., te. ‘violent’; pisswum G; Plin, l.c. peris-
son ; Diose. l.c. mépatov.
, Spaxpa) conj. Sch.; dpaxuas Ald.
kar... paiver@at om. UM: ungrammatical, and possibly
a gloss ; ; but ef. Diose, and Plin. .c.
TétTapes COnj. Sch.; tétTapas Ald ; réocapas U*.
10 7.4, 10 it was said that yévov has no ‘head,’ ¢.e. bulb;
here the ‘head’ seems to be theinflorescence. ef. Diosc. and
Plin, Jc.
273
VOL. Il. T
7
a
i=)
THEOPHRASTUS
Tov 6é TO upaddov 0 ev Tapansos KaXov-
fevos KOKKLVOV pvrrov ever TEpLpepes, K@UNOV oe
Kal TO ddov peyeBos @S omapils Tov 6€ KapTov
ANeveov. apatar O€ Stay apt. wepxdky otadvry,
Kal EnpavOels a) KapTos didotar trivery TpidOels
Ooov TpiTov [Epos o€uBagov.
‘O & dppny KaNOUMEVOS TO [ev puAXov éNaL@-
Ses ever, TO Sé SAOv péyeOos TnYvalov. TodTOV
omifovow apa TpuynT@ Kal Oepamevoartes oUTWS
as Set Xpovrae: xadatper dé KadTw wadAovr.
‘O 6e puptitns Kaovpevos TLOU wardos NevKos"
TO ev pvdrov exet xadarrep 0 pUppwos, mq
axavd Odes am dakpov: KN) WaT a, S adinaw emt
THY YyHV as omlapwaia, TavTa o ovx apa Peper
Tov KapTov adda Tap £708, Ta pev viv Ta O eis
vewra, TepuKora amo THS auras pins. iret dé
opewvas xopia. 0 6é Kapmros avrod Kanrebrar
Ka pvov. apdoe & dtav abptyvovtat ai pal Kal
Enpaivovtes Kal aroxaBaipovres: avTov TOV Kap-
Tov TAUVaVTES €V bdate Kab may Enpavavres
didoacr met TUMLLYVOV TES dv0 HEpn THS perXatvyns
LnK@VOS, TO Oé cuvauporepov oor 0&0 Badgov-
Kabaipes oé preypa Kato éav S€ TO KdpvOY avTo
didac01, Tpiivaytes év olvym yAuKEl Siddacw 7H év
onoau@ meppvypéve KaTaTpayetv. TAUTA [ev
ovv Tois Te PvAXOLS Kal TOls dTrOts Kai Tots Kap-
‘A j |
Tots Xpnotpa.
1 Plin. 26. 68.
2 kédxxiwvov conj. W.; «éxxos MSS. ef. Plin. l.c. ramis ru-
bentibus. 3 Diosc. 4. 164; Plin. 26. 62-65.
4 ottws ws Sei xp. conj. Sch.; ofrws as 5h xp. U*; obtws xp.
Ald.
274
ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, IX. x1. 7-9
Of the various kinds of tithymallos.
1Of the various plants called téhymallos (spurge)
that which is called sea-spurge has a round scarlet?
leaf ; the stem (and the size of the plant generally)
is about a span long, and the fruit is white. It is
gathered when the grape is just turning, and the
dried fruit is given in a draught, the dose being the
twenty-fourth part-of a pint.
3‘That which is called the ‘male’ has a leaf like
the olive, and the height of the whole plant is a
eubit. Of this they collect the juice at the time
of vintage, and, after preparing it, use it as oc-
casion demands‘; and it purges chiefly downwards.
>The kind of tethymallos called ‘myrtle-like’ is
white; it has a leaf like the myrtle, but spinous
at the tip; it puts out earthward twigs about a
span long, and these bear the fruit® not all at
the same time but in alternate years, so that from
the same root grow fruits partly this and partly
next year. It loves hill-country. The fruit of it is
ealled a ‘nut.’ They gather it when the barley is
ripening and dry and clean it; (itis the actual fruit ’
which they clean) ; they wash it in water and, after
drying it again, give it in a draught, mixing with it
two parts of ‘black’ poppy’; and the whole dose
amounts to about an eighth of a pint. It purges
phlegm downwards. If they administer the ‘nut’
itself, they first pound it up in sweet wine, or give it
in parched sesame to bite up. These plants then
have leaves juices or fruits which are serviceable.
5 Diosc. 4. 164; Plin. 26. 66. 8 of. C.P. 4.6, 9.
7 W. adds 8 after adrdv. The treatment of the leaves has
perhaps dropped out. ef. Plin. /.c. (’s version is even shorter.
8 uéAaiva must here mean ‘ dark,’ t.e. red. See Index.
275
T 2
10
11
THEOPHRASTUS
Tav dé ABavoridwr, ovo yap elo, y pev
dKxapTos % O€ KapTrLuos, u} Mev KaL TO KAPTO Kal
TO Purr Xenoipwn a be {Ovov TH pity. KaNELT AL
be 6 O KapTros KaX pv. éyer dé — TO [ev purRov
€0LKOS cedivy Edel petCov & € WoAv, KavAOoV be
péyeBos TIXEOS 7) ji i peiboo, pilav b& peyadnv Kai
maxelay heveny bfovcap OoTEp ALBavwrod, Kap-
qov oé€ evicov Tpax vv TpopnKn’ pverat bé pd-
Mora Otrov av avyunpa Xepia n Kal TETPOON”
xensinn O€ 1) MeV pifa 7 pos Te Ta eden Kal pos
Ta yuvarKeia TLVvOMEVN év olv@ avaTnp@ pehavi-
0 oe KapTos Tpos Te Tas oT payyoupias ral 7 pos
Ta WTA Kal dpyepa kat Tpos odGarpias Kal date
yara yuvaréiv € eum ately,
‘H 6é aKxapTos exer TO puAXov Gpovov Opida-
KIVNS THS TKpas TPaXUTEpoV dé Kal AevKOTEpOD,
pifav dé Bpaxetav. puerar dé OmouTrep épetcn
THrELOTY. by vara be a fifa KaSaipery Kal ave
Kal KAT" TO pev yap TPds THY BAdoTHY ava, TO
dé mpos THY yhv Kato: Ko@dveL O€ Kal eis (waTLa
TuUWenévn TOS ohTas. auAXEyeTAaL O€ TrEpl TrUpO-
TOMAS.
XII. Xapairéwy 6é 0 pév AevKos Oo Sé péXdas:
ai O€ duvapers TOV pil@y Kal avTal Sé ai pitas
Tots eldece didopot. Tob pev yap even Kal
mayeta Kal yAuKELa Kal oo pny éxouca Bapetav:
Vpynotwov S€ pact TpOs TE TOUS povs, OTav éEnO7
1 Diose. 3. 74; Plin. 19. 187.
2 cf. Plin. 24. 99 and 101.
ef. 7: 6.23 OSG:
4 Grovmep épeixn conj. Dalec. etc. from Diose. l.c.; érovmep
elpnrat Ald.H.; émdre épelxn U*.
276
—— = rr ey
>
ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, IX. x1. 10-x1. 1
Of the two herbs called libanotis,
1Of the plants called libanotis, (for there are two)
one is barren, the other fruitful, the latter having
both fruit and leaves that are serviceable, the former
only a serviceable root. The fruit is called hakhry.?
This plant has a leaf like marsh celery, but much
larger, a stem a cubit long or more, a large stout
white root, which smells like frankincense, and a
white rough elongated fruit. It grows chiefly wherever
there is parched and rocky soil; the root is serviceable
for sores, and for diseases of women when given in a
draught of dry black wine. The fruit is good for
strangury, for the ears, for ulcers* on the eye, for
ophthalmia and for producing milk in women.
The barren kind has a leaf like that of the bitter
lettuce, but rougher and paler; the root is short. It
grows where there is abundance of heather.t. The
root can purge both upwards and downwards, the
upper part being used for the former, that nearer
the ground for the latter purpose. Also, if it is put
among clothes, it prevents moth. It is gathered at
the time of wheat-harvest.
Of the two kinds of chamaeleon,
XII. Of chamaeleon there is the white kind and
the dark; the properties of the roots are different,
and the roots also differ® in appearance. In the one
case the root is white stout and sweet, and it has a
heavy smell; they say that when cooked it is
serviceable against flux; it is chopped up like
5 Diose, 3. 8; Plin. 22. 45 and 46, who explains the name
(mutat cum terra colores). See Index.
8 Siapépovoa conj. W.; Siapéper U; diapepovar 5¢ M; didpopov
Ald.
277
THEOPHRASTUS
a / c \ > / bP]
catatpnbecioa Kabdarep padhavis évepopérn é&h
e / \ \ \ \ a
ONOTYVOLVOV, KAL TPOS THV EXpivO0a thy wraTelar,
id > / / / > A
étav actadgiba tpopayn tive émiEsovta TavTHv
cA >] 4 > 7 > A > a \ \
daov o€vBadov év olvm avoTnp®. avatpel Sé Kal
4 \ nr 7 \ > > “4 > a
KUva Kal obv: Kiva pEeV ev addiTols avapupabeioa
\ > / \ e a \ \ € /
peta édaiov kat boaTtos, oby Sé peta padaver
a \ -
pepurypévn TOV dpelwv. yuvackl dé SidoTai év
, KA Yj a
Tpuyl yAuKela 1) €v olv yruKel. Kal édav Bovrn-
tat tis aaGevodvtos avOpwTov diatreipacbar ek
/ 7 an
Bi@otpos, Novelty KEdNEVOVTL TpeEls Huépas, KaV
4 \ e
mepteveyKn Biociuos. vera S€ opoiws mayta-
a . faa - 3 \ , if 4 a
xvod, Kal Eyer TO PUAAOY OMoLloy TKOAVML@ peor
\ a A \
dé avTo O€ pos TH yn Twa Keharhny exer aKxavo-
a / € \ \ a
evo peyarny, ot O€ Kal akavoy KaXodow,
¢ \ / A \ 4 ,
O dé péras TO ev HYAAW TAPOpLOLOS, TKOAU-
lal \ v \ BA \ /
p@des yap Eyer wAnVY EXaTTOv Kal NeELOTEpo?,
> \ 3 ef ’ \ ef / e \ 7
avtos & 6Xros éotiv WoTeEep cKiddiov, 4 Sé pita
maxela Kai pédaiva OLappayetoa Sé trdEavbos.
“~ \ \ > ‘
xopia O& girel uypa Kal apya: Svvata Se
7
hérrpav te éEeXavvew év d€er TprBopevos Kal Evo-
\ > , \ > \ ¢ 4 > a
Gels émraderpopevos Kal aGXpov woavTwS' avatpeEl
5é kal tods Kbvas.
»” J
Myxwves 8 eioly aypiat mreiovs: 1 ev KEpa-
a , / - \ A ¢
TiTts KAaNOUpEVH péeAaLVAa TaUTHS TO PUYAXOV wo-
. of. 3.98
2 cf. Pseudo-Diosc, 4. 175 and Index.
3 &xavoedy conj. Sch.; Kxovoe:d_ U*; xwvoeid} mP; dolar
éxavo PAld.
4 $¢ after thy om. Sch.; ? twa Kreparhy W.
278
OO
ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, IX. xi. 1-3
radishes? and the pieces strung on a rush; it is also
good against the broad maw-worm; the patient first
eats a bunch of raisins and then drinks about an
eighth of a pint of this scraped up in a draught of
dry wine. It is fatal to dogs and pigs; to kill a dog
it is well mixed up in a meal paste with oil and water,
to kill a pig it is mixed with ‘mountain cabbage’
(spurge).2 It is given to a woman in sweet wine-
lees or sweet wine. And if one wishes to discover
whether a man that is sick will recover, they say
that he should be washed with this for three days,
and, if he survives the experience, he will recover.
It grows everywhere alike and has a leaf like the
golden thistle, but larger; the plant itself has a
large thistle-like* head 4 close to the -ground ; some
actually® call it the thistle.
6 The dark kind resembles the other in leat, which
is like that of the golden thistle but smaller and
smoother ; the plant itself is in general appearance
like a sunshade; the root is stout and black, and
when broken is yellowish. It likes cold uncultivated
soil: it has the property of expelling leprosy; for
this it is given pounded up in vinegar, or else
scrapings of it are made into a plaster ; and it is also
used for the white leprosy. This plant is also fatal
to dogs.’
Of the various plants called ‘poppy.’
8 There are several kinds of wild poppy: the one
called the horned poppy is black: the leaf of this is
5 3 nal axavoy I conj. ; 8 &kavOavy U*mPar., so also Diosc.
l.c.; & &kavov PAI.G.
6 Diose. 3. 9; Plin. de.
7 xbvas : Kuvoppateras, dog-ticks, conj. Reinesius from Plin.
Ticmnos canUmM.
8 Diose. 4. 64; Plin. 20, 205 and 206.
279
oOo
e« THEOPHRASTUS
Ep propou THS peraivns aTTOV dé péXap, TOD dé
KavAOD TO irpos @s THxXUAILOD, piSa dé = maxeia Ka
érimonXatos, 0 O€ KapTrOs Kap ddos OoTep Kepa-
TLOV" TUANEyeTaAL dé mepl TUPOTOHLLAs. dvvaTaL
dé kabatpew KOUmiaV, TO O€ pudrov ape pea 7 po-
Barous apatpetv. vera dé mapa OddatTap, ob
av 7 TET pwn xe@pia.
‘Erépa b€ payor povas Kahoupern Tapopoia
KUX opie TO ay ple, de 0 Kal er Oier au év Tots
dpoupaious 6é puerat, MadoTa év Tals Kpais
avOos & éxer épvO pov K@OvaV o donv ovuxa Tod
Saxtvrov. ourréyEeTAaL O€ TPO TOD Jepio pod TOV
Kida, eehenngntes dé parrov. Kabaiper Oé
KATO.
Erépa dé perjrcoov ‘Hpaxnreta Kaneirat TO mer
prov exouca olov oTpov0os, @ Ta OOdvLa Dev-
Katvoudt, piSav dé Newry erremrodauon, TOV dé
Ka.pTrov NEVKOD. TAUTNS 7” pifa Kadaiper avo:
Xpovrar d€ TLVES. mpos TOUS ETUHT TOUS év pede
KpaT@. TavTa mev odv WaTrEp Oopwvupia Til
GUVELANTITAL.
XIII. Tov be pesav Kal év Tots _ Xupois ai
diahopat Kal év tabs oopais: ai bev yap. eiot
SpLpecar ai d€ mixpal at oe yrunetat, Kab at pev
eVoopot at dé Bapetar. yAvKEla pev } TE VU“paia
Kanovpevn hvetar & év Tails Aipvats Kal ev Tots
Edwdecwv, olov év Te TH Opyopevia cai Mapalan
1 Soemep kepdtiov conj. W.; damep xepas UM ; S0mep tay Kepa-
they U* Ald,
2 Diose. l.c.; Plin. 19. 167-169.
3 Diose. 4. 66; Plin. 20. 207,’ef. 19. 21.
280
ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, IX. x1. 3-xm. 1
like that of the black mullein, but it is not so black ;
the stem grows about a cubit high, the root is stout
and shallow, the fruit is twisted like a little horn}:
it is gathered at the time of wheat harvest. It has
the property of purging the belly, and the leaf is
used for removing ulcers on sheep’s eyes. It grows
by the sea, wherever there is rocky ground.
2 Another kind of poppy is that called rhozas,
which is like wild chicory, wherefore it is even
eaten: it grows in cultivated fields and especially
among barley. It has a red flower, and a head as
large as a man’s finger-nail. It is gathered before
the barley-harvest, when it is still somewhat green.
It purges downwards.
8 Another kind of poppy is called Herakleca : it has
a leaf like soap-wort, with which * they bleach linen:
the root is slender and does not run deep, and the
fruit is white. The root of this plant purges upwards :
and some use it in a posset of mead for epileptics.
’ These kinds then are distinct plants, though they
come under one name.
Of roots possessing remarkable taste or smell.
XIII. The differences between roots are shown in
their tastes ° and in their smells: some are pungent,
some bitter, some sweet : some again have a pleasant,
others a disagreeable smell. The plant called
yellow water-lily“ is sweet: it grows in lakes and
marshy places, as in the district of Orchomenus, at
4This appears to refer to orpovOds, not to ‘HpakAela, as
Plin. takes it. cf. 6. 4. 3 and Index, orpové:oyr (2).
5 de. pois and ‘Hpaxdela are popularly called ‘ poppies.’
éuwvupla tiv Conj. W.; dudvupa tia Ald.; dudvupa tim U*. ef.
. 15. 4.
; 6 xvpuois conj. Sch.; xuAots Ald, Plin, 25. 75.
281
oo
THEOPHRASTUS
kat mept Kpntny: xarodor 8 avrny oi Bovwrol
padcovdiv Kal TOV Kear ov eo Biovew. éyer 58 TO
pudrov peya éml tov bdaros: civat 6€ hac
laxarpov, éav Tpipas Tis éml THY TANYHY émr10 7
vpnaiun S€ Kai Tpos SucevTepiay ivoméevn.
Drvecia 5é nai 4 SKvOixn: Kat éviot 6é Kadod-
aw ev0vds Yrucelav aur ny yiverae dé epi THY
Madre vpnoiun dé ™ pos Te Ta doOpara Kal
™ pos THY Biya Enpav Kab Shas TOUS mepl TOV
@paka movous® ere dé mpos Ta Eden év pérere
dvvarat be Kal THY Sipay maveww, éav Tus ev TO
OTOMATL éyn* 60 o- TANT Té Kab TH inmaxh
Sidyew gaci tods SKVOas *yépas nat &bexa Kat
dadexa.
["H 8e aptaTohoxia TH ooppraer pev eo 0s TH
bé yevoes TK pa opddpa TH Xpoug bé pérawva.
pverau dé €v Tois Gpecwv 1) Bedriory purrov be
exer Tporepepes TH arcivy ™ ayy aTporyyuno-
Tepov' xpnoiun Oe ™ pos TONG, Kal apiarn T pos
Keparhs ayady de Kal ™ pos Ta adra Ed«M, Kal
pos Ta épmerd Kal Tpos UTvoV Kal ™pos vorépav.
Ta pféev GUY Tpocdyew KEerEvOVEL év BdaTL ava-
Sevoavta Kal KatamAatTTovTa, Ta dé adXa eis
pers évEvoavta Kal édatovy mpds Sé Ta TOV
éptretav év olv@ ofivn mivew kal érl TO Ofypa
erumAaTTe’ eis Urrvov 5é év olvm pédave avaTnPe
kvicar éav 8 ai pAtpat mpoTécwot, TO VOaTt
amox\veuv. |
1 Diose 3. 5; Plin. 25. 82.
® yAuxelav : yAvadppifay conj. Dalec., whence ‘liquorice.’ ef.
Plin. 11, 284.
® cf. Plin. l.c., who took iraakh to be a plant,
282
ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, IX. x1. 1-3
Marathon and in parts of Crete: the Boeotians, who
eat the fruit, call it madonais. It has a large leaf
which lies on the water: and it is said that it acts as
a styptic if it is pounded up and put on the wound:
it is also serviceable in the form of a draught for
dysentery.
1<Scythian root’ (liquorice) is also sweet; some
indeed call it simply ‘sweet-root.’? It is found
about Lake Maeotis: it is useful against asthma or a
dry cough and in general for troubles in the chest :
also, administered in honey, for wounds: also it has
the property of quenching thirst, if one holds it in
the mouth: wherefore they say that the Scythians,
with the help of this and mares’ milk cheese? can go
eleven or twelve days without drinking.
*(Birthwort is fragrant to the smell but in taste is
very bitter: in colour it is black. The best grows
on the mountains: it has a leaf like alsine, but
rounder: it is useful for many purposes, and is best
for sores on the head ® and other sores, also for bites
of reptiles, for inducing sleep and for disorders of
the womb.® It is directed that it should be applied
as a plaster, steeped in water, and for the other
purposes should be given shredded into honey and
olive-oil: for snake-bites it should be taken in sour
wine and also used as a plaster on the bite : to induce
sleep it should be scraped up? and administered in
black dry wine ; in cases of prolapsus uteri a lotion of
it mixed with water should be applied. |]
4 Diose. 3. 4; Plin. 25. 95. This section is repeated 9. 20. 4.
with considerable variations: that seems to be its proper
On dena conj. W.; Kepadhy Ald. cf. § 20, xepadrd@dacra.
8 jorépay con}. W., ef. below, éay 5é ai uArpa x.7.A. and the
duplicate passage § 20; érepa MSS.
? «viva: conj. W.; xvicas U* Ald. 8
203
4
THEOPHRASTUS
Adtau péev ody yduKeiar. adrav Oé TeKpal, ai
dé Bapeiar TH yevoe. yivovrar Oé TiwWes TaV
yYAvKELoY ai pev ExoTaTikal, KaOaTreEp 4 Opoia TO
oxorvpu@ rept Téyear, tv cal Ldvdevos 0 avéprav-
ToTroLos hayov épyalouevos év TH iepo e&éorTn.
at 6€ Oavarndopot, xabarep 4 wept Ta péradra
év Tots Epyous Tols é€v Opaxn: Kovdn Sé Kal Hocia
Tavu Th yevoe Kal Tov Odvatov brvedn twa
jTowovoa Kal éhappov. exovar b€ Kal Tols Ype-
pace Suapopas oU TO NEVK@ Kal pérave Kal EavO@
povov, aXXrX evar Kai oivoypates, ai & épvOpai,
Kadamep % Tod épevOedavod.
‘H 5€ rob mevtadvrXrov 7) TevTatreTovs, KaXOvOL
yap audotépws, dputtouévn épv0pa Enparvopéevn
dé pérawa yiverat Kal tetpdywvos: exer O€ TO
vrAXov Warrep oivapov puxpov dé Kal THY ypoLay
dpovov: Kab avEdverat Kai POiver dua TH apTéro:
mdavra o€ TévTe TA HUANG, Ov 0 Kal 4 Tpoenyopia:
Kavndous O€ eri yhv thou AeTTOUS Kal KYHpAS EXEL.
To dé épevOedavoy PvdAXOV Guotov KITT TWAIV
aTpoyyvrotepov' dvetar & él ys womep aypo-
atts, piree S€ Taricxia ywpia. ovpyntixy dé, dv
0 Kal Yp@vTaL Tpos TA THs dodVvos aXynuaTa Kal
Tpos Tas layidoas.
"Eviat 66 tdtopophot tives, OoTEp 7} Te ToD
oKopTiou Kadoupévou Kal 7) TOU ToAVToOoiOV. 7
1 These words shew that §3 is out of place.
2 cf. CO. P. 6. 4. 5.
3 4 conj. Sch.; af U*Ald.
4 éy tots Epyois trois W. from U*, ? a gloss on péradda.
ra per. Ta ev @. Ald. H.
5 Plin, 25. 139.
284
|
ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, IX. xm. 4-6
1These then are sweet : other roots are bitter, and
some unpleasant to the taste. Of those that are
sweet ? there are some that cause mental derange-
ment, as the plant like the golden thistle which
grows near Tegea: of this Pandeios the sculptor ate, .
and went mad while he was working in the temple.
Others have fatal effects, as that? which grows near
the mines in the fields of * Thrace: this however is
inoffensive and quite sweet to the taste, and the death
which it causes is easy and like falling asleep. There
are also differences in colour, not merely as to being
black or white or yellow, but some are quite wine-
coloured and some are red, as the root of madder.
5 The root of pentaphyllon or pentapetes (cinquefoil) °
(for the plant bears both names) is red when it is dug
up, but as it dries it becomes black and square: its
leaf is like a vine-leaf, and it is small and like it in
colour: it grows and fades along with the vine. It
only has five leaves in all, whence its name: it sends
out long slender stems on the ground, and it has
joints.”
8 Madder has a leaf like ivy, but it is rounder: it
grows along the ground like dog’s-tooth grass and
loves shady spots. It has diuretic properties, where-
fore it is used for pains in the loins or hip-disease.
Some roots are of peculiar shape, as that of the
plant called ‘scorpion-plant’ (leopard’s bane)? and
that of polypedy. For the former is like a scorpion
6 reytametovs conj. Sch.; wevramérov UAld.; mrevremérou M
U*. cf. Diosc. 4, 42.
7 Kal nvqwas éxer U*; rar xv. &. muxvas Ald.; Kal xvicas %yxer
muxvas UM. ef. roddnvnuos, Diosc. 3. 94. Text probably de-
fective, as nothing is said of the plant’s medicinal use.
8 Diose. 3. 143; Plin. 19. 47.
9 of. 9. 18. 2.
285
THEOPHRASTUS
. / / , \
Mev yap omoia oxopti@ Kal xpnotun 5é mpos THV
\ > a \ \ BA > » e be a
TANYHVY AUTOU KaL TPOS AAN ATTA. O€ TOU
/ a wee / ce
ToAvTodlou daceia Kal Exovca KoTVANSOVaS, Wo-
e rn 4 / / \
Tep ai TOU ToAUTTOOOS TAEKTdVal. Kalaiper SE
7
Kato: Kav Tepidyyntat Tis ov hacw éupver bat
/ ” \ 7 zd a / a
monvTrouv. exer O€ HVAAOV Suolov TH WTEplos TH
peyarn Kal dverar év Tals jwéTpais.
XIV. lacey Sé trav pilav ai pev Treo
xpovov ai oe éddtTw Stapévovow. 6 pev yap
b] f \ / 4 / e \
e\N€Bopos Kal tTpidkovta &Tyn xpyowmos, 9 Sé
> , / x ow / \ € A
apistoroxia wévte H EF, yaparéwy Sé o pédas
TeTTapdkovta, Kevtavpis be Séea 1 Seadexa’
, nO) ue. F \ f , x 4
mieipa O€ 7) pita Kal muKvy mevKédavoy Sé TéVvTE
xn wo > A be > / > / >\ > a %
h &&, apmérou b€ aypias éviauTov, éav ev oKLG H
Kal atwAnKTOS, && S€ wH, Campa Kal coppwdns:
addrrar S€ aArAdous Exovoat’ ypovouvs. Tavtav SE
dws TOV PappdKav TrEioTOV Stapévet YpovoV TO
éXaTnplov, Kal TO TaXaLOTATOY AploTOV. ‘taTpdos
S obv tis éXeyev ovK aralov ovdé WevaTns ws ein
Tap avT@ kat Siaxociwy érav Oavpactoy dé TH
apeTh, Sodvar O€ avT@ Tiva S@pov. aitia dé THs
KpPOVLOTHTOS 1) VypoTys* Sia yap TAaUTHY Kal OTaV
/ , > / ¢ / \ 70? A
Kowwor tiWéace eis Téppav vypov, Kai ovd as
/ / > » PD , , ,
yiverar Enpov, aN aypt TeVTHKOVTA éTaV aPReEv-
vuol TpoTayopevov Tos AVXVOUS. act dé “ovo
1 cf. the mediaeval doctrine of ‘ signatures.’
2 Diosc. 4. 186.
3 ss ob conj. Sch.; tis ds Ald.; ris UM; tis és U*.
4 Plin. 27. 143. 5 of. 9:8. 7. 6 cf 9, 20. 3.
7 &rAnntos: ? by worms. ef. &«omos.
286
—————e———— ee —
a
ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, IX. xin. 6-x1v. 2
and is also useful! against the sting of that creature
and for certain other purposes. * The root of polypody
is rough and has suckers like the tentacles of the
polyp. It purges downwards: and, if one wears it
as an amulet, they say that one® does not get a
polypus. It has a leaf like the great fern, and it
grows on rocks. |
Of the time for which roots can be kept without losing their
virtue.
XIV. #Some roots keep a longer, some a shorter
time. Hellebore retains its usefulness for as much
as thirty years, birthwort five or six, the black
chamaeleon for forty, feverwort > (whose root is thick
and compact) for ten or twelve. Sulphur-wort keeps
five or six years, the root of the ‘ wild vine ’ ® (bryony)
. for a year, if it be kept in the shade and not
damaged :’ otherwise it rots and becomes spongy.®
Others keep for various periods. But, to speak
generally, of all plants used as drugs the ‘driver’ ®
keeps longest, and, the older it is, the better it is.
At least a certain physician, who was no boaster nor
liar, said that he had some which was 200 years old
and of marvellous virtue, and that it was a present
to him from some one. The cause of its keeping so
long is its moisture: 1° for to secure this, as‘soon as
they have cut it, they put it among ashes without
drying it, and not even so does it become dry, but
up to fifty years it will put the lamp! out if it is
brought near it. And they say that alone of all
8 goupwdns conj. Sch.; coyxdhns Ald. H.
® A manufactured drug. cf. 9.9. 4.
10 Diose. 4. 150; Plin. 20. 5.
1 Avxvovs conj Sch.: so Vin.Cod.Cas.GPlin, /.¢.3 abxuods
U*Ald.; xpévovs UM.
287
THEOPHRASTUS
}) pardtota vTrépiwwov avo Tov TOV dapyaKov:
avTn mev ody tdLdTHS TLS SUVapEwS.
Tay o€ pilav doar wev yAvKUTYTA Tiva ExovEL
EvpBaivee Opimndéotovs yiverOar ypovifopévas,
doar dé Sptpeiatr, TOOTO péev pur) TaTXELY Apaupod-
> an
cla & avtTav tas duvdpers pavovpévwv Kal
/ fal Ds oF i, ” \ > \
Kevoupevov. TtaVv oO &Ew Onpiwy arXro pev ovder
c £7, / ¢€ x / n
amtetat pi€ns dpimetas, 7 d€ shovdvAn Tacav:
ToUTO ev ovv ioLov THS TOV Gwov hicews.
a / /
Iladcav dé yeipw yiverOar pifav, éav éaon Tis
TedeiwOjvar Kal adpuvOfvat Tov KapTov' wcav-
Tws 6€ Kal TOV KapTroV, €av OTions THY pi€av" ws
> \ \ \ \ e / > > 7
éml TO ToAU O€ at happaxw@dbets ovK omiCorvTat,
ov 0 av Ta oméppata dappaxwdyn, adtas 87
] , an / / lal a
omifovtar' xphnobar Sé Tiwwés hact padXrov Tals
€ al
pi€aus, OTe toxyupotepos 0 KapTros WoO’ bTrEvEyKeEtV
\ lal , \ > ae ee a >
TO o@pa. daivetar dé ov Kal OdoU TOUTO aX7-
> n
Oés: émet kai ot ev “Avtixipa tod onoapwdous
id
[éAreBopov] didcacw, [bts 0 Kapios Gmotcs on-
/
cape |.
, \ a = ,
XV.. Dappaxewders O€ Soxodow eivar romot
pdritota Tov pev &&m THs “EXAddos of wept THY
Tuppyviav cal thv Aativny, év 4 Kai THY Kipreny
> , \ » val , ¢c / ,
elvat Néyouolw Kal ETL MAAXNOV ye, ws“ Opnpos
1 Plin. 27. 143.
2 7.e. not engendered in the root.
® A beetle? cf. Arist. H.A. 5. 8.
4 This section is omitted in U*. Plin. 27, 144.
288
ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, IX. xiv. 2-xv. i
drugs, or to a greater degree than any, it effects a
thorough purge upwards: this then is a virtue
peculiar to it.
Those roots which contain any sweetness become
worm-eaten in course of time, but those that are
pungent are not so affected, though their virtues
diminish as they become flabby and waste away.
1No creature coming from without? touches a
pungent root, but the sphondyle? attacks them all;
this then is a peculiarity of this creature.
4Any root, they say, deteriorates if one lets the fruit
grow to maturity and ripen: and so in like manner
does the fruit, if you drain the root of its juice: and
in general roots with medicinal properties do not have
the juice of their roots taken, and only those whose
seeds are medicinal are thus treated. But some say
that they use the roots for choice, because the fruit
is too powerful for the human body to be able to bear
it. However this does not appear to be true as a
universal rule, seeing that the people of Anticyra
administer > doses of the drug® sesamodes made
from hellebore, which is so called because its fruit is
like sesame,
Of the localities which specially produce medicinal herbs.
XV. The places outside Hellas which specially
produce medicinal herbs seem to be the parts of
Tyrrhenia and Latium (where they say that Circe
dwelt), and still more parts of Egypt, as Homer says:
5 7.e. and it is in this case the frwt which is used. The
drug in question, as well as the plant, was called oncamocidés
or onoapoedhs. cf. 9.9.2n.; Diosc. 4. 149.
6 Or (if éAAeBdpouv is sound) ‘ of the sesame-like hellebore,’
ze. he ‘black.’ étt...onoduw I have bracketed, as a
gloss on ongauédous: €AAcBdpov is probably also a gloss.
289
VOL. Ii, U
THEOPHRASTUS
pynot, Ta Tepl Aiyutrtov éxeiOev yap THv ‘EXévnv
dyat ha Beiv “éc—Xa td of Lorvdapuva Tm Opev
Oavos TapaKorres Aiyumrin: 700 Trelo Ta pvet
Fei Sopos dpovpa ddppaxa, Toa jev eoOha
TETUYMEVa TONG dé huypa.” av on Kal TO
vntrevOes éxetvo dnow eivar Kal adyoXov, boTE
AnNOnv Trovety Kal amdQevavy TOV KaKoV. Kal
oxedor avTaL ev eoiKacLY WoTrEp UTO TOV TOLN-
TOV umodedeiy Oat. kal yap Aiaytros év tais
ENEYELALS WS TodupappLaxov ever THV Tuppyviar:
rs Tuppnvov yevedy, pappaxorovoy éOvos.”
Oc dé toms mares TOS paivovrar METEKELY
TOV hapudKov, ANA {TO HaNov Kal HTTOV oLa-
pépew" Kal yep ol Tpos a apKxtov Kal peonpBptav
Kal ot Tpos dvaTonas éxougr Oavpacras Suvdpers.
év Ai@iotria yap 7 TOUS dia TOUS xplover pita Tis
eoTL davarndépos. év b€ YKvOas airy Te Kal
erepau TAELOUS, al pev Tmapaxphpa aTANAATTOVE aL
TOUS T poo everyKapevous, ai o év ovous at pev
ératToow ai & ev TAcloow, Got évious KaTa-
pOivew. év "Tvdois dé Kal érepa yer Teto,
TEpLTTOTATA 5€, el7rep anni Aeyouvary, i} TE duva-
perm TO alpa Svaxeiy Kat olov Umopevyew, kal
maduy ouvayouvca Kal T pos eau Tay eT LOT OMEDN,
a& on pacw evpholar mpos Ta TOV Opidioy TaV
Oavarnpopeov Snywata.
Tepi de TH Opdany elvat bev Kal érépas ovK
fad iaxuporatny de @S elmely THY loxatpov,
vy On Aéyovow ot pev KevTnOeions THs prEBOs
1 Od. 4. 221 foll.
2 &v 5h conj. Sch.; wi 5) U*; év ofs 8) PAld.
290
\)
ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, IX. xv. 1-3
for thence he says! that Helen brought “things of
virtue which Polydamna, the Egyptian wife of Thon,
gave her; there the grain-bearing earth produces
most drugs, many that are good, and many baneful.”
Among these? he says was nepenthes, the famous drug
which cures sorrow and passion, so that it causes for-
getfulness and indifference to ills. So these lands
seem to have been pointed out, as it were, by the
poets. For Aeschylus too in his elegies speaks of
Tyrrhenia as rich in drugs, for he tells of the “ Tyrr-
henian stock, a nation that makes drugs.”
It seems that almost all places take their share in
producing drugs, but that they differ in the extent
to which they do so; for the regions of the North,
South, and East have herbs of marvellous virtue.
Thus in Ethiopia there is a certain deadly root ® with
which they smear their arrows. And in Scythia there
is this and there are also others, some of which kill
at once those who eat them, some after an interval,
shorter or longer, so that in the latter case men have
a lingering death. In India there are many other
kinds,* but the most extraordinary,°® if they tell the
truth, are these: there is one which has the power
to make the blood disperse and as it were to put it
to flight,® and another which collects it and draws it
to itself; these they say were discovered as remedies
for the bites of deadly serpents.
In Thrace it is said there are fairly numerous
other kinds, but that about the most powerful is
‘blood-stancher,’? which stops and prevents the flow
3 Somali arrow-poison, Index App. (27).
4 yévn conj. Dalec.; uépy Ald.
5 repittétata conj. W.; mepitrotarn Ald.
6 2 add moeiv after bropevyerv. 7 Plin. 25. 83.
291
u 2
THEOPHRASTUS
oi O€ Kal: a podpotépas Sat unbetans i loxew Kal
Kove THD xvow. [TadrTa pev ody, aomep €i7r0-
HED, eouKe dnXobv TO KoLvO?.| TaV pev ovv ew
TOT@DV Ot pappaxwdvertaror ovToL.
Tov &é rept THY ‘Edd dda TOT @Y pappanwde-
CTATOV TO Te T7Acov TO ev Ocetraria Kal TO
Tere0 prov TO &V EvBoig Kal 0 Llapvacos, ert b€
Kal 1) "Apkadia Kal 7) Aaxavier): Kal yap avuTaL
pappaxwdes appotepar du’ 0 Kal of ye “ApKddes
elo0acw avtl Tov pappaKoTroTety yadaxToToTEty
meph TO €ap, OTaV ob orrol pddvora TOV TOLOUTOV
purAdov aKpacoce: TOTE yap pappaKnwderrarov
TO yada° mivovat d€ Boetov" Soxel yap TONU-
vow@tatov Kal TauhaywoTatov eivat TavTwV oO
Bods.
Dieta dé map adtois 6 Te éhdEBopos apo-
Tepos Kal 6 AevKdS Kal Oo pédXas: ETL O€ SadKoV
Sapvoerdés KpoKdev, Kal iy éxetvou péev padavov
dypiay Kanovet Tov 8 iaTp@Vv TLVES Kepaiv, Kal
iy of pev adOaiapr é exeivor dé paraxny ayptav, Kal
n apiaronox ta Kal TO oéoene Kab TO immoaéhwvov
Kal TO TevKEdavov Kat 9H paxeva Kal 0 OT PUXVOS
apporepos 6 te howixody éYwv TOV KapTroV Kal oO
pérava.
Dieta: 5€ Kal 0 aixvos o aypios, €E ov TO
€XNaTPLOV owtiderar: Kal O TOU MarNos, ef ov TO
immopdes” diptatov S€ TOUTO Trept Teyéav KAKELVO
pardiata orovdabetar’ pvetar & éxet él mréor
1 T omit raita. . . xowdy as apparently out of place and a
duplicate of the last sentence of § 8.
2 Plin. 25. 945 of. 4. 5. 2. 3 Plin. 25, 110.
292
ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, IX. xv. 3-6
of blood, some say if the vein is merely pricked,
others even if it is deeply cut into.! These then
of the places outside Hellas are those that are most
productive of drugs. |
2 Of places in Hellas those most productive of drugs
are Pelion in Thessaly, Telethrion in Euboea, Parnas-
sus, and also Arcadia and Laconia, for both these
states produce medicinal herbs ; wherefore the Arca-
dians are accustomed, instead of drinking medicine,
to drink milk in spring when the juices of such plants
are at their best, for then the milk has most medi-
cinal virtue. It is cows’ milk that they drink, since
it appears that the cow eats more than any other
animal and is more impartial as to what she eats.
3 Both kinds of hellebore, the white and the black,
grow in their country, and also carrot,* a saffron-
coloured plant like bay; and a plant which the
Arcadians call ‘wild cabbage’® (spurge) but some
physicians kerais; also a plant called by some marsh
mallow,® also birthwort hartwort alexanders sulphur-
wort Herakleia, and both kinds of strykhnos,’ that
which has a scarlet and that which has a black fruit.
There also grow there the ‘wild cucumber’
(squirting cucumber), of which the drug ‘driver’
is compounded, and the téthymallos (spurge) of which
hippophaés® is made; this is best about Tegea, and
that kind is much sought after; it grows there in
4 §adxov. This name recurs §8 and 9. 20.2. Text must
be defective here: the epithets are unintelligible, and
perhaps belong to another plant whose name has dropped
out. See Index.
5 ¢f. 9. 12. 1. and Index.
6 GA@alay conj. Sch., cf. 9.18.1; ar6éay Ald. ef. Plin. 20, 222.
7 of. 9. 11. 5. 8 of. 9.9 4; 9.14.1.
9 inmopdes is elsewhere the name of a plant: ef. Diose. 4, 159.
ef ob may be corrupt, or the text defective.
293
THEOPHRASTUS
amrelotov b€ Kat KadddNoTOV Peta Tepl THY
KyXerropiav.
‘H de Tavaxela ryiverau Kara TO TeTpatov Tept
Vadida Kal TreloTn Kal apiotn. TO Oé padv
mepl Pevedy wal ey TH Kuardijvp. pact & elvat
Kal duotov ® 0 “Opnpos eipyxe, THY pev piSav
éyov otpoyyohny T poo eupep?) Kpopve TO de Pur-
Aov Opotov Kiddy xphoGar dé auT@ pos Te Ta
arefipappara Kab Tas paryetas: OU punVv OpuTTEW
y elvat Nader ov, @S “Opnpos pyou.
To dé K@VELOY dpi Tov Tept Lobca Kai €v Tots
puxporarous TOTOLS. yiverat b€ Kat év 77 Aako-
Vik TA ToANa TOUT@D" Kal yap avrTn Torupap-
paKos. év Axata be ) TE TpayaxavOa TOXM)
Kal ovdeyv YELp@v ws ovovraL THS Kpnrucijs andra
Kab TH Ores Kan wv: Kal SadKov repli tH Ia-
Tpaikny Siapé por" TovTo O€ Deppavrexoy pucet,
piSav dé EXEL pédavay. pverar dé Ta TONGA
TOUT@Y Kal év TO Hapvacg | Kal mepl To Tené-
O prov. Kal TADTA Mev KOLA TELOVOY YOpOV.
“XVI, To dé di«Tapvov Wuov THS Kpyrns, Oav-
pactov O€ TH Suvaper Kal T pos Trelo XpngLpwov
pddora dé T pos TOUS TOKOUS TOY YUVALKOY. éoTl
dé TO pev pudrov 7 a.p0,LOLOV TH Prnxot, éyer Oé€
TL Kal KaTa TOV xuhov empepes Ta O€ Krovi
ANerTOTEpA. Xpavras dé Tots purrois, ov Tots
KNwol ovdé TO KapTo: ypnowpmov Sé pos TOANA
pev Kal adda, padtota Oé, WoTeEp édéxXOn, Tpds
1 Plin, 25. 30-33. 2 xara conj. St.; «at Ald. H.
3 Plin. 25. 151.
4 Sodoa: cf. 9.16.8; Aodoa (a town in Arcadia) conj. Sch.
(usually Aovdoo:), the other places mentioned being all in
294
es.
ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, IX. xv. 6-xv1. 1
considerable abundance, but in greatest abundance
and best about Kleitoria. |
1 All-heal grows in great abundance and best in?
the rocky ground about Psophis, moly about Pheneos
and on Mount Kyllene. They say that this plant is
like the moly mentioned by Homer, that it has a
round root like an onion and a leaf like squill, and
that it is used against spells and magic arts, but that
it is not, as Homer says, difficult to dig up.
3 Hemlock is best about Susa‘* and in the coldest
spots. Most of these plants occur also in Laconia, for
this too is a land rich in medicinal herbs. In Achaia.
tragacanth® is abundant and is as good as that of
Crete, it is believed, and even fairer in appearance.
Daukon® again is excellent in the country about
Patrai’ ; this is by nature healing, and it has a black
root. Most of these grow also on Mount Parnassus
and about Telethrion. So these plants are com-
mon to several lands.
Of the medicinal herbs peculiar to Crete.
XVI. *But dittany is peculiar to Crete. This plant
is marvellous in virtue and is useful for many purposes,
but especially for women in child-birth, Its leaf is
like pennyroyal, to which it also bears some resem-
blance in taste; but the twigs are slenderer. They
use the leaves, not the twigs nor the fruit: and the
leaf is useful for many other purposes, but above all,
Hellas. But Plin, 25. 154 has Susa: it can hardly be the
Persian town.
5 Plin. 13. 115.
6 Repeated 9. 20, 2; ef. 9. 15. 5 and Index.
7 Tatpaikhy conj. Sch., cf. 9.20.2; marpixhy Ald.; omapria-
khv U*; omaprixhy MP; Patrensi agro G.
8 Plin. 25. 92.
295
bo
THEOPHRASTUS
Tas duo ToKias TOV YUvaKOY" 7) yap evtoKeiv pace
Totelv 1) mavew ye TOUS TOvOUS omoRoyoupereas
didorat dé mivew év Boart. omaviov bé éoru Kal
y4e dXLryos O TOTOS 0 pépav, Kal ToDTOY at ayes
EKVELOVTOL dia 70 _pirmseiv. annbes é pacw
eivar Kai TO Tepl TOY Reddy, 6 ore payovoars é éTav
Tofevd aot exBaNret, TO yey obv SixTapvov
ToLOvTOY TE Kal ToLAUTAS EXEL Tas duvdpess.
To 6é Yrevdodixrapvov TO pev hUAAO Gpovov
Tois KA@vios O éXaTTOV TH Suvamet O€ TroAv
Nevmrdpevov. BonOet pév yap kal TaUTd, xelpov dé
TOA Kat do Gevéa repo. éoTL be ev0us év TO
TTOMATL pavepa Tob Sux Tapvou ) Svvapus: Sia-
Deppaiver yap amo ppod opodpa. reac be
Tas deopidas év vadpOnke 7) Kandpuep ™ pos TO pA)
aTrOTTVEty* do Devéarepov yap anomrvetc av. ré-
youoe dé TWES os 1) pev pvaots pia 1) Tod SuK-
Tapvou Kal ” TOU wpevdodixrapvon, d:a 8é TO
ev evryelorépors pvecOar ToTroLs xEtpov yiver Bau,
cabamep Kat ahha TONG TrElw TOUT@Y Kara
TAS Ouvdpers. TO yap Sixtapvov iret yopav
Tpaxetav,
"Kore dé Kal Erepov SikTapvor o HoTEp Omevupor,
oUTE TIV Oyu ovrE Thy Suva é éXov THY auTny*
pudrov yap exe Gpocov croup Spi TOvS b€ KAO-
vas petSous: ere dé THY Xpetay | Kat THY OvvapLD
ovK év TOS AUTOLS. TOUTO pev ov, @oTrEp eréxOn,
Oavpactoyv dua Kal idiov THs vycov. gaci oé
1 éxBddAet conj.Sch.; éxBddArAew Ald.
2 Plin. 25. 93.
3 yapOn conj Sch.; vapOnnldn i) U ; vapOnrtd: 7) M; vapOnee
xa) Ald.
296
‘
ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, IX. xvi. 1-3
as was said, against difficult labour in women; for it
is said that either it makes labour quite easy or at
least it confessedly makes the pains to cease: it is
given as a draught in water. It is a scarce plant:
for the region which bears it is not extensive, and
the goats graze it down because they are fond of it.
The story of the arrows is also said to be true,—that,
if goats eat it when they have been shot, it rids
them? of the arrow. Such then is dittany and
such its properties.
2¢ False dittany ’ is like it in leaf, but has smaller
twigs, and in virtue is far inferior. For it is of
service in the same ways, but is feebler and not
nearly so powerful. The virtue of dittany is perceived
directly it is taken into the mouth: for a small piece
of it has a very warming effect. The bunches of it are
put in the hollow stem of ferula? ora reed, so that it
may not exhale its virtue: for, if it does so, it is less
effective. Some say that dittany and ‘ false dittany’
are essentially the same plant, but that the latter is
an inferior form produced by growing in places with
richer soil; just as many other things* become
inferior in their properties for the same cause. For
dittany loves rough ground.
*There is also another plant called ‘ dittany,’
though it has nothing in common with these except
the name. This has neither the same appearance
nor the same virtue; for its leaf is like bergamot-
mint and its twigs are larger, and further its use and
virtue are differently shewn. The true plant is, as
was said, marvellous, and is also peculiar to the
island of Crete. Indeed some say that the plants
4 mAelw tovrwy Ald., probably a duplicate of &AAa moXra ;
not represented in G ; aAdAosodTa: conj. W, 5 Plin.25. 94.
297
on
THEOPHRASTUS
tives OWS TOV hUAAWY Kal TOY dpodduver Kal
e a a e \ a As 3 / , a
aTAGS TOV vIrép yhs TA ev Kpnrn Stadépery, TOV
NY mW n / ERE al n
5€ A\XN@V TOV ye TELT TY TA Ev TO Ilapvac®.
\ 8 b] / / \ Yee / \ 93>
To 6 axovitov yiverar pev Kai é€v Kpntn kai év
Zaxtv0w, trea Tov Sé Kal dpictov év “Hpaxreta
fel , a
Th év Ilovt@. Eyer 5é PvAAOY pev KLYOpLades,
pifav S€ opoiavy TO oxHpaTe Kal TO Xp@maTL
iS \ be Py 4 \ @ / > /
Kapios, THY dé Sivauv THY Oavatndopov év TadTn’
\ \ 4 \ \ \ > / a
To 6€ PUAXOV Kal TOY KapTrOoV ovOeV dace TroLety’
. , nw
Kaptros 6€ éott TOas ovX UAnpaTos. Bpayela dé
/
% Toa Kal ovdev EYOVTA TEPLTTOV, AANA Trapopoia
a \ \ / > , /
TO cit TO 6 oTrépua ov oTaxunpov. dveTtar dé
a > a? / /
TavTaxod Kal ovK év Tais Axkovats povoy, a’ ov
exer THY Tpoonyopiav> avTn dé ote KON TLS TOV
Ma an na be 4 \ ,
pravdvvev: diret Sé pddiota Tovs TeTpwders
/ > / \ bd / ee
TOTrouvs’ ov vémeTar O€ oVTE TPOBaToY ovT adXO
lal /
fdov ovdév. aovvtiPerPar S€ TpoTroy Twa Tpos TO
> / \ > \ 3 x» A \ \
épyaberOar kal ov taytos eivar: 80 5 Kal Tovs
latpovs ovK émictapévous cuvtTiOévat ontrTiK® TE
a \ \ A ” / b]
xpnobat Kai mpos adda atta: Twopevov §
lal >
ovdepiav aic@now Toety ovt ev olvm ovr év
e
pedtKpato: avvTiPecOar Sé doTE KaTA ypovousS
lal /
TAKTOUS avatpely, olov.diunvov Tpiunvov éEdunvov
éviavTov, Tovs dé Kai Svo etn yYeiptata 5é atran-
1 dpodduvywy: this word seems to occur only here in T.
Diose, 4. 76 and 77; Plin. 27. 9 and 10.
3 Kaptd: conj. W.; kapfat U; rapa Ald, cf. Diose. /.c.
4 of. 9: 821.
5 Plin. 6.4, portws Acone veneno aconito dirus, Butin 27.10.
he apparently did not recognise ’Axévais as a proper name,
298
to
ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, IX. xvi. 3-5
of Crete are superior in leaves boughs! and in
general all the parts above ground to those of other
places ; while those of Parnassus are superior to most
of those found elsewhere.
Of wolf’s-bane and its habitat, and of meadow-saffron.
2 Wolf’s-bane grows in Crete and in Zakynthos,
but is most abundant and best at Herakleia in
Pontus. It has a leaf like chicory, a root like in
shape and colour to a prawn,’ and in this root resides
its deadly property, whereas they say that the leaf
and the fruit produce no effects. The fruit is that of
a herb,‘ not that of a shrub or tree. It is a low-
growing herb and shows no special feature, but is
like corn, except that the seed is not in an ear. It
grows everywhere and not only at Akonai,® from
whence it gets its name (this is a village of the
Mariandynoi)®: and it specially likes rocky ground.
Neither sheep nor any other animals eat it.’ In
order to be effective it is said that it must be com-
pounded in a certain manner, and that not everyone
ean do this: and so that physicians, not knowing
how to compound it, use it as a septic and for other
purposes: and® that, if drunk mixed in wine or a
honey-posset, it produces no sensation: but that it
can be so compounded as to prove fatal at a certain
moment which may be in two three or six months,
or in a year, or even in two years: and that the
and translates it in nudis cautibus, misled perhaps by tovs
meTpwders Térovs below.
~§ Mapiavduvéy conj. Meurs.; mepravddvwy U* Ald. H.
7 U* adds here Bon@eiar 5& tots éveyxauévois eioi and omits
§§ 5,6... eldévar, continuing moaddiaus yap pao) ra avdpdmoda,
8 §¢ add. Sch,
299
THEOPHRASTUS
\ /
Adtrew Tos év TrEtoTO Ypdve KaTadCivorTos
TOU c@paTos, paota dé Tos Tapayphya. RvTI-
\ \ / > e a / > 4
Kov 6€ Pappaxov ovy evphalar, KaOadTrEp aKxovomev
RE a 4 > \ \ > / > /
éTépwv Te pvecPat. AAA TOUS éyywplous avace-
fev Twas pédtTe Kal olvm Kal ToLovToLs Tiot,
omraviws 6€ Kal TovTOUS Kal épywoas.
"AXA Tod édnucpov TO dPdppakov evpjabat:
4 / e/ Ss a 3 / > /
étepov yap Tt pitvov eivas 0 ébypepov atradXaTTEL*
a \ 4 4 64 Th oo , x lo
TovTo dé dvAXOV Gpotov Exe TO EAXREBOPH 1) TO
/ \ a / 3A 7 > A \ \
Aetpiw Kal TodTo mavras eidévar: Ov 0 Kal Ta
aviparoéa hac moAdakis Tapopytcbévta ypi-
cla, KaTrevTa iaTpevey aVTA TPOS TODTO OpuOVTaA,
\ \ Oe a a @ \ > \
kal yap ovdé Taxeiav TovetoPai THY aTradrayny
ovde €Kadhpayv adra Sucxeph Kal xpoviov: Ee pH
dpa d:a TO evOepdmevtop eivat Kal axatacKevac-
tov ws Oe? gaol yobv Kai mapayphywa arad-
f \ e/ , \ \ \ >
AaTrecOat Kal Uotepov ypdvw Ttods S€ Kal ets
> ‘ v \ \ é , > fad / >
éviauTov aye, Kal Tas Socers aBonOyTovs eivat.
1 7.e. no herb having that effect.
2 érépwy conj. Sch.; érepdy tt pvecOar UAId.H.; erepdy
gudpevov conj. W. G seems to have had a fuller text.
3 GAAG tous éyx. UM; GAAa tives Tots eveynapévos BonPera
etpnvta tous yap éyx. Ald. H., which the indicative efpnyvra
shews to be a gloss.
4 rod épnuépov U; ra ed” jucpov M3; nal 7d ephuepov Ald.
The passage about épfueporv, which interrupts the account of
axdvitov, is confused, and the text probably defective ; trans-
lation a makeshift. The sense of «i wh... ds Se? being
perhaps irrecoverable, the connexion of what follows is
obscured. W. gives up the passage.
300
——oOr
.
ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, IX. xvi. 5-6
longer the time the more painful the death, since
the body then wastes away, while, if it acts at once,
death is quite painless. And it is said that no anti-
dote ! which can counteract it has been discovered,
like the natural antidotes to other? poisonous herbs
of which we are told: though the country-folk * can
sometimes save a man with honey and wine and
such like things, only however occasionally and with
difticulty.
(On the other hand they say that for meadow-
saffron 4 the antidote has been found : for that there is
another root which counteracts that herb:° and that
it® has a leaf like hellebore’ or the madonna lily :*
and that this® is generally known. Wherefore they
say that slaves often take meadow-saffron when
greatly provoked, and then themselves have recourse !°
to the antidote and effect a cure,—seeing that the
poison does not cause a speedy and easy death, but 1
one that is lingering and slow,—unless indeed,
merely because the cure is so easy,” the antidote
has not been properly prepared.'® At least they
say that though death may ensue at once, sometimes
it only occurs after a considerable interval, which in
some cases extends to a year, and that in these latter
cases the dose given has incurable effects: and that
5% éphucpov PH.; 6 epnuepatoy U; 6 eo’ tmepaiov M3; 6 odk
épnucpov Ald,
6 rotro 5¢ Ald.; révd_ 5¢ cat Us ravde Sé rat M.
-7 7, the ‘black’: see Index.
8 reiplp con. Guilandinus from Diose. 4, 84 (xply@); aipip
Ald. H. ® roiro Ald.; Toto Bey
10 After édpuavta UM add xa) robs oixéras én) Trodro dppay and
omit Kal yap... Vavarnpdpar. 1 GAAad Ald.; ob8e U*.
12 ei@epamevtov Ald.; d&bepdmevrov U*P.
13 In which case apparently the slave outwits himself as
well as his master by ‘ dying on him.’
301
~I
THEOPHRASTUS
A \ nr a
tavta 5é éEaxpiBwOfvar paddLoTa Tapa Ttois Tup-
a al € a
pnvots Tos ev Hpaxreia. TodTo pév <odv> ovdév
»” > / lA > / BA \
aTOTTOV, €b TpoTTOY péy TLVa aBonOnTov adrAXas é
c/ lal >
BonOnopov, dorep Kal Etrepa TaV Oavatnhopwr.
To d€ adxovitov dypnoTov, daoTeEp eipntat, Tois
OEE 4 “a yOe a @ be > a > \
BLN ETO TAMEVOLS* OVdE KEKTHAOO aL O€ EEEiVAL, AMAA
Oavatov thv Enuiav: tHv 5& TOV xpovery Siadopav
> a \ \ / bd / x
axonrovleiy KaTa Tas TUANOYAS: icoypovoUs yap
tous Oavdtovs yiverOat Tots amd THs TUAXNOY AS
\V povols.
3 e A
Opacvas S 0 Mavrtiveds etpyxet te ToLodTor,
¢ a
@oTep EdXeyev, MaTE padiav Troveiy Kal Arrovoy THY
amoAvaw Tols oTols Ypwmevos KwvEiov Te Kal
MHKOVOS Kal ETEPWV TOLOUTMV, WATE EVOYKOV EivaL
/ \ \ e > rn e ,
opoopa Kat puxpov doov eis Spaypuns oArKHY.
> / \ / \ 4 4
aBonOntrov b&¢ mavtn Kal dvvdpevov Svapévew
e a , \ xQ\ > vA 3 f
oTOcOVvOUY xpovov Kal ovdéy adXNOLOUMEVOV. éAdp-
\ \ , > a > , > 9.3
Bave d€ To Kwvecov ovy SOev ETUyYaVEY AAW éx
/ \ v 4 iL \ \
Lovowyv Kat el Tis aAXOS TOTOS AuXpds Kal Ta-
NicKios' waavTws O€ Kal TaAXAa. cuveTiOer Sé
Kal érepa dappaka toda Kal éx ToAA@Y. SeLvds
\ , ee: | / e \ > a \ > ®
5é xai “AreEias 0 pabnths abtod Kal oby rTov
évTexvos éxelvou' Kal yap THs adANS laTpLKAS
ELTELPOS.
1 ody add. W.
2 &xoAovdeivy kata conj. W.; dkoverw eivar card Ald. H.; d&xovetv
elva: kal M.
302
oe
~~ ee ee
ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, IX. xvr. 6-8
these facts have been most carefully ascertained
among the Tyrrhenians of Herakleia. Now! it is not
surprising that in some circumstances the effects of
the poison should be incurable, and yet in others that
a cure should be possible, this being also the case
with other deadly poisons.)
To return—wolf’s bane, as has been said, is useless
to those who do not understand it; in fact it is
said that it is not lawful even to have it in one’s
possession, under pain of death; also that the
length of time which it takes to produce its effects
depends on? the time when it is gathered; for that
the time which it takes to kill is equal to that which
has elapsed since it was gathered.
Of two famous druggists and of the virtues of hemlock.
Thrasyas of Mantineia had discovered, as he said,
a poison which produces an easy and painless end ;
he used the juices of hemlock poppy and other such
herbs, so compounded as to make a dose of con-
veniently small size, weighing only somewhat less
than a quarter of an ounce. For the effects of this
compound there is absolutely no cure, and it will
keep any length of time without losing its virtue
at all. He used to gather his hemlock, not just
anywhere, but at Susa*® or some other cold and
shady spot; and so too with the other ingredients ;
he also used to compound many other poisons, using
many ingredients. His pupil Alexias was also clever
and no less skilful than his master, being also versed
in the science of medicine generally.
3 Soicwv MSS.; Aovowy conj. Sch. cf.9.15.8n. The men-
tion of Mantineia makes it likely that a place in Arcadia is
intended.
393
THEOPHRASTUS >
9 Tatra pev odv eiphobar Soxet TOAX@ padrov
nr x , ao \ / \ n /
vov 1) mpotepov. Ott dé Siahépes TO yYpHoOat
e / \ b la) b] \ \ a
TOS ExXaTT@ Phavepoyvy €xK TOANBY ETrEel Kal Ketor
nA , , > ee fe)
TO KwVEL@ TPOTEPOY OVX OUTW AAA TpiPorTEs
> ia) 4 e + a >] +309 XN a
€ypovtTo, KaSdtep ot addotr viv & ovd’ av eis
4 > \ / \ > / \
Tpiiretev, AANA TEepiTTicavTEs Kal aherovTEs TO
fal \
Kédugos, TOTO yap TO THY Svayépelav TrapéxoV
\ nA / a
SugKATEpyacTov OV, META TAUTA KOTTTOVGLY ev TO
ef \ / \ > / >?
dp Kal SsaTTHoavTes ANETTA ETiTaTTOVTES ed
ev / ef al \ ,
idwp Tivovow, WaTE TaxXElav Kal éNadpar yive-
oOat THv aTradrayny.
e la)
XVII. ‘Azravtov 5€ tov hpappaxwr ai dvvapers
aoGevéatepat Tots cuverOicpévois Tois b€ Kal av-
a \ @¢ * 4 \ / > ,
evepyets TO OXov. Eviot yap €AXEBopoy éeaGicvtes
\ id b] / , ev > \ 4
TOALY WATE aVaNioKkelw Oé€apas OAaS ovdeY TAG-
yovow: Omep éroies Kal Opacvas Sewvotatos wv
e 207 \ \ ev an \ ay e
@s edoKe TEpt Tas pitas. Trolodar 5é TODA ws
fa) Si , a
€orxe Kal TOV voyewy tives: du’ 6 Kal Tpds Tov
/
happakoT@rnv tov Oavwalouevov ws Katnabte
/ e
pifav piav 7 dvo mapayevopevos 0 Towuny Kal
> , ii4 \ 4 > / ’ /
avarooas 6AXnv thy Sésunv erroincey addKimov*
b] if 7 @ we. F , e / a val
éNéyeto & OTe Kal” ExadoTHVv Hmépav TOovTO ToLeEl
Kal avTos Kal ETEpot.
/ \ 4 fal , a
2 Kuwydvveter yap via Tov pappdKkoy TH aovvyn-
Oecia happaka yiveoOar, taxa 5é adnbéotepov
Q pe Y 9 TAN pP
1 Buvoxarépyaotoy: of. C.P. 1 14, 4.
2 Siarrhoayres conj. Hoffmann from G ; d:artjoavres Ald. H.;
dinOnoavres U*¥mP.
304
ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, IX. xvr. 9—xvit. 2
Now these things seem to have been ascertained
far better in recent than in former times. And
many things go to shew that the method of using
the various drugs makes a difference; thus the
people of Ceos formerly did not use hemlock in
the way described, but just shredded it up for
use, as did other people; but now not one of them
would think of shredding it, but they first strip off
the outside and take off the husk, since this is what
causes the difficulty, as it is not easily assimilated ! ;
then they bruise it in the mortar, and, after putting
it through a fine sieve,? sprinkle it on water and
so drink it; and then death is made swift and
easy.
How use diminishes the efficacy of drugs, and how they have
not the same effect on all constitutions.
XVII. *The virtues of all drugs become weaker
to those who are accustomed to them, and in some
cases become entirely ineffective. Thus some eat
enough hellebore to consume whole bundles and
yet suffer no hurt ; this is what Thrasyas did, who,
as it appeared, was very cunning in the use of herbs.
And it appears that shepherds sometimes do the
like ; wherefore the shepherd who came before the
vendor of drugs (at whom men marvelled because
he ate one or two roots) and himself consumed the
whole bundle, destroyed the vendor’s reputation :
it was said that both this man and others did this
every day.
For it seems that some poisons become poisonous
because they are unfamiliar, or perhaps it is a more ac-
curate way of putting it to say that familiarity makes
8 Plin. 27. 144,
395
VOL. II. x
4
THEOPHRASTUS
cimelvy @S TH ouvnbeia ov ddppaxa: tpocde~a-
f ‘ rf Y Y set \ he , p te D
pévns yap Ths dvaews Kal KaTaKpatovans ovKETL
ddppaxa, kabarep kal Opacvas éreyev: éxetvos
yap ébn TO avTo Tots wev ddpyaxov eivas Tots S
an X U
ov ddppaxon, dtatpav Tas hvceis ExadoTwV* WETO
yap deiv Kal jv dewvds Stayvovat. toret Oé Te
a ¢ \ A 4 \ \ » ”
dfjrov Ste pos TH Hvac Kal TO Eos. Evdnuos
youv 0 dappaxoT@Ans evdokimav ohodpa Kata
Thy Texvnv auVvOéuevos pndéevy teicecPar Tpo
nHrtov dvvavTos KaTépaye péTpLov Tavu Kal ov
/ PND > / 4 \ a ”
Katéoxev ovd éxpadtncev. o 6€ Xios Evdnuos
/ / > > / / v7
miveov €dd€Bopov ovK éxaOaipeto. Kai Tote &py
Mety év pud Hepa vO Kal EiKooL TOTES eV TH
ayopa Kalnpevos él TOV oKEvoy Kal ovK e€ava-
n \ n / / / > > \
oThvat Tpo Tov SeiAnv yevéoOar tote 8 & wv
\ 7 \ A 4 >7/ \ >
Kat Novoacba Kal Setrveiy M@oTrep ci@0er Kal ovK
> / \ 2 / / /
éFeuéoau' wAnV ovtos ye BonOeray Twa Tapa-
oKevacdpevos KaTécxe KiconplLy yap émiTaTTOV
t BIE Lee \ a ” \ \ € / f
em’ d£05 Opimv trreivy py peta THY EBSOuNY Tocw,,
Kal Tad votepov ev olv@ TOV AaUTOV TpOTTOY" THY
dé THs Kiconpioos ovTws toyupay eivar Stvamuy
b / /
wot édav tis es TiOov Féovta <olvov> éuBdarn
/ a
mavew Thy Céow ov Tapaxphua povovy adda Kal
oe / / n x4 » weed
dAws KataEnpaivovedy Te OnAov OTe Kal avadexo-
\ n an al
peéevnv TO TvEeDMA Kal ToUTO dtieicay. ovTOS meV
a / al
ovv TO ye TWANGos TavTn TH BonOeia Katécyev.
\ \ n
"Oru 58 Kat TO 00s iaxupov pavepov éx TOAKOY"
1 This story is quoted by Apollonius, Hist. Mirab. 50.
306
ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, IX. xvi. 2-4
poisons non-poisonous; for, when the constitution
has accepted them and prevails over them, they cease
to be poisons, as Thrasyas also remarked; for he
said that the same thing was a poison to one and not
to another ; thus he distinguished between different
constitutions, as he thought was right; and he was
clever at observing the differences. Also, besides
the constitution, it is plain that use has something
to do with it. At least Eudemus, the vendor of drugs,
who had a high reputation in his business, after
making a wager that he would experience no effect
before sunset, drank a quite moderate dose, and it
proved too strong for his power of resistance : ! while
the Chian Eudemus took a draught of hellebore and
was not purged. And on one occasion he said that
in a single day he took two and twenty draughts in
the market-place as he sat at his stall, and did not
leave the place till it was evening, and then he went
home and had a bath and dined, and was not sick.
However this man was able to hold out because he
had provided himself with an antidote; for he said
that after the seventh dose he took a draught of tart
vinegar with pumice-stone dust in it, and later on
took a draught of the same in wine in like manger ;
and that the virtue of the pumice-stone dust is
so great that, if one puts it into a boiling pot of
wine,” it causes it to cease to boil, not merely for
the moment, but altogether, clearly because it has a
drying effect and it catches the vapour and _ passes it
off. It was then by this antidote that Eudemus was
able to contain himself in spite of the large quantity
of hellebore which he took.
However many things go to show that use makes
2 otvov add. Sch., of. Plin. 36. 42; 14, 138.
3°7
x 2
a)
THEOPHRASTUS
> \ : \ ee , \ \ > n / ¥
evel Kat TO arpivOvov Ta wev evTavla TpoBaTta ov
/ 4 | an /
pact tives véwerOa, Ta & év.t@ Llovt@ véwerau
/ ,
Kal yiveTas TLOTEpa Kal KAAri@ Kai, @s bx TIVES
Aéyoucwv, OVK EXOVTA YONHD. ara yap TadTa
v ,
bev Etépas av Tivos ein Oewpias.
XVIII. Ai 6€ pifat nat Ta bAnpaTa, KaSatrep
yy \" 4 / > \ Sin oF.
elpynTat, ToAAAS Exyouvar Svvdpers OV pos TA Ep-
, / > \ \ \ \ 4
Yuya copuaTa povoy adda Kal TPOS Ta arpvya.
Néyouvot yap axavOdy Twa eivat i) THYyVUaL TO
e > / 4 \ \ \ fel
bdwp éuBardropévyn: myyvivar d€ Kai THY THs
aOaias pifav, éav tis Ttpitvas euBadryn Kal OF
bTraiOprov: exer 5é 4) adOaia PvAXrov pev Gporov
A , \ a \ 5 Y \ So
TH parayn TAHV pellov Kal OacuTEpoV, Tovs Ee
\ / ba \ A \ >
Kavrovs parakovs, avOos Sé prjrLvov, Kaptrov
od a / e7 \ >] , \ n
dmotov TH paraxn, piSav Sé ivddn AevKnY TH
7 n e a
yevoes O€ WoTTEp THS wadayNs 0 KaVAOS* KpoOvTar
n \ nr
dé avTH mpos TE TA pHyywata Kal Tas Bhyas év
¥ n 2 Leng \ + ame 4 > /
olv@ yAuKEl Kal emi TA EXKy EV Edai@.
/ a
‘Erépav 8€é tiva cuvewropuévny Tois Kpéact ovr-
amgew eis TaVTO Kal olov mnyvivar: tas dé Kal
e LA e / \ NM \
EdKelv, WoTED 7 ALOOS Kal TO HAEKTPOD. Kat
TavTa meV ev Tots arrvyots.
To 6€ Onrvdovor, of S€ cxopTiov Kadovor Sia
A \ e/ 4 /, 4 fal / > ,
TO THY pilav omoiay eye TO TKOPTILM, éTLEVO-
1 ef. Plin. 27. 45.
2 SAhwara: here a general term for shrubs and under-shrubs.
cf. 9. 20. 6.
3 Diose. 3. 146; Plin. 20. 84.
308
ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, IX. xvi. 4—xvuit. 2
much difference; ! thus some say that the sheep of
some places do not eat wormwood; yet those of
Pontus not only eat it but become fatter and fairer
and, as some say, have no bile. But these things
may be said to belong to a different enquiry.
Of plants that possess properties affecting lifeless objects,
XVIII. Herbs and shrubs,? as has been said, have
many virtues which are shown in their effects not
only on living bodies but on lifeless ones. Thus
they say that there is a kind of akantha (gum arabic)
which thickens water, when it is put in it; and that
so also does the root of marsh-mallow if one shreds
it and puts it in and stands the water in the open
air. Marsh-mallow has a leaf like mallow, but larger
and rougher; the stems are soft, the flower yellow,
the fruit like that of mallow, the root fibrous and
white, with a taste like that of the stem of mallow.
They use it for fractures and for coughs in sweet wine,
and for sores in olive-oil.
4They say that there is another kind which, if
cooked with meat, combines with it and as it were
sets it hard ; and there are others that attract things
to them, like the magnet or amber. So much for
effects produced on lifeless things.
Of plants whose properties affect animals other than man.
5 Wolf's bane, which some call ‘ scorpion-plant be-
cause it has a root like a scorpion, kills that animal
4 Referred to by Apollon. Hist. AMfirab.41. ef. Diosc. 3. 147 ;
Plin. 27. 42; 25. 67.
5 Referred to by Ael. H.A. 9.27; Apollon. Hist. Mirab, 41.
ef. Plin. 25, 122 (ef. 27. 6); Diosc. 4. 76. This is evidently a
different plant to the cxoprios mentioned 9, 13.6. See Index.
¢ 3°29
oo
THEOPHRASTUS
Mevov atroKTeiver TOV cKopTriov éav Oé Tis éd-
AéBopov RevKov KaTaT aon, mah aviorac Bat
pacuv: dm Ove 88 kab Bods Kal mpoBara Kat
vrotvyia Kab aT as may TeTpaTrouy éay eis TA
aidoia TOR 4 pita i) Ta pvrArga avOnuepov"
Xpyorwov b8 T pos oKopriov TANYHVY TLV OLEVOY.
exer be TO pev PvAXOV Gpovov KuKapive THY bé
pitay, w@aoTrep €X€EYVOn, cKopTri@. pvetar ¢ @ OoTEp
a) aypwoartes Kal yovara éxeu pire’ dé | Xepia
Koon. ei O€ adnOn Ta mepl TOV oKopTiov | 760
kal Tad Xa, ovK anidava ta TolatTa. Kal Ta
puv0@dn Sé ovK adoyws ovyKeitat. év bé Tots
HmeTépors TOLATL xepts TOV TpOS bryelav | Kal
voo ov Kal Oavarov Kal Tpos aha Suvduers é Exew
pacly ov povoy TOV TomLaTLKaY adda Kal TOV
THS Wuxs. . .
XTX. IIpds 63" THY uxyy TOV pev aTPYXVOY
@oTe Tmapaxwvety Kat e&totdvat, Kabatrep éhexOn
TpoTepov, y) 6€ TOU ovoOnpa pita Sofeiaa é év oivep
TpqgoTepov Kal (Napwrepov Tovet TO HO0s. exer
dé 0 pev ovoO npas TO wev PUAXOV 6 Opovov apuvyoarh
[Lux poTEpov 6é, To O€ avOos épuO pov @OTTEp pddov:
avTos 6é péyas Odpuvos: pita dé épulpa Kab
peyarn, oer bé avavbeians @omep oivou pirel
be opewa Yo pia. paivera 5é ov TodTO droTov:
olov yap tpoohopa tis yiverar Sivamw eyovtos
oiv@on.
1 ¢xoprig conj. W.; ckopriov Ald.
2-18. 3, Aéyw 5& cwmuatixdy... 18, 11 (the account of the
physical effects) is here omitted.
w9. 18, S
310
ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, IX. xvin. 2-x1x. 1
if it is shredded over him ; while if one then sprinkles
him with white hellebore, they say that he comes to
life again. It is also fatal to oxen sheep beasts ot
burden and in general to any fourfooted animal, and
kills them the same day if the root or leaf is put on
the genitals; and it is also useful as a draught against
a scorpion’s sting. It has a leaf like cyclamen, and
a root, as was said, like a scorpion.! It grows like
dog’s-tooth grass, and is jointed, and it loves shady
places. Now if what has been told already about
the scorpion be true, then other similar tales are not
incredible. (Indeed fabulous tales are not composed
without some reason).? And in relation to our own
persons, apart from their effects in regard to health
disease and death, it is said that herbs have also
other properties affecting not only the bodily but
also the mental powers. ... .
Of plants possessing properties which affect the mental powers.
XIX. As to those which affect the mind, strykhnos,
as was said before,’ is said to upset the mental
powers and make one mad; ‘while the root of
onotheras (oleander) administered in wine makes the
temper gentler and more cheerful. This plant has
a leaf like the almond, but smaller,®> and the flower
is red like a rose. The plantitself (which loves hilly
country) forms a large bush; the root is red and
large, and, if this is dried, it gives off a fragrance
like wine. And this does not seem surprising, since
there is a sort of ‘ bouquet’ given off by a thing which
has the peculiar quality of wine.
4 Diose. 4. 117; Plin. 26. 111.
5 uipdtepov conj. W.; mxpdrepov UM ; rAaritrepoy Ald. (so
also Diose, l.c.). G seems to have read paxpérepov.
311
2
THEOPHRASTUS
\
"ArXAA Tade einOéotepa Kal amiPaverepa Ta
Te TOY TepladTT@Y Kal Odws TOV areELhapydKov
a a / \
Neyouevwry TOls TE TOuacL Kal Tals olKiaIs. Kal
c
as 8) dace TO TpiTddov Kal’ “Hatodov kai
cal a a na /
Movoaiov eis wav mpayya omovdaioy ypnotpmov
\ / \
eivat, Ot 0 Kal dpvTTovow avTO VUKTwP oKNYIY
a / \
mntdpuevol. Kal Ta Tept Ths evKeretas Sé Kal
evdokias opoiws 7) Kal wadXov: evkrevav yap hact
moleiy TO avTippwwov KaXovpevov: TovTO O Spoor
fol €
éott Th amapivyn pita Sé ovx bmeotw: o 6é
/ a
KapTos womep poayouv pivas exer. Tov 8 amo
/ > / > a > a \ \
TovTou aderhopuevoy evdokeiv. evdokeiv bé. Kai
éav Tis TOU éXELOYpvcoU TH avOEL oTEpavaTat
pvp paivev é€x xpvoiov amupov. éxe Sé Oo
/ \ \ + / 4
éXetoxpuaos TO pev avOos ypucoedés, PUdAXOV
\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \
Sé Nevxov Kal Tov KavAov Sé AeTTOV Kal TKANPOV
e/v¢y papa. / \ / n \ > fal
pitav 5é érimoXatov Kat AeTTHVY. Yp@vTat dé avTO
\
mpos Ta OakeTa €v Olv@ Kal TPOS TA TUPiKavoTA
KataxavoavtTes Kal pléavtTes pméreTL. Ta peev
a \ /
obv towadta, Kalarep Kal mpotepov édéxOn,
/ \ fa)
cuvvavée Bovropévav éott Tas éavTav Téxvas.
Ai &8é rév pilav Kal TOY KapTey Kal TOV OTaV
dices émel jwoddas Exovet Kal twavtolas Suva-
\ a a
pets, Coat TavTO SvvavTat Kal TOY avTaY aitia,
1 amiOaveérepa conj. Scal. after G: so also Cod.Cas. Vin. Vo.;
wiBaverepa U*; midavdrepa Ald.
2 rpimédkcov UMU*Ald.; G from Plin. 21. 44 has poliwm. It
may be observed that tpiméacov can hardly have occurred in a
hexameter. Hesych., however, gives tpiomdéAtoy as the name
312
i i ee
ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, IX. xix. 2-4
O7 plants said to have magical properties.
On the other hand what is said of amulets and
charms in general for the body or the house is some-
what foolish and incredible.1 Thus they say that
tripolion? according to Hesiod and Musaeus is useful
for every good purpose, wherefore they dig it up
by night, camping on the spot. So too what is said
of good or fair fame as affected by plants is quite as
foolish or more so: for they say that the plant called
snapdragon* produces fair fame. This plant is like
bedstraw but it has no root: and the fruit has what
resembles a calf’s nostrils. The man who anoints
himself with this they say wins fair fame. * And they
say that the same result follows, if he crowns himself
with the flower of gold-flower, sprinkling it with
unguent from a vessel of unfired gold. The flower of
gold-flower is like gold, the leaf is white. The stem
also is white ® and hard, the root is slender and does
not run deep. © Men use it in wine against the bites
of serpents, and to make a plaster for burns after
burning it and mixing the ashes with honey. Such
tales then, as was said before, proceed from men who
desire to glorify their own crafts.
A problem as to cause and effect.
Now since the natural qualities of roots fruits and
juices have many virtues of all sorts, some having
the same virtue and causing the same result, while
ofa plant. Plin. /.c. seems to combine Diosc.’s account of
méAtov (3. 110) with bis account of rpimdAroy (4. 132).
3 7d aytippivov conj. St. from Diosc. 4. 130; Plin. 25. 129;
7d avtippi(ov Ald. H.; rdv avr. UM; 7d dyripiCov U*.
4 Diose. 4. 57; Plin. 21. 66. Cited also by Athen. 15. 27.
5 rAevxdy conj. Sch.; Aerrby UMU*AId.G,
6 Diose. l.c.; Plin. 21. 168 and 169,
SS
THEOPHRASTUS
\ “A v4 Ce , 5 , ”
Kal TadwW boat TA evayTia, SiaTropyceley av TIS
Kowov iaws aTopnua kal é étép@y atropwr,
a a / \
TOTEpov boa TOV AUTOY aiTla KATA play TLVa
7 / b x \ > Ri! P > BS
Sivapiv éotiv, ) Kal ad’ étépwv évdexeTat TavTO
vA al n \ > 4 > ; / @ m > bé
yivecOat. TovTO peéev ody TavTH HTopHaOw: «i dé
\ 4 \ / x \ 4
TiWev Kal ddXr\ov Tas dices 7 Tas SvVdpets
éyouev eitreiv, TavTAa pyTéov.
é /
XX. To 6% mwéweps xaptos pév éote Sittov 5é
a \ / 7
avTod TO yévos' TO pev yap TTPOYyVAOV wWo7TrEp
” / 4 \ / ‘ €
dpoBos, Kékudpos éxyov kal odpxa Kabarep ai
is ¢e / @ F \ be / 4
Sadvides, vmépuOpov' To 6é€ mpounKes pédav
/
OTEpMaTLA LNKwVLKA ExoV' taxXUpOTEpoV OE TOAD
a / \ Yo oe Ds \
TovTo Oatépou’ Oeppavtixa bé adudo: bv 6 Kal
\ \ , lal nm / 1 © /
mpos TO K@vetovy Bonet Tadta TE Kal 0 MBavwrTos.
/ lal
‘O &€ Kvidios Koxkos otpoyyvXov épvOpov TH
A a a /
ypord petCov 5é Tov TreTréptos La xUpoTEpov Sé TOAD
a / Be ae A / /
Th Oepporntt, d¢ 0 Kat drav bidwor KataToTor,
diddact ya 0s KolALas AUoW, ev a j
160 yap pos S , €&V apT@ 7
, / / \ bY \
oTEaTL TEpiTAaTTOVTES’ KaEL Yap AWS TOP
papvyy4.
Ocpyavtixov O€ Kali ) ToD TevKedavov <pifa,>
d2 0 kal dretupd Te rovovow €& avThs idpwtiKov
@otep Kal €€ Gd\Xov. SidoTar O€ 4) TOD TevKE-
1 4’ conj. Sch.; ép’ U*P; Ald. omits the preposition.
2 Cited by Athen. 2. 73; ef. Diose. 2. 159,
8 Plin. 27. 70, ;
314
ii
ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, IX. xix. 4-xx. 2
others have opposite virtues, one might raise a
question which is perhaps equally perplexing in
regard to other matters, to wit, whether those that
produce the same effect do so in virtue of some
single virtue which is common to them all, or whether
the same result may not come about also from!
different causes.—Let us be content to put the
question thus : but now we must proceed to speak of
the natural qualities or virtues of any other plants
that we can mention,
Of certain plants, not yet° mentioned, which possess special
properties,
XX. ? Pepper is a fruit, and there are two kinds:
one is round like bitter vetch, having a case and flesh
like the berries of bay, and it is reddish: the other
is elongated and black and has seeds like those of
poppy: and this kind is much stronger than the
other. Both however are heating: wherefore these,
as well as frankincense, are used as antidotes for
poisoning by hemlock.
8’ The ‘Cnidian berry’ is round, red in colour,
larger than that of pepper, and far stronger in its
heating power ; wherefore, when it is given as a pill 4
(for it is given to open the bowels) they knead it up
in a piece of bread or dough: otherwise it burns the
throat.
5 The root ® of sulphur-wort is also heating, where-
fore they make of it an ointment to produce a sweat,
as with other things so used. This root® is also
4 xatdnoroy conj. Sch.; cara wérov Ald, ef. xaramrériov 9. 8. 3.
5 of. 9.14.1; Plin. 25, 117.
8 i{¢a add, W,
315
THEOPHRASTUS
Savou pita Kal TpOS: TOUS omhvas® 70 5é om éppa
ov XPNT Lov ovde 0 Omrds avThs: yiverar dé év
"Apkadia.
Aaixoy 8€ rept Tlarpaixny THS Axaias dia-
épor, eppavtiKov pucer pigav dé & exer pédarvay.
Ocppavtixov b¢ Kal Spey Kal THs ap dou Tis
aypias pita: év’ 0 0 Kab els. pirwOpov xpnotwov Kal
edn dioas am ary" TO O€ KapT@ yrrodat Ta
Sgouata. Téuverar S& macap @pav oT@pas Oé
pdarduoTa.
Apaxovtiov dé pia Bijxas év PENTEL dvdopévn
mavely xenci pn. Kavnrov b¢ éxet ToLKtAov Oitwdn*
oT EPMATL & ov Xpavrar.
‘H 6€ THs Oarpias € emeruKn’ éav O€ TIS KaTaoXy,
Kabaiper Kat avo Kal Kato: dvvatat S€ Kai Ta
Tert@pata ekarpety: bre@mia Sé Toe? adda éx-
Neva. 0 S€ Omds laxupoTeEpos aurijs cadaiper
Kal ave Kal KaT@" oT eppare o ov xpavras
yiverae dé cal GrAXOOL pev arap Kat év 7H ArtuKh
Kal Ta Booknpara TAUTNS OvY dmrerat Ta
éyxopia, Ta 6€ Eevixa BooKetar Kali Siappoia
dtapOeiperar.
To 6€ modvmddioy peta Ta VdaTa avaBracTet
oméppa 5€ ov pver.
To dé ths éBévou EvXNov Kata peéev THY Tpocowe
6 oLov TvE@ broicbév be pédav yiveran xp-
oLuov Oé pos oplaruias d aKovn TpLBomevov.
1 of. 9.15. 5. 2 cf. 9. 15.8. n.
3 cf. 9.14.1; Diose. 4. 181-183; Plin. 23. 19 and 21.
4 cf. 7.12.2; Diosc. 2. 167. ' ‘cf. ’Plin. 24. 89.
5 Diose. 4. 153 ; Plin. 13. 125 and 126.
316
ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, IX. xx. 2-4
given for the spleen: but neither its seed nor its
juice is of use: it grows in Arcadia.!
2 Daukon of excellent quality grows in the district
of Patrai in Achaia, and is heating by nature: it has
a black root.
’The root of the ‘wild vine’ (bryony) is also
heating and pungent: wherefore it is useful as a
depilatory and to remove freckles: and the fruit is
used for smoothing hides. It is cut at any. season,
but especially in autumn.
4 The root of edderwort given in milk is useful for
stopping a cough. It has a -variegated snake-like
stem : the seed is not used.
5 The root of thapsta has emetic properties: and,
if one retains it, it purges both upwards and down-
wards. It is also able to remove bruises: and it
restores other contusions to a pale colour.’ Its
juice is stronger and purges both upwards and
downwards: the seed is not used. It grows especially
in Attica, but also in other places: the cattle of the
country do not touch it, but imported cattle feed on
it and perish of diarrhoea.’
8 Polypody springs up® after rain, and produces no
seed.
10 The wood of ebony is in appearance like box, but
when barked it becomes black: it is useful against
ophthalmia, and is rubbed on a whetstone for that
use.
5 jnaéma... &kAevea: text perhaps defective.
7 S:appola conj. Sch.; didppoia } UM: didppota abrois yiveras })
Ald.G.
8 cf. 9.13.6; C.P. 2.17. 4. The account of the virtues of
this plant is evidently missing.
9 avaBAaore? conj. W.; aiel BdAAee Ald.
10 Diosce. 1. 98; Plin. 24, 89.
217
THEOPHRASTUS
‘H be dpiaToroxia Taxeta Kal eo Oropevn mK pa
T@ Xpopare pédawva Kal evoopos, TO 6€ prov
aTpoyyvhor, ov TroNU bé TO UTrép THs ys. pverar
be Kal pdduora év Tots Opec’ Kal attn Bertiotn.
THD dé Xpetav auras els ToANAG KkataplO modo
apiorn pev Tpos Ta kepanroOhaara, Gyan dé Kal
Tpos Ta adda oren Kal ™ pos Ta épmera Kal ™ pos
imvov Kal pos borepav @S TEeTCOS, TA [ev ow
bdats avadevopévn Kal KataTrAaTTOMévn, TA S
adnra eis mere Evopévyn Kal EXatov: Tav Oé épTreTaV
év olv@ ofivn TLvoueVn Kal éml TO Onyma ért-
TarTomevn’ els Umvov dé év olive perave avaTnp®
kvicOeioa: éav bé al piyrpae T POTET@OL, T@ VdaTL
amoknutew. avTn pev ovv EéoLKeE Suadépew TH
Toru pnoTid.
Ths dé (oKappovias @omep €& évavtias 6 OTs
povov XPNTL MOS arro 8 ovdev.
dé THs MTEpidos pifa povoy TO YVAM YruKv-
a7 pudvos: Epa. be TaATELAV éxBadrev oT épua
Sé ovK Eyer ode Omrov" TéuverOas O€ Wpaiay peTo-
T@pOv daciv.
aS Emus TULPuTOV éviois €Ovecww: éxXovat
yap ws érl map Aiyorriot “ApaBes. “Appévtor
Maradides Lvpoe Kinexes: Opdxes 8 ovK exouow
oude Ppoyes: TOV be ‘EXAgver OnBaioi te ot
Tepl Ta yupvacta Kal 6rws Bowwtoi: *AOnvaior
5° ov.
Ilavtwv 6é tov hapudkoyv ws amd@s eiTrety
Bertio Ta ex TOV KYELmEepLVoV Kal TpoaRdoppwv
1 of. 9. 13. 3. 2 «al uddrora conj. W.; udAiora Kad Ald.
3 arn conj. Scal.; airy Ald.
318
ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, IX. xx. 4-5
1Birthwort is a stout plant and is bitter to the taste :
it is black in colour and fragrant ; the leaf is round.
However there is not much of the plant above
ground. It grows especially? on mountains, and
then? it is best. Many uses of it for various purposes
are enumerated ; it is best for bruises on the head,
good also for other wounds, against snake-bites, to
produce sleep, for the womb as a pessary: for some
purposes it is soaked with water and applied as a
plaster, for others it is scraped into honey and olive-
oil: against snake-bites it is drunk in sour wine and
also sprinkled over the bite; to induce sleep it is
given pounded up in black dry wine: ‘in cases of
prolapsus uteri it is used in water as a lotion. This
plant then seems to have a surpassing variety of
usefulness.
5 Of scammony, as though by contrast, only the
juice is useful and no other part.
Of male-fern no part but the root is useful and it
has a sweet astringent taste. It expels the flat
worm. It has no seed nor juice: and they say it
is ripe for cutting in autumn.
6(This worm naturally infests certain races:
speaking generally the following are liable to it—
the Egyptians, the Arabians, the Armenians, the
Matadides, the Syrians, the Cilicians : the Thracians
have it not, nor the Phrygians. Among the Hellenes
those Thebans who frequent wrestling-schools and
the Boeotians generally are liable to it: but not the
Athenians. )
Of all drugs, to speak generally, those are better
which come from places that are wintry, face the
4 Cited by Apollon. Hist. Mirab. 29.
5 Diose. 4. 170; Plin. 27. 78-80. 8 Plin. 27. 145.
319
THEOPHRASTUS
kai Enpov: Sv 6 Kal tav év EdBoia ta év tais
5] al xX AnD fal , / / /
Aiyais ) Ta €v TO TerXeOpio hact> Enpotepa yap:
/ 4
To 6¢ TereOptov sioKiov.
Tlept pév ody tav pilav doar happak@des Kal
oTotacovv éyovaor Suvdpers elite év avrais elite év
n ’ A Xd \ » \ A , ; \ \
Tois omrols 7) Kal GAA@ TiVL TOV popiwv, Kal TO
<4 bs \ x a ” /
brov el Te Hpvyavixov 7) To@bes Exe TolavTas
Suvapels, KaL TEpl TOV YUVAO@VY TOV TE EvOT MOV
\ a a7 ees 4 ,
kal Tov aocpov Kal bcas Eyovar Siadopas,
WA > ‘ ® la > 7
altrep ovOev HrTov hvotkat cio, elpnras.
320
>
ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, IX. xx. 5-6
north and are dry: wherefore of those which grow
in Euboea best, they say, are the drugs of Aigai or
Telethrion, these places being dry, while Telethrion
is also shady.
1Thus we have spoken of drugs, those that are
medicinal and those that have virtues of whatsoever
kind, whether in the root itself, or in the juice, or in
any other of their parts, and in general of all the
shrubby or herbaceous plants which have such
virtues, as well as their tastes, whether they be
fragrant or without fragrance, with the differences
between them, which are equally part of their
essential character.
1 This section begins a tenth book in UMAId.H.G; ef.
9. 8. 1 n. The concluding words can hardly represent the
original text.
321
VOL. IL v
a as oe i ery
ay 5 war Fishes! GE SA: A
; ihe : Fate a 4 seibeaee ANGE ee
oe ee a at arhye ‘tee eat: dati tat oe
re AE AEE AE Ho se we eae ama
skills waclakewsd gh feed fines (ahie> aeukigvone é
ek MBB: ie nak hi me, x.
‘" oe att dale eS Se Reha ues
pa ae ae eee ae SseAic ‘a
shadhe sy Bell lta > oR calpiahy, ai BE dios kod
i eae ny ep rs fai bri =
A a ie tte fae Be at) ahs e teak ay
ged HAAN NST ied: 7 isi Xs ‘Tey: beanies ae pie P ‘-
. ‘ded tau
MINOR WORKS
2
'
: “4 ~
i z
;
tke < J
: 3
; ,
y r e
M ¢
i :
.
be By Di ai I Ta
>
INTRODUCTION TO THE
TREATISES CONCERNING ODOURS AND
CONCERNING WEATHER SIGNS ©
Tue text of the two opuscula given here is re-
printed from that of Wimmer in the Teubner series,
1862, and in the Didot edition, 1866; the latter is
very carelessly printed : a few slight alterations are
mentioned in the notes. Both works are included
in the Aldine edition (1497), and in that of Camotius
(see p. x). For the de odoribus two MSS., Cod.
Vaticanus (A) and Cod. Parisiensis (Q) were collated
by Brandis. The text of the de signis is considered
by Wimmer to be very corrupt and defective: he
has admitted some emendations made by Schneider
from an old Latin translation published at Bologna
in 1516. Schneider's commentary makes frequent
reference to an edition of the opuscula of Theo-
phrastus by Turnebus and Daniel Furlanus, printed
at Hanau in Prussia in 1605, and reprinted there in
1615.
The de signis was one of Aratus’ authorities for
his Diosemeia: I have only however made reference
to that work where it appears to throw light on
the text of Theophrastus. These and most other
references for the two fragments I owe chiefly to
Schneider.
324
2
SECTIONS.
1-3.
CONCERNING ODOURS
CONTENTS
ao ere Of odours in general and the classi-
fication of them.
Of natural odours: Of those of animals and of the
effect of odours on animals.
Of smell and taste.
Of odours in plants.
Of artificial odours in general and their manufac-
ture: especially of the use of perfumes in wine.
Of the oils used as the vehicle of perfumes.
Of the spices used in making perfumes and their
treatment.
Of the various parts of plants used for perfumes, and
of the composition of various notable perfumes.
Of the properties of various spices.
Of the medicinal properties of certain perfumes.
Of rules for the mixture of spices, and of the storing
of various perfumes.
Of the properties of certain perfumes.
Of other properties and peculiarities of perfumes.
Of the making of perfume-powders and compound
perfumes.
Of the characteristic smells of animals, and of certain
curious facts as to the smell of animal and vege-
table products.
Of odours as compared with other sense-impressions,
325
TIEPI OJMON
T. Ai dopat ro pev Grov éx pikews ect
A
Kabdrep of Xvpol* TO yap auiKTOY amav dodpmov
4 BA \ \ \ e a ”
@otep ayupmov, 510 Kal Ta aTAa dodua, olov
ef >\ a e \ a / tae , > \
vdwp anp wip: 7 Sé yh madoT pmovn ddpunv
éxer O10 wddioTa MLKTH.
a lal A al
. Tav & dduav ai péev dorrep aedets Kai Ddapets
Kabatep éml TaV yupav, ai 8 Exovoai Tivas
a7 e ee / n \ > aA n
idéas. ai & idéar doxodar pev axorovbeiv tais
a n , n .
TOV YULOV, OV pnv EXovoL ye TAcaL Tas avTas
, 4 a /
TMpoonyopias, waomep €v TOS TpoTEpoY ElTroper,
2O3 of 4 6 f a 16 4
ovd Orws o0Tw Siwpiocpévatr Tots eideow BaTreEp
€ \ b > e xX a / iva \ \
ol XKUMOL ANN wS AV TOLS YEVEoLVY, OTL TA EV
x \ be / a S > dL \
evoopa Ta S€ Kadkoopa. THS ev@dlas Kal
,
KaKk@odias ovKEeTL Ta edn KATw@VOMATTAL KaiTeEp
\ , > Qn a
éyovta Siahopds peyddas emt y avTav Tov
/ * A 3 \ 6 a / \
YAUKEWY KAL TLKPOV, AANA OplwEla EyEeTAL Kal
> . \ \ \ a \ a. > ,
ioxupa Kal paraKkn Kal yAuKela Kal Bapeta odun:
Kowal © éviat ToUT@Y Kal TOY KAaKwSOD.
1 7.e. there is not one set of terms applied to the varieties
of ‘ good’ and another distinct set applied to the varieties of
‘evil’ odours, but we get a cross-division, some terms (such
as ‘strong’) being applied to varieties of both classes. cf.
64-66.
326
CONCERNING ODOURS
Introductory : Of odours in general and the classification of
them.
I. Opours in general, like tastes, are due to
mixture: for anything which is uncompounded has
no smell, just as it has no taste: wherefore simple
substances have no smell, such as water air and fire:
on the other hand earth is the only elementary
substance which has a smell, or at least it has one to
a greater extent than the others, because it is of a
more composite character than they.
Of odours some are, as it were, indistinct and
insipid, as is the case with tastes, while some have
a distinct character. And these characters appear
to correspond to those of tastes, yet they have not in
all cases the same names, as we said in a former
treatise ; nor in general are they marked off from
one another by such specific differences as are tastes :
rather the differences are, one may say, in generic —
character, some things having a good, some an evil
odour.! But the various kinds of good or evil odour,
although they exhibit considerable differences, have
not received further distinguishing names, marking
off one particular kind of sweetness or of bitterness
from another: we speak of an odour as pungent,
powerful, faint, sweet, or heavy, though some of
these descriptions apply to evil-smelling things as
well as to those which have a good odour.
327
i)
cs
THEOPHRASTUS
/ an a
‘H 6€ xaddrXov Kat Botep emi maot Tots b1a-
/
Pbctpopévois caTpoTys. atav yap TO onmopmevov
an > / \ bl / / a ”
KAK@OES, EL fH TUS THY OEUTHTA éyEL TOU oOlvOU
- 4 an ¢ / na a
CATPOTHTA TH OmoLroTnTL THs POopas. év aTract
8 éotly 1% Tov campov Kkaxwdia Kai év dutois
kat év fwows Kal év Tois arpvyxos: ev dace Oé
1 \
SiabOerpopévors ov pn % avaoTacis evOds éx
, ec 7 \ + \ \ n A
ToLavTns VANS’ Eyer yap Eva Kal THY THS DAS
b) v4 J \ 3 \ / nr? , A
oopnv, ov pny él wadvTw@Vy ye TOUT aKoXovOe?.
\ \ > >) \ > la] la if
TOAAA yap ov KaKwdN TA EK TOY TATPOV, wS
399 e 4 e > a / / \ >]
ovd of pvKnTes ot x THS KOTpov hvomevor Ta 6
> / , \ ‘ / ,
ex onrews huoueva Kal ovvicTtapeva KAK@ON.
’ \ e an >] an \ -
EVOT LA MEV OVV BS ATMS ElTrEiy TA TETEUMEVA
\ \ \ oe ae a2 \ alaw me
Kal A\eTTa Kal HkLoTAa yewdn TO yap Ths dopas
an \ /
év dvarrvon Kaxwdn Sé Snrovore Tavavtia. Toa
a tek n / b] / \ ,
Sé @oTEp TOV yAUKEwr eudhaiver TVA TiKpOTNTA,
Kal TOV EevwOa@V BapuvTHTAa Tats dopats.
Il. "Exes 5€ Exactov dopny idiav cat Cowv
“ val \ A“ 7 7 ?
Kal duTov Kal TOV afrvyov boa dopedn TOKE
1 And so here we have a term which possibly is applied
only to the one class of ‘ evil’ odours.
2 Which is not an ‘evil’ odour.
3 7.e. putridity is a quality which things acquire as they
decay, and does not necessarily imply that they are them-
selves formed out of decaying matter. In fact things so
produced are not always ‘ putrid.’
4 The sense is apparently that ‘lighter’ (or less solid)
things exhale a lighter and pleasanter odour because in their
328
_
CONCERNING ODOURS, 2-4
Putridity however is a general term, applied, one
may say, to anything which is subject to decay!: for
anything which is decomposing has an evil odour,—
unless indeed the name putridity be extended to
sourness? in wine because the change in the wine is
analogous to decomposition. The evil odour of
putridity is found in all things, alike in plants in
animals and in inanimate things: it attends the
decay of things which are not formed directly out of
a substance which is decaying: for some things have
also the odour of that substance, though it is not
found in every case.2 Thus in many instances things
which are produced by decaying matter have no evil
odour: for instance, mushrooms which grow from
dung have none: but things which grow from decay
and are actually formed out of it have such an odour.
To speak generally then, things that have been
cooked, delicate things, and things which are least of
an ear thy nature have a good odour,‘ (odour being a
matter of exhalation), and it is obvious that those of
an opposite character have an evil odour. But, even
as many things pleasant to the taste present a certain
bitterness, so many things that have a good odour
have a kind of heavy scent.
Of natural odours ; of those of animals and of the effect of
odours on animals.
II. Every plant animal or inanimate thing that
has an odour has one peculiar to itself: but in many
case exhalation is easier. The sense given to dvamvon requires
illustration (the passages cited by LS. are not in point). Sch.,
construing apparently as W. does, ‘since smell depends on
breathing’ (? inhalation), admits that he does not see the
point of this clause.
329
or
THEOPHRASTUS
8 e > / 8 x \ , 4 \
nutv ov paivetar 01a TO YElplaTHY exe THV
” 7 id > aA > \ al ” 7
aicOnow TavTny ws eiTety. mel Tots ye GAXOLS
\ \ la} A / / /
Kal Ta TAVTEAS Aodua hawopeva Sidwai tiva
b] A lal , n
Oopnv, BoTeEp ai KpLOal Tots vTofuyiols at éx THs
Kedpo7rdX1os, as ovx éoOiovoty dia THY KaKx@diar.
4 a \ \ e na / 7 n ’
Has dé Kal at Tov Cowv NavOdvovow TOV do pw-
an 4 > / \ 9 > \ ,
Sav Soxovvtov. evwodia pév odv odvfev daivetar
’ e \ / e > n > x, @ i \
Kal’ avTo yaipew ws eitreiv, ANN boca Tpds THY
\ \ \ > , a , ”
tpodiy Kal THY aToXavol. Toveiy 8 ena
A > a a
daivetar Tais oopais Kal Tals evwdiars, eltrep
> \ \ ee n n \ an ,
arnbés TO érl Tov yuToY Kai TOV KavOdpor.
a \ A e 7 rd , a ‘5 > na
todto oé¢ éfAov ws Ou’ évaytiwaw THs év adTois
7 e \ ? a uA a \
gicews. ws O€ Kal’ Exactov dpa Set THY ye
a \ a a
Kpaow THY ExaoTOU Kal THY THS OTUs NapBaver
Suva.
3524 \ ‘J 4 n >/ i > an
Eict pév otv Eat tov evoopwv Kal év tais
tpopais, olov at Tv axpodptwv Kal atiwv Kal
\ a n a
pynrwv' avTat yap avev THs tpoadopas Hjdeiat,
Kal “aAXOV ws eiTrety. Ov pV AAN Os y aTADS
a e / > > £. *™ e \ \
duedety ai pév eiot KaP avTdas ai O€ KaTa oup-
BeBnkos: ai pev TOV YUAOY Kal THs Tpodhs KaTAa
, e ] ev a > lal , ce /
ovpBeBnkos, at 8 waotep TOV avOav Kal?’ adtas.
ws 8 érimav Ta eVoopa, Kabdtep Kat mpoTepov
x» / \ \ ¢e /
éréxOn, Svoyuua Kal otpupva Kal vTomTiKpa.
1 In Thrace. cf. Arist. H.A. 9. 36. Turn. quotes an illus-
tration from Scriptor @avuaclwy &koveudtwr 126,
2 ebwdiats. ? ebddect.
33°
ete sa gee
CONCERNING ODOURS, 4-5
cases it is not obvious to us because, one might
almost say, our sense of smell is inferior to that ot
all other animals. Thus things which appear to us
to have no odour give forth an odour of which other
animals are conscious: for instance beasts of burden
can smell the barley of Kedropolis,! and refuse to eat
it because of its evil odour. Also we are unaware of
the odour of animals which appear to possess one.
Now no animal appears to take pleasure in a good
odour for its own sake, so to speak, but only in the
odour of things which conduce to its nurture and
enjoyment. Indeed some animals seem to be annoyed
by odours, even good? ones, if what is said of
vultures and beetles be true ; the explanation is that
their natural character is antipathetic to odours.
To appreciate this in particular cases one should
take into consideration the temperament of the
animal in question and also its power of smell.
Of smell and taste.
Now the odour of some things which have a good
odour resides in things which are used for food, for
instance that of stone-fruits* pears and apples, the
smell of which is sweet even if one does not eat
them ; indeed it may be said to be sweeter in that
case. However, to make a general distinction, some
odours exist independently, while others are inci-
dental ;* those of juices and things used for food
are incidental, those of flowers exist independently.
And, as was said above,' things which have a good
odour are generally of unpleasant, astringent or
3 axpodpiwv here apparently plums, peaches, etc.
4 7.e. the smell is a kind of ‘accident,’ or by-product of
the taste. $8,
331
THEOPHRASTUS
4 be A b] / \ AY) 0 / \ \
évia O€ TOV EvyvpoV Kal KaKwdn, KADdTEp Kal TO
Aiydrrtiov Kadovpevoy cdKov, yAUKD bv, Kal et
A an > > > A \ ¢e A
p41) TavTayov adr éviaxod. Kal 1 apKevlos
eupaiver TWa TH pacnoe KaKkwdiay yduKeEia
ovoa: TO 8 odpov Towel ev@des.
"Ezrel 66 TOV Oopaev ai pév év duTois Kal Tois
TOUT@Y popiots, olov KrAwaol PvAXOIs gAoLOois
n / e \ 7 /. > /
Kaptrots Oaxpvols, at O€ damep Sieiropev év Cwors
[cal dutois] cai rots avyors, adtar pév pavepov
vg / v4 4 > an >] ,
6Te Tei Exaotar AauBdvovow ev Tols oiKelots
\ \ bial \ a > A \
[ais]: kal 7d evades Kal Kax@des axorovbel Kata
\ > / / e be / lal > / @ a
Tas oikeias Poets, 7 O€ Téris TO oiKkei@ Oepue.
> \ an > 7 lal “ e fal , \
év 5é Tois axpuyos Tais TOV ATAOY SUVdmeEat Kal
/
yivovtat Kal peSiotavtar Kabdtrep oi YUpol.
TIT. "Ocar 6é 6 Kata téxvnv Kal érivotav
4 cal /
yivovTa: Tept TOUTWY TELpaTéoY EiTEiY WaTrEp Kal
mTepl TOV xUAOV. ev auhoiv bé dHrov a@s ael
N \ , 9 wlial ells , A \
mpos TO BédtLov [Hv] Huiv 7 avapopa: Taca yap
Téxyn oToydleTas TOVTOV. elal pev Odv Kal Tols
/ A & al A
GpikToLs dapat TLVES POS As oUvEpYElY TELpaY TAL
a n \ \ lal
Kal tals Tapa<oKevais, ws KaI> TpPOs Tas TOV
a by / > \ b > cf a n
XUEO@Y EevoTOmiasS. ov pny aXXN ws y amas
1 of. H.P. 1. 11. 2.
2 ¢.e. the berry: Sch. would read apxevéis. of. H.P. 3. 12. 4,
with which this statement is inconsistent. Sch. suggests
punctuating—yAvid bv. Kal ei wh mavraxod aAX’ éviaxod Kal
h &pxev@os x.7.A. _ 3 nal purots om. Turn.
4 ais I omit; # wal rd ed. conj. Turn.
33?
CONCERNING ODOURS, 5-7
somewhat bitter taste. Again some things which
have a good taste have also an evil odour, such as
the carob,! which is sweet (this is true of some
regions, if not of all). Again the Phoenician cedar,’
though it is sweet to the taste, when chewed pro-
duces a sort of evil odour, though it makes the water
fragrant.
Of odours in plants.
Some odours being found in plants or in their
parts—as twig, leaf, bark, fruit, gum—and others, as
we distinguished, in animals ® and in inanimate things,
it is plain that the former are matured each of them
in the part to which it belongs; and‘ a good or evil
odour follows according to the natural character of
that part, the maturing being due to the warmth
which is found in it. On the other hand in inanimate
things the odour, like the taste, is formed and
modified by the properties of the simple substances
of which the thing is made.
Of artificial odours in general and their manufacture: especially
of the use of perfumes in wine.
III. Next we must endeavour to speak of those
odours, and also those tastes, which are artificially °
and deliberately produced. In either case it is clear
that improvement is always what we have in view;
for that is the aim of every artificial process. Now
even uncompounded substances have certain odours,
which men endeavour to assist by artificial means,°.
even as they try to assist nature in producing
palatable tastes. However, to speak generally, the
5 The same phrase occurs in similar connexion C. P. 6. 11. 2.
6 Text defective. Ald Bas.Vo. have marks of omission.
W. after Turn. gives rai tats tapa<okevais, as Kal> Tails Tov
Xupmay evoto <piau>, Which I have slightly altered.
333
THEOPHRASTUS
a / /
eltrety év pikes TO TréOV, Kal OUTwS at <piEeLs>
ad \ ¢ an / al e n \ le)
dvoty pev @s TO yéver AaPetv, Vypod Kai Enpod:
Lal \ / e/ x € \ ¢e a
TpLYa@s 5é yi<vovTat>, Stay 7 Omoryevés Omoryevel,
TWAapadAATTOV TO TAPANNATTOVTL, 7) VyP@ wry pov
BI n , A @ a
i Enp@ Enpov, <i vyp@ Enpor>.
"Ex dvoiv yap tovTav Kal 7 ToY xXvAMV Kal
TOV OTLOV YévETIS* WS MeV OL TA APOpaTa Kal Ta
" a \
diatdopata ovvtiGévtes Enpois mpos Enpad: as
4 n
5 of Ta pvpa Kepavvertes 1) TO olv@ éruyéovTes
ec a \ e , \ \ / A \ val 4
Uypois Tpos vypd. TO dé TpiTov, 0 Kal mrEloTOY
> e e \ a \ e , s
€oTiv, @S oi pupetrot Enpois mpos vypa: mavTos
yap pupov kal ypicpatos 7 ctvOects attn. Set
© eidévat motat Toles evpLeTOL Kal TotaL Toto
a \ a / 7 a
cuvepyovow eis TO Trolely pilav WoTrEp éTL TOV
Yuu@v. Kal yap éxet tavTO TovTO EnTovow oi
puyvovTes Kal olov aptvovtes. TadTa peyv ovdv
> e \ 2 ® e f n \ ,
év ols kal du’ ov ai Téxvat TovobytTat Ta TEXAN.
, n n an
Miyvuvtat Sé Ta pev adTis THs oops evexa
\ \ 7 \ yy \ ] e/
Kat mpos tavTnyv tiv alcOnow, Ta 8 Woep
e 4 , \ nr ?. e e \ Fd
novverv BovrAdpeva THY yedow, Oloy @S Ol TA Mpa
a v7 > / x Ai SS , > x
Tots olvots émruxéovTes 7) TA Ap@maTa éuBdrXAovTes.
1 T have supplied ulte:s to fill the lacuna marked by W.
after oftws ai: the text to the end of the section is defective,
but a makeshift restoration and rendering seem possible :
the sense of oftws is obscure.
334
CONCERNING ODOURS, 7-9
result is usually obtained by a mixture, and accord-
ingly | such mixtures are of two things (or classes
of things), a liquid and a solid: but there are
three ways in which the result may be reached (the
combination? being one either of like with like, or
of unlike substances), according as a liquid is com-
pounded with another liquid, a solid with another
solid, or a solid with a liquid.
For tastes and odours alike are derived from these
two things: the method of the makers of spices and
perfume-powders ?* is to mix solid with solid, that of
those who compound unguents or flavour wines is to
mix liquid with liquid: but the third method,
which is the commonest, is that of the perfumer,
who mixes solid with liquid, that being the way in
which all perfumes * and ointments are compounded.
Further one must know which odours will combine
well with which, and what combination makes a
good blend, just as in the case of tastes: for there
too those who make combinations and, as it were,
season their dishes, are aiming at this same object.
So much for the ingredients and the methods
whereby these arts attain their ends.
The object of the mixture is in the one case
simply the production of a particular odour and the
gratification of the corresponding sense, in the other
there is a desire to produce, as it were, a pleasanter
taste: this for instance is the object of flavouring
wine with perfumes or of putting spices into it.
2 «.e. given two components we have three possible com-
binations, A with A, B with B, or A with B.
3 Siamaocuara. cf. Plin. 13.19 ; 21. 125.
4 The difference between ptpov and xplouatos does not
appear ; ~vpov seems to be loosely used, as just above it was
used of an entirely liquid mixture.
335
10
11
THEOPHRASTUS
at yap aicOnoes avveyyus ovoat Trolodci Tiva
aTohavaw adAjAwV, Bev Kal adTois Tois yev-
otots Enrovot Tas evoopias.
> 7, > BA 7 \ / 4
Amtopyaee 8 av tis tows Sa Ti Tote ptpov
\ x fal
Kal TaNAa EeVOTpA TOS meV olvoUsS HOvVEL TOV Sé
, \
Bpopatov ovdév, aAAAG TavTAa AvMaiveTrar Kal
/ >
amvpwta Kal tetupwpéva. 1 8 altiov brro-
/ an fal a
AnTTéov Ste cvpBaives TAaV pev Enpav adatpel-
/ \ ? a \ 5 \ \ > \ \
cOai Te Tov oixeiov yvdOv Sia THY ioydyv Kal
dpa ocuveripaivery Tov avTod dvTa otpudvov
\ \ n
Kab UTOTLKpOY: aTav yap TO EvoTpoY ToLOvTOD,
Stapacwpévors 5€ Kal wadrov éudhaves dia Te TH
, \ \ ec) } fal /
Orippw Kal Ttounv Kat étt TO yYpovifecOar. Tov
+ Ya aay DNA a \ \ ¢ i VS ,
&’ olvoy ovdétepov Trovet* Kal yap 0 yudOs ioyupo-
TaTOS Kal TAEL@Y Els TO wy KpaTelcOaL Kai ovdéva
fal / / > / > > v4 > /
Th yevoe Ypovov éemidiatpiBav arr scov éri-
/ 4 \ \ 5du > 5 60 A > /
Oryydvov, @oTe TO pev NOV Evdtoovat TH aicOrnjoeL
\ \ \ \ 7 na 7 \ 7
To O€ Mexpov Kal SvaxXUpOY TH yevoer py eudat-
vel, AANA oupBaivery TO ovTL KAaOaTEp Hdvopma
n \ > A
yivecOas TH TOmaTe THY OoMHV’ TO pev yap
a \ / / \ \ \ ”
yAuKel Kal pardiota Seomév Sia TO pndev exew,
n >] v e/ lal > >? a 4 ,
tois & dAXots Waotep pias €E audoty yevomévns
.
1 cf. 67; Arist. de Sens. 5. 2 of. Arist. J.c.
3 As opposed to wine. Sch., misunderstanding this, thinks
oad corrupt.
4 T have restored xa}, which Sch. and W. omit, missing the
point of the antithesis wey... 8é.
336
CONCERNING ODOURS, 09-11
1 For the two senses of taste and smell being akin to
one another, each provides in a way for the enjoy-
ment of the other: wherefore it is through things
which appeal to the taste, as well as those which
appeal to the sense of smell, that men try to discover
fragrant odours.
The question may perhaps be raised why perfume
and other fragrant things, while they give a pleasant
taste to wine,’ yet have not this effect on any other
article of food, but in all cases spoil food, whether it
be cooked or not. The explanation we must take
to be that this is what happens—the perfume if
mixed with solid* things is in any case powerful
enough to deprive them of their proper taste, and at
the same time it makes obtrusive its own taste,
which is astringent and somewhat. bitter,—all per-
fumeries having that character,—while, if one bites
up the food, this effect is even* more apparent
because the food is crushed and broken up, and also
because it remains longer in the mouth. But on
wine neither effect is produced, since in this the
taste is very strong and too generally diffused to be
overpowered: also wine does not linger on the
palate for any length of time, but merely touches it,
so that, while it makes one conscious of its own
pleasant taste, it does not make the palate feel the
bitter unpalatable taste of the perfume: in fact the
odour of this acts as a sort of relish ® to the draught.
This effect indeed © it has on wine which is sweet
and specially needs the addition of perfume, because
it has no ‘relish’ of its own; while with other wines
the reason is that, as the effect of the mixture, the
> Se. ‘ bouquet.’
6 T have restored yap, omitted by Sch. and W.
337
VOL. Il,
N
THEOPHRASTUS
a 4 \ ,
Sua thy piéw. 0 yap olvos, oTEep Kal MpoTEpoy
\ bd] ,
eréyOn, Sewvds SéEacOas Tas oo pas.
x \ 4
12 “Eyer & dropnow nat rode, dra TL TA pep
” \ \ A > / > a
av0n Kal TA oTepavopata acbevécTEepa ovTa Tals
> a \ / Q@ bd ¢ 8 * \ \ 4 é
dopais Kai woppwbev d€er, 7) 5 ipis Kai TO vapdov
a n > ,
Kal TaAXa TA evoopa TaV Enpav toyupoTepa
< , 4 \
éyyv0ev: Kal évid ye mpoceveyxapévors, via Sé
\ , 5 al \ PS) / \ be
Kal tpiivews mpocdeitar Kal Svatpécews, Ta O€
\
Kal Tup@cews, oTEep 7 suvpva Kal 0 UBavwTos
a ’ n \
13 Kal wav to Ovpiatov. aitiov & OTe TaV meV
fal n a \ > \ rn
avOay énimoAns TO ToLovy THY OTMHY ATE pavav
fal a \
dvT@V Kal ovK éxovtav Babos, Tav dé pilav Kai
/ n n > / \ > 54
mTavtev Ttav atepeav ev Bde, Ta 8 &EwOev
la \ » ear rn
ateEnpampéva kal Temuxvapéva: 510 Kal adiaort
, \ > / \ Pa e > , dé
TOppw Tas aTroTrvoias, TA 0 olov avoi~ews SéovTat
a /
TaV. TOpwVv, bOev Statpotpeva Kal KoTTOMEva
/ > > / \ >] y /
TavtT evmdéatepa, TA 8 avOn KaxwdéoTEepa Tpi-
/ \ :. lke \ > / \ b] a \ \
Bopevas Ta pev yap éxdaiver TO otKxetov Ta dé
t P
TpochkapSdave. TO addOTpLOV. O 5€ ALBavwToOs
Kal 1) opvpva TuKVoTépay Ett THY hvaw EyovTa
TpoodéovTar TUp@aEews mahaKNs, 1) KATA pLKpoY
€xOeppaivovca tromoe THY avabupiaci. éap
/ A
yap KoTTn TLS %) TPLBN TAadTA, TpocoicoVTaL meV
' 7.e. of the unadulterated wine and of the perfume.
2 C.P. 6.19.2. Sch.’s reasons for bracketing this sentence
seem inadequate.
3 ¢.e. fragrant leaves, etc. of. H.P. 1. 12. 4.
4 Made from the rhizomes; of. H.P. 1. 7. 2, and Index.
338
CONCERNING ODOURS, 11-13
two ! odours combine, as it were, to form one. Wine
indeed, as was said before,” has a special property of
assimilating odours.
Another question also suggests itself,—why it is
that, while the smell of flowers and other? things
used for garlands, though it is not so strong, can be
perceived even at a great distance, the iris-perfume,*
spikenard and other fragrant solids smell stronger at
a short distance: and of some of these the smell is
only perceived when they are eaten, while some
need even to be bruised and broken up, and others
to be subjected to fire, as myrrh frankincense and
anything that is burnt as incense. The explanation is
that, whereas in flowers that which causes the smell
is on the surface, seeing that the texture of flowers
is open and they are not substantial, in all such solid
substances as roots the power of producing smell
is diffused through a substantial mass, while the
exterior parts are dried up and of close texture : and
this is why flowers emit the scent which exhales from
them to a long distance, while things like roots need
an opening of their passages. Hence, when these
are broken up or bruised, they are in all cases more
fragrant, while, if flowers are crushed, they have a
comparatively evil smell: for under such treatment
roots give forth the property which belongs to them,
but flowers acquire a property which is not their
own. Again frankincense and myrrh, since they are
by nature of even closer texture than roots, need a
gentle application of fire, which, by gradually
warming them, will cause the scent to be exhaled.
For, if these substances are bruised or crushed, they
will indeed present an odour, but it will not be so
5 ef. Arist. Probl, 12. 9; 13. 3 and 11.
339
THEOPHRASTUS
dopny ovy opoiws dé jdelav odd edTapievToV.
TOUTWY Mey ODV TOLADTAaL TiVvEs ai aiTiaL.
14 «IV. Tov &€ pdpev % cvvOecrs Kal 7) KaTAT KEV?)
TO OXov oloy eis Onoavpicpov éoTt TOY OTMOY
dsomep eis ToUNaLoy TiPevTat: TOUTO yap Ypoww-
TAaTOV Kal dua Tpos THY YpEiavy padtoO appoTTor.
erel htoet Heiota OexTiKoy daophs va THY TUKVO-
THTA Kal TO Aitros, a’ToY Sé TOVTwY TO ALTAPH-
TaTOV, Olov TO apmuydddvov' TO b€ oNodptVoOV
Kal TO ék T@Y éXaLOY padduioTa.
165 Xpavrac dé paddtota TO €x THS Baddvov Tis
Aiyutrias Kat Yuplas, jxiota yap AuTapov: éTel
Kal T@ €K TOV €XKALOY padioTa YXpoYTaL TO
@poTtpiBel THs havdrlas: Soxet yap aditréctatov
éyewv Kal ANeTTOTATOY’ Kal TOVT@ vé@ Kal py
Tada@ To yap vmép eviavTov axpeiov TaXv-
Tepov Kal LTapw@Tepovy yevomevov. EAatov pev
ov TO TOLODTOY OiKELOTATOV, aNiTETTATOV Yap.
hac o€ tives Kal <év> TO XpiopatL TO eK THY
TiKp@V apuyodrwv’ Toda O€ yiverat mepl Kire-
16 Kiav Kat Totovow €&€& avTov Xpio pa. pact dé
Kal eis Ta oTovdaia TOV piper a dpporrew, domep
Kal TO éx THs Bardvou Kal abt moet 88 <ta>
Kedvhn adTav evoopov eis TO édatov éuBarXO-
1 This passage was misunderstood by Plin. 13. 19, The
sense seems to be that the viscous character of oil, though
preservative of perfume, is not easily receptive of it.
2 of. H.P. 4.2.1; 4.2.6. Bdadavos, balanites aegyptiaca.
See Index.
340
CONCERNING ODOURS, 13-16
sweet nor so lasting as when they have been sub-
jected to fire. Such are the explanations of these
difficulties.
Of the oils used as the vehicle of perfumes.
IV. Now the composition and preparation of
perfumes aim entirely, one may say, at making the
odours last. That is why men make oil the vehicle
of them, since it keeps a very long time and also is
most convenient for use. ! By nature indeed oil is
not at all well suited to take in an odour, because of
its close and greasy character: and of particular oils
this is specially true of the most viscous, such as
almond-oil, while sesame-oil and olive-oil are the
least receptive of all.
The oil most used is that derived from the
Egyptian ? or Syrian balanos, since this is the least
viscous; the olive-oil which is most used is that
which is pressed from ‘coarse olives’* in the raw
state, since this is thought to be the least greasy
and the least coarse: this is used while it is new,
not when it is old, for that which is kept above a
year is useless, having become thick and viscous.
This then is the kind of olive-oil which is most
suitable, since it is the least greasy. Some say that
for unguent the oil derived from bitter almonds is
best: these are abundant in Cilicia, where an
unguent is made from them. It is said that this is
suitable for choice perfumes, like the oil of the
Egyptian balanos : this is suitable in itself! however
the shells of the fruit are thrown into the oil to give
it a good odour: indeed they are also thrown into
3 of. H.P. 2. 2.12; C.P. 6. 8. 3 and 5.
4 gird conj. Sch.; todro Vulg. W.
341
THEOPHRASTUS
b] \ A \ a al ” \ lal >
peva* eel KAL TO TOV TiKpaV. Hdn b€ TAS OVK
, / val 7
€vavTioy aua Mev TO GoopmoTaTtov EnTelv, waTeEp
\ \ ’ \ > lal fal ¢ ’ >
Kal TO @poTpiBés ex Tov dhavrtov, dua 8 év
TovToLs Tove; SpywvtTyTa yap exXel TO TOV
b) / > x 0. D> LS 2Hets e /
apuyoardov: eb fq) ap OTe TO EXaLov Eropevov
KAK@OES. TAUTA pev OV éTLOKETTTEéOD.
17 Xpavrar b€ mpos mdvta Tois apwpact, Tois
pev ertatvpovtes TO EXatov Tots b€ Kal THY dopnv
cal \ a
€x TOUT@Y éeuTroLovYTES. UToaTipovat yap TAY
> \ ¥ cal \ > / ef \
els TO b€EacOat parrov THY dopHY, OoTEp TA Epla
> \ / € / \ al > /,
eis THY Babyy. wroctvdetat d€ Tois aa PeveorTE-
a > / sf) e/ > 7
pos Tov apwudtev, ei? tbaotepov éuBddrdXovew
ad ov adv BovrAwvTat THY oopnv AaBetv éemi-
KpaTet yap del TO éxyaTtov éuBaddopevoy Kal
av €XaTTov 4: oloy éav eis KoTUANY opUpYNS
1s a n \ > lal ,
EuUBANOH pva Kai vaTepov EuBANOHot Kiwwape@pov
Spaypuat Svo, KpaTodow at ToD Kwapepmou dvo
/
dpaxpuat.
/ > » yy Ps? f \ \
is @avyudoere S av tis tows TodTO Te Kal bua
\
Tl TOTe TA apoOpaTta mpoeuBarropeva SexTiKo-
Tepov TroLel TovAaLovY dopiy EexovTa: Set yap
7A Ss \ / \ \ /
a@bes eivat TO SeEOpevov, TO Sé KaTELAnMMEVOY
e ’ i? / > 7A vd >) = 3 a s
td €éTépov ovK awdes, dof Hrrov éexphv eivar
dextixov. aitiov 8 apudotépov 4 wavtwy TO
5) \ \ 3 Tas a A, ff \ ;
avto. &Enpa yap ovtTa TO Nitros EAKEL TPOS EavTA
1 +d conj. Sch.; ra Vulg.W. Sch. also adds auvyddayr after
TiKpOV. A
2 z.e. those derived from the Egyptian balanos and bitter
almonds. d
342
CONCERNING ODOURS, 16-18
that! which is made from bitter almonds. Once
more, is it not inconsistent to seek the vehicle which
has the least odour of its own, such as the oil which
is pressed raw from ‘ coarse olives,’ and yet at the
same time to use the above-mentioned? oils as
vehicles? (for oil of almonds has a pungent smell).
Possibly the explanation is that it is only by
being cooked that oil acquires an evil smell.? These
matters then are subject for enquiry.
They use spices in the making of all perfumes ;
some to thicken * the oil, some in order to impart
their odour. For in all cases they thicken the oil to
some extent to make it take the odour better, just as
they treat wool for dyeing. The less powerful spices
are used for the thickening, and then at a later
stage they put in the one whose odour they wish
to secure. °®For that which is put in last always
dominates, even if it is in small quantity; thus, if a
pound of myrrh is put into a half-pint of oil, and
at a later stage a third of an ounce of cinnamon is
added, this small amount dominates.
At this one may well wonder ; and also why it is
that the previous addition of spices, which have an
odour of their own, renders the oil more receptive :
for the vehicle should be scentless, but a substance
over which another substance has thus prevailed,
cannot be scentless, so that it ought, one would
think, to have become /ess receptive. However both
facts, or rather all of them, may be accounted for in
the same way :—the spices, being solid, attract to
3 Sc. ‘and these oils are used in the raw state’ (?). Ido
not see how Furlanus’ explanation, quoted by Sch., is to be
found in the text. The following sentence shews that T.
does not claim to have settled the question.
4 7.e. to make it less volatile. 5 of. Plin. 13. 19.
343
THEOPHRASTUS
\ b) f \ \ a tae, , b) a
Kal avadéyetat, dio Kal THY cuvexevay eEatpel:
\ \ , \ la) , > /
pavov 5é yevopuevov [Kai] Tod AL7rous adatpeévTos
b] ? \ € > / 4 > / ,
év ® Kal 1) OlKELA padioTa Oop, SEKTLKMTEPOV
» ee, 4 ‘e] > / \ \ \ >
éyéveto Tov émsBarropévou Sia TO py) avTLOTA-
TEL.
an ? \ \
19 «‘H &€ amo TOY apwydtwv odyn Kal acbevns
od > \ \ b / 5, + ,
ATE ELS TO ALTTAPOY AVNAWMEVY, KAL ETL KATEXETAL
4 \ a
TOUT@ Ota TO TANP@TaL TOS TOPOUS. WaOTE KATA
3 an
Noyov Kav EXaTTOV 7 TO ETLBAadropevon eriKparelv
4 > / > / \ /
THV TOUTOV OouHY’ Els ATOEvécTATOV yap éuTITTEL
\ 4 > \ / > + , Gant 2
kal SexTiK@TEepov. ava doyov & éyer Kal % Todv-
YpoveoTns 1) ev ExdoT@ Kal % Tpos THY TUPwWOLDY
> \ 8 \ a \ \
evo0évera kal TaAAA TA TOLADTA. TO yap SeKTL-
K@TaTOV, olov THS Baddvou, Kal YpovL@TAaTOV, Kal
dua THY avTny aitiav’ pddtoTa yap woTEp év
, \ \ \ / 6 / 2° A
yiwerat Kal oupdves TO pwadtota Seyopevov" del
\ \ aA 4 \
yap TO ToLovTOV StamovwTtator, S10 Kal Tupovpe-
vov wariota aTrabés.
¢ / °
20 ‘Oeavtws b€ nal Tov aAAwY TO oNcdpLVo?,
7 an \ , \
TOUTO yap SextiKwTaTOV: TO dé duvydddLVoV Trap-
/ \ cage ;
akpater TAX Kai OALyOXpoVL@TaToY Sia.THY évav-
, 2 Sf \ \
Tlav aitiay’ TO yap HKiota Se~dpevov TayioTa
61 an € / \ / \ \
peBinot. Tod podivov d& pddioTa SexTiKOV TO
1 [ have bracketed kal.
2-2 This passage is omitted, apparently by accident, in
both W.’s texts, though represented in his Latin version. I
344
CONCERNING ODOURS, 18-20
themselves the viscid part of the oil, and so it
attaches itself to them; thus the density of the oil
is destroyed : the oil, thus becoming thinner by the
removal! of its viscid part which chiefly contains
the characteristic odour, becomes more receptive of
the spice which is added to it, because it does not
now offer resistance.
Again that odour which is due to the spices be-
comes less powerful as it is spent on the viscid part
of the oil, while at the same time it is preserved by
this because it has entirely filled up its passages.
Wherefore it naturally follows that, even if the
added spice is in small quantity, its odour _pre-
dominates, since it passes into a vehicle which is
in itself not at all powerful and which is more
receptive than itself. A corresponding account may
be given of the keeping quality of the several oils,
of their power of resisting fire, and other such
qualities. Thus that oil which is most receptive,
for instance, that of the Egyptian balanos, will also
keep longest, and for the same reason; namely that
that oil which is most receptive unites, more than
others, into one single substance, as it were, with the
spices. Such a substance will always last longer than
others; which also explains why, if exposed to fire, it
is less affected than others.
‘Of the other oils the same applies to that of
sesame, this being specially receptive ; ? but, for the
contrary reason, almond-oil soon loses its virtue and.
keeps for a shorter time than any other, for that oil
which has been least receptive parts soonest with
the property received. Sesame-oil however receives
rose-perfume better than other oils? because of its
have printed it from Sch.’s text. The omission is evidently
due to the double occurrence of 7b ohoamvor,
345
21
23
THEOPHRASTUS
/ Ps \ \ / A , be
onodpivov Sia THY ALTAapOTHTA*’ Tupovsevov Se
b} lA , , , / e \
efofe. onoauov Kxabdamep avadvopevov. ai pev
i al ? / 7 \ f ol
oby TOV éaiwv duoes Kal Suvapels TOLADTAL.
\ ,
V. Ta & adpopata ravta oxedov Kal evoopa
s,' a > a \ \ \ \ \
TAnY Tov avOav Enpa Kal Oepwa Kal oTuTTiKa
Kat OnktTikad. ta b€ Kal EXOVTA TLVA TLKPOTYTA,
/ \ a
Kabatep Kal év Tots mpotepov eltopev, WaTrEP
= , , e > e A > wn A
ipts cpvpva ALBavwrTos, @s O ATAMS ElTrely Kal
Ta pupa. KolwoTatar 6€ Tav Suvdpewv TO TE
‘ \ 7 , a A \ , /
OTUTTLKOY Kal TO Oeppavtixov, & bn Kal épya-
CovTat.
¢ , \ 5 , / \
Trootvdovta: pev ody TavTa TupovpEVva, TAS
] , \ \ , »” / \ |
8 dopas tas Kupias évia -AapBaver Wuypa Kai
/ \ nr . nan \ \
aTUpwTa. Kal eolxey WaoTEp TOV avOav Ta peEV
fal a ,
yuypoBapn ta Sé OeppoBad} TapatrAncIws
tA \ > \ fal bd] nw / \ id 7
éyew Kal érl Tov dopov. travtwv bé H Ernots
\ , \ \
els Te THV UTOTTUWLY Kal Tas KUpias Oopas EvLOT-
an vA lal
apéevov TOV ayyelov VOaTe yiveTay Kal OUK AUTO
lo! / raf
TO Tupt Ypwpévov: TodTo dé, STL pardaKny eivat
ro \ , \ b] - A / 7, A
det THV OeppoTnta, Kal aTovcia TOAAN yévolT av
- \ / \ » fal xX ¥
TH proyi Xpwpévorv, Kal Ett Kavow av For.
love? 8 €XatT@ THY adrovciav boa TrUpOvpeva
a A
NapBaver Tas Kuptas do pmas waAXOV 7) boa ruxpa
a \
dua TO Tpodhvpacbar Ta Tupovpeva, TA pEV oiV@
/ A A
evoder, Ta S€ VOaTu HrTov yap avatrivers Ta SE
wruxpa Enpa dvta pardrov, kabarep ipis KoTTelca.
346
>
CONCERNING ODOURS, 20-23
viscid quality ; and, when subjected to fire, it gives
out a smell of sesame, as though it were being
disintegrated. Such are the special characters and
properties of the various oils.
Of the spices used in making perfumes and their treatment.
V. Almost all spices and sweet scents except
flowers are dry hot astringent and mordant. Some
also possess a certain bitterness, as we said above,
as iris, myrrh, frankincense, and perfumes in general.
However the most universal qualities are astringency
and the production of heat; they actually produce
these effects.
All spices are given their astringent quality by
exposure to fire, but some of them assume their special
odours even when cold and not exposed to fire ; and
it also appears that, just as with vegetable dyes some
are applied hot and some cold, so is it with odours.
But in all cases the cooking, whether to produce the
astringent quality or to impart the proper odour, is
done in vessels standing in water and not in actual
contact with the fire; the reason being that the
heating must be gentle, and there would be con-
siderable waste if these were in actual contact with
the flames ; and further the perfume would smell of
burning.
However there is less waste when the perfume
obtains its proper odour by exposure to fire than
when it does so in a cold state, since those perfumes
which are subjected to fire are first steeped either in
fragrant wine or in water: for then they absorb ! less :
while those which are treated in a cold state, being dry,
absorb ! more, for instance bruised iris-root. Thus, if
1 @vantver. So Sch. explains. cf. éxmlywouv, 24.
347
24
25
26
THEOPHRASTUS
AauBavovtos yap Tod audhopéws Enpas ipidos
/ / \ , e iW \
KeKopevns pédtuvoy Kal S00 HulexTa TONY
a , \
moveiy hacly amovaciav, av Sé peTpiws pupdon
a \ a
Nelrrev Saov Svo Yoas, Tots dé TOAXOIs EXaTTOP.
\
Tiveras 8€ to BéXtiov tpwov éav 4 Enpa Kai
/ \
amrvpwtos ipiss axpatectépa yap 7 Sivamis 7
>\ a \ . / , \
éay upadeicoa Kal mupovpévn. cvpBativer Sé
wotmep Kat €KOrAiBecPar padrov éx TOV TpO-
D “A \ @ > , \
Twepupapévav Oia TO HrTov avadéyecOar Kat
> e 4 4 \ > \ ,
EXxew eis AUTO’ TpooTUpovTes 5é OV TOALY ypd-
bea pee J , > I a ? \
VoV €@ol TA ApwpaTa adr’ Ee€alpovoy, OTwS M1
TOAD éxTrivocy.
\ a \
IIpos &eactov b€ TOV pipwv éuBddXovet Ta
lal \ .
Tpocpopa Tav apwudt@v, oloy eis wey THY KU-
Tpov Kapdduwpov acTarabov avadhupdcartes TO
ted > \ \ Ft a > 4
evoder. eis 6€ TO podiwvor cyoivov acmddalov
4 e > ? 4 ¢ / \ al
Kddapov. » 8 advadvpacis opoiws. Kai Tots
\ , a / A
adNols el TA GpyoTTOVTAa. T@ podivm o éuBar-
na \
NovTat Kat Gres Todo! Kal TodT idov Tapa
3 \ \ , > / / ,
Tanra, 610 Kal TrEloTN arrovcia yiveTat ply-
\ 3 \ BJ / "4 /
vuTat yap els Tov apopéa Ovo pmédipvor.
A , lol
Tis 6€ cvTpou 7) péev épyacia rapaTAnCia TH
1 Dry measure : the equivalents given are, of course, only
approximate.
To BéAtiov Ipivov W. after Sch.; 1d BéAtiov 7d Ypwor vulg.
The article must be omitted in one place or the other.
Kvmpos, called from a tree of that name: not mentioned
in H.P. cf. Plin. 12. 119.
* cf. H.P.9. 7.2and3. — Sof. HP. 9. 7. 3.
348
CONCERNING ODOURS, 23-26
into eight and a half gallons of oil we put thirteen
gallons! of dry and bruised iris-root, they say that much
loss is caused, while if one does not steep it too
much, only about eleven pints and a half are wasted :
and in the case of most perfumes the waste is less.
However the superior? iris-perfume is made by
using the root dry and not subjecting it to fire: for
then its virtue asserts itself more completely than
when it is steeped in a liquid or subjected to fire.
It also comes to pass that, if the perfumes have been
first steeped, their virtues are, as it were, squeezed
out of them to a greater extent, because they take
in and absorb less: and so, when they are making
them astringent, they do not leave the spices in the
oil for long, but take them out, so that they should
not absorb an excessive amount.
For making each perfume they put in the suit-
able spices. Thus to make kypros® they put in
cardamom * and aspalathos,> having first steeped
them in sweet wine. To make rose-perfume they
put in ginger-grass aspalathos and sweet-flag : and
these are steeped as in the case of kypros. So too
into each of the others are put the spices which
suit them. Into rose-perfume moreover is put a
quantity of salt’: this treatment is peculiar to that
perfume, and involves a great deal of waste, twenty-
three gallons § of salt being put to eight gallons and
a half of the perfume.
The manufacture of sypros resembles that of
6 +@ edwde: here evidently means the same as 7@ yAvxei, 44,
where t¢ olvy TG cdHder occurs just above: cf. meAtkpat@ h
yAunei, C.P. 6. 17. 2.
7 To prevent decay, as Diose. 2. 53 explains.
8 Turn. suggests that wédimuvor should be uvai, the initial M
having been misunderstood by a copyist.
349
THEOPHRASTUS
ne / \ > > Div \ , > /
TOU podivou’ ANY AAN’ édv Tis i) TaYéws eEaipy
n \ f
Kal aTroOniBn on is éyywopuévn bOciper Ta ptpa
dia tHv Svocwdiary toi yap ofp avuypat-
5] » n /
vouévyn. tapatAnata & épyacia cal Tod unrtvov:
/ \ bs / \ \ a > /
mpootudevtos yap €Aaiov Kal Ta pHra éuBar-
> / oe Pe eee nr / \ Lal
ovo eis Wuypon, eit’ éEatpovot Tadwvy mpd TOU
4 \ s \ ? ,
peXaiverOar Kata tTracas Tas éuBords* pedatvo-
pévav yap on is b1a TO avuypaiverOat, Kabdtep
na 4
Kal él THS KUTpOV.
\
27 «VI. “Amravta 6€ ocuvtidevtar Ta pipa Ta pev
at’ av0av ta Sé amo PvANwY Ta Sé ard KAwVOS
/
Ta 8 aro pifns Ta S amo EtNwv Ta S ad Kap-
an \ > > \ 4 \ \ 4 > ¢
woo ta & awd daxptov. puxta dé mav as
> nw > ’ > nr \ \ 2S \ \
eimety. at avOadv pév olov TO podivov Kal TO
NevKdivov. Kal TO covcwworv Kal yap TodTO &kx
a , 4 \ \ / \ ee 4
Tov Kpivev: étt 6€ TO ciavpBpivov Kal TO éprvr-
Nuwvov Kai 1) KVTpOsS Kal Tpos TOUTOLS TO KpOKLVOY"
, an
BértiaTos 8 év Atyivy nat Kidexia. amo 68 Trav
4 ze / / \ \ > /
hUAAwY olov TO TE pUppiVoY Kal TO oivavOwor:
ef > 9 / , 9 x \ rs
aitn 8 év Kirp@ vera opewn cal todvodpmos"
a aie
ato O€ THs ev TH “EAAASL Od yivetar bia TO
CLOOMOV.
28 «Amro pilav 5€ 70 Te ipivoy Kal TO vapdwov Kal
TO apapdaKwov €k TOD KdaTOU’ TOTO yap dVO-
1 ef. Diosc. 1. 58.
2 I have bracketed xa as suggested by Sch.
* This passage, with some variations, is quoted by Athen,
15. 39. *ef.; Plin.; 39. ‘11:
° of. H.P. 6. 6. 11. for the plant, and for the perfume
Athen. 15, 38.
35°
CONCERNING ODOURS, 26-28
rose-perfume, except that, unless one soon takes out
the flowers and squeezes them out, decay sets in and
ruins the perfume by giving it a disagreeable smell,
since they cause decay as they get soaked. Similar
also is the manufacture of quince-perfume!: the oil
is first made astringent, and is cold when the quinces *
are put into it: then they take them out before they
turn black, removing each batch before the next is
put in: for, as they turn black, decay ensues because
they get soaked through—just as in the case of
kypros.
Of the various parts of plants used for perfumes, and of the
composition of various notable perfumes.
VI. 3 Perfumes are compounded from various parts
of the plant, flowers leaves twigs root wood fruit
and gum: and in most cases the perfume is made
from a mixture of several parts. Rose and gilli-
flower perfumes are made from the flowers: so also
is the perfume called susinon,* this too being made
from flowers, namely, lilies : also the perfumes named
from bergamot-mint and tufted thyme, sypros,
and also the saffron-perfume; the crocus which
produces this is best in Aegina and Cilicia. Instances
of those made from the leaves are the perfumes
called from myrtle and drop-wort®: this grows
in Cyprus on the hills and is very fragrant: that
which grows in Hellas yields no perfume, being
scentless.
6 From roots are made the perfumes named from
iris spikenard and sweet marjoram,’ an ingredient in
which is soston ; for it is the root to which this name
® Instances of perfumes made from twigs seem to be
missing. 7 cf. 30. Text perhaps defective.
351
THEOPHRASTUS
pafovor THY (piSar. To 5€ ypiopa 7d ’Eperpixdr
éx TOD KuTrétpov. Koptterar 5€ amd TOV KuxeXda-
day 70 KUTELpOV. amd EVAOV Sé 6 hoimE Kadov-
prevos* €uBaXXovor yap TY dvopalopéevny onaOnv
Enpdvarres. amo Kapmav 6é 76 Te pjdwvov Kal
TO Huptivoy Kal TO Sagvivov: TO & Aiyortiov eK
TAELOVOY, EK TE TOD KIVaL@pOU Kal ex TmUPYNS Kal
é& adXov.
29 _ Ere & ék T ELOVOY TovTOU TO peyaneior" Kal
yap éx Uva peo ou ae Kal €K THs cuUpYNS KoTTO-
EVs éXatov pet OTAKTH yap Kanetrat dua TO
<KaTa> perk pov orate. 0 67) povov TWES pacw
aT AOUY eivat Kal acvvOerov TOV pbpov Ta ©
didha mavra ovv0eta, TAY Ta meV éx Trevovor
7a S ef eat Tovar, && éhaxtotov dé TO iptvov. ot
fev ovdv ore Néyovow, ot dé Thy épyactay THS
oT AKT AS evar Toudy Oe THY owupvav oray KoWoct
Kal SiatiEwoor év édaiw Baravive muph paran@
Dowp é émixetv Oeppov: cunitdvew & eis BvOoy’ TI
cpupvav Kat ToUhaLOV Kkabatrep iov: oTay 6é
ToUTO GupBhH, TO pev Bde p annoety thv & baro-
otacw aToOni Bev o opyavors.
30 «=6To Se peyanretor éK pntivns KEKAUMEVNS TUV-
riBea Oa Kal €Naiouv Badavivov: piyvuobar &é
Kaclav KWwdpopmov cpipvav. mreloTny O€ Tpay-
paTelav rept TO meyanetov Kal TO Aiydmtuop eivat,
1 6f. BOP SO! 13 3 ‘OP? G41. TS:
2 of. H.P. 2. 8.4. ondOnv appears to be a conj. of W. for
vulg. rAarny: éAdrny Turn. ef. LS. 8.7.
3 Said to be called after the inventor, one Megallos: cf.
Plin. 13. 13.
352
CONCERNING ODOURS, 28-30
is applied. The Eretrian unguent is made from
the root of kypeiron,! which is obtained from the
Cyclades as well as from Euboea. From wood is
made what is called ‘ palm-perfume’: for they put
in what is called the ‘spathe,’? having first dried
it. From fruits are made the quince-perfume, the
myrtle, and the bay. The ‘Egyptian’ is made
from several ingredients, including cinnamon and
myrrh.
Again from several parts of the plant is made the
perfume called megaleion,? which is made from
cinnamon and... .4 and from the myrrh when
it is bruised flows an oil: it is in fact called
stakte® (in drops) because it comes in drops slowly.
Some indeed say that this is the only simple un-
compounded perfume, and that all the others are
compound, though made from a larger or smaller
number of ingredients, and that iris-perfume is
made from the smallest number of all. Some
assert this, but others declare that the manufacture
of stakte (myrrh-oil) is as follows: having bruised the
myrrh and dissolved it in oil of balanos over a gentle
fire, they pour hot water on it: and the myrrh and
oil sink to the bottom like a deposit; and, as soon
as this has occurred, they strain off the water and
squeeze the sediment in a press.
Megaleion, these authorities say, is compounded of
burnt resin ® and oil of balanos, with which are mixed
cassia cinnamon and myrrh. They add that this
perfume and the Egyptian are the most troublesome
4 The end of the account of megaleion and the beginning of
that of myrrh-perfume seem to be missing. ?Supply «a)
Kaglas Kal ouvprns.
5 of. H.P. 9. 4. 10. 6 of. Plin. 13. 7.
353
VOL. Il. AA
31
32
THEOPHRASTUS
trEloT@v yap piEw Kat ToAUTEAETTATOYV. TO O€.
peyarei@ Kai TO EXatov EerOar Séx’ Huépas Kal
déxa vUKTAS, Elta OUTS THY pyTivnY EeuBardrecOat
Kal TaANa* SexTiKwTEpOY yap apeWnOévr. TOS
apapakiwov To xpnoTov €k TaV BerTicTMY apw-
4 / \ b] / 4 >] >
patov cuvtiOec8ar yopls auapdKov: TovT@ 8 ov
xpncat move TOY apwpaTwv TOvs pupeors ovd
\
eis Ev pov, AAAD revd@vupes TIS H ETLKANGLS.
Ilovodor Sé Kal Tad péev axpwpadtiota Ta dé
KeXpopatiopéva. xXpwpatifovar Sé apwapeéKiwov
poduvov peyarelov, aypwudatiota Sé TOY peV
movvTeA@v AlytmtTiov pndtvov KUmpos, Ta 8
> A / A \ > / , \
evTeEAH Tavta’ TadTa O€ axpwpdticta SLoTL TO
\ : eee aA \ \ / \ 5 /
pev Aiytrrtiov Kal THY KUTpoV AEvKA Eivat Bod-
NovTat, TO O€ UNALY@ THY TOV pHAwY YXpoar, Tots
ie PNMVO T1) ) XPOay;
9 > / > val \ ca) /
& evteréow ov AvotTEenel TO Yp@pwa TpoaTiGévas.
/ \ \ \ > \ nm > 4, \ ?
xpwpatiCovar Sé Ta pev EpvOpa TH ayxovon, TO 6
awapaKivov TO KaNovpev@ Yp@paTL’ TovTO &
b] > Wie 4 , vc > a ,
éotl pifiov 6 ayouvow éx Tis Lupias.
VII. Luvepyetvy dé Soxodor mpos Tas yevoess
> Or \ 4 > \ \ e / \
ovxX al dual movoy GAA Kal al SpiyuuTHTEs Kal
¢€ , DF, \ \ a yy \ \
ai Oepmorntes éviwy, d10 Kai TOV olvwv Tic TA
TovavTa puyvuvTes WoTrEp KéVTPOV éuTroLodaL.
gate 5é€ 4 pev opvpyn Oepun Kal OnKTLKH peTa
354
CONCERNING ODOURS, 30-32
to make, since no others involve the mixture of so
many and such costly ingredients. To make mega/leion,
they say, the oil is boiled for ten days and_ nights,
and not till then do they put in the resin and the
other things, since the oil is more receptive when it
has been thoroughly boiled. The superior kind of
sweet marjoram-perfume,! they say, is made of all
the best spices except sweet marjoram : in fact this
_ is the only spice which perfumers do not use for any
perfume, and the name is a misnomer.
Some perfumes are made up colourless, some are
given a colour. They give a colour to sweet mar-
joram-perfume, rose-perfume, and megaleion, while
among expensive kinds the Egyptian, quince-perfume
and kypros are colourless, as well as all the cheaper
kinds. The reason why these are made without
colour is that it is desired that the Egyptian and
kypros should look white and that quince-perfume
should have the colour of quinces, while it is not
worth while to add colour to the cheaper sorts.
The dye used for colouring red perfumes is alkanet ;
the sweet marjoram-perfume is dyed with the sub-
stance called khroma (dye), which is a root imported
from Syria.
Of the properties of various spices.
VII. It is thought that not only the smells of
perfumes contribute to a pleasant taste, but also the
qualities of pungency and heat which are found in
some of them: accordingly some of these perfumes
are also mixed with certain wines to give, as it were,
‘point’ to them. Thus myrrh is hot and has a
biting quality as well as being astringent, and it also
1 Clearly distinct from that mentioned in 28.
355
AA 2
THEOPHRASTUS
oT IEDs, éyer O€ Kal TUK play. TO O€ KiVaEwLoV
Spypurnra TWa HeTplay peta Beppornros. Tapa-
mAnoiws dé Kal TO KOO TO. » O€ acta TOUT@V
DrepBarnet Beppornre Kal Sppurnre Kal oruwpel.
Depp dé Kal OTUTTLK? ral 7) ipis, Kad” umepBodnv
dé Kal Tikpa véa ovaa Kal TOV XpOTa. Tov épyat-
Omeveov adedkoi. OnuTixov dé Kat TO Kapoapo-
pov peta Depporntos. Tov o€ Barodpov O mev
OTOS Kal TO KapTLov avopiKarepa T pos dpporepa
TavTa, To 6 EvAOV doVevéarepor. TapaTAnoiav
& éyer ToUT@ Svvaptv Kal TO pu L0V.
33 «‘O 6éé oXoivos OnKTLK@T EOD pev Tob kadapov
kat Oepporepor, OTUTTUKE 5é opoiws aude.
TOUT@Y O€ OTUTTLKWTEPOY TO KUTrELpOV. aTUpEL
dé «al 7 aomadaos n evodns. 1 O€ vapdos
SnxTLKy pera Beppornros. TO Oé€ pedpov Kal TO
X pa La 70 els TO apapdKivov € peo wevov Jep-
pavTiKnd. [ouvepyet d€ Kal THs ayxovons TO
petiov eis TH xpoav TOU podivov Kal THS iptsos. |
34 Néa peév ody ovta Toy apopmdtev évia duvipers
jeev evOvs exel Bapetas Kat Spipetas, Tahavovpeva
dé péypt TIS aki ‘yAveaiverat, elt avanveTat
wad. obov 7 ipes els pev THY épyaciav ax pater
peTa THV ouoyiy Tpla éry, Kat dtapéver Se
™retorov Xpovov e& étn. TO d€ pwapor ety dvo.
% O€ o wupya déxa én Srapever Bedriov ryevopmern.
Tapamhnatos € TOUTOLS ” TIS aK BhS Sapovi)
Kal ToD KW A pe LOU Kal Tov KOoTOV Kal THs
Kkacias. oxoivos 6€ Kal Kddapos Tapakpmater
taxyv. tov & av0av ta pév evOds yAwpAa dvTA
1 of. Plin 21. 42. 2 ef. Index. exotvos (2).
3 of. Index, kdAauos 6 edwdns.
356
dell i i i
ne
CONCERNING ODOURS, 32-34
has a bitter quality. Cinnamon again has a fair
amount of pungency as well as heat. So too is it
with koston. Cassia exceeds both of these in heat
pungency and astringency. Iris-perfume is hot and
astringent, and excessively bitter when it is fresh,
lin which state it causes sores on. the skin of those
that work on it. Cardamom has also a biting quality
as well as heat. The juice and the fruit of balsam
of Mecca are more active in producing both these
qualities, while the wood is less so. Nepaul cardamom
has also a property similar to this.
Ginger-grass* has a more biting quality than
sweet-flag,? and is hotter; but both are equally
astringent. Kypeiron is however more astringent
than either. The sweet-scented aspalathos also has
this quality. Spikenard has a biting quality as well
as heat. Maron and the khroma which is mixed with
sweet marjoram-perfume are heating. ‘* The root of
alkanet also contributes to the colour of rose-perfume
and iris-perfume.
Now some spices when they are fresh have at first
heavy and pungent qualities, but in course of time
become sweet till they have reached their prime,
and then lose their properties again. Thus the iris
is at its prime for manufacturing the perfume for
three years after it was gathered, and ® lasts for six
years at longest.5 Maron lasts two years; myrrh ten,
and improves with time. Cinnamon foston and
eassia keep at their best for about the same periods
as these. Ginger-grass and sweet-flag soon get past
their prime. Of flowers some, like the rose, possess
4 This sentence seems irrelevant here.
5-6 kal—i?rn. These words are omitted, apparently by
accident, in both W.’s editions, though represented in his
Latin translation,
357
THEOPHRASTUS
Tas duvapers &yer, KaAOdTrEp TO podov, Ta bé Enpar-
/ 4 e / Bed 4 \
Oévta, Kabarrep 0 KpoKos Kal 0 méeNiAWTOS' VYAWPA
yap vyporepa.
\ \ s 4 \ / n > 4
35 «Tas pév odv dios Kal duvdpers TOV GpapaTov
éx ToUTaV Oewpnréor.
VIII. Aoxet 6€ TO peyaretov adpdéypavTov
elvat TavTos TpavpaTtos: TO dé podivoY apLaToY
n >] n
mMpos Ta MTA. TavTa 8 ovK adOyYws. TOD pev
yap » avvOecis ek pntivns Kexavpévns, WoTrEp
eréyOn, Kal Kacias Kal Kivapopou Kal cpvprns,
adnavta 6€ Tadta otumTiKa Kal EnpavtiKd. TO
\ Cw lal b] \ > \ ¢ > c \ e€
dé podswvov tols @olv ayabdv btu év arolvy H
/ b ld \ \ > , \
Toinow: avaknpaiver yap Kat éxOeppaiver dra
tovs ddas: 810 Kal ddocaxvn ayadov. adra
a / / al
TO THS TTpayyoupias Noyou Seitat> Kal yap TavTH
na >
Néyovar pddtoTa Bonbeiv. aitiov 8 av ely diote
a ee / / bd a a ,
mav To UneEdyew pédAXov avardoat Set mpoTepov
To UTeEayOnodpevov: TodTO dé Ot Ades TroLovawy,
eo > bi. \ e \ > £5
4 8 evwdia THY oppny amrédaxe.
EL cir wy Geer Ul, ov \ y atleast ink
36 Ava ti dé TO iptvoy evoopov pév ov Tote’ 5é TH
oppyv; % OLoTL oTUTTLKOY Kal ovVayer TovS
/ A / 4 \ ,
Topovs, WaTEe GuyKAEloeL KWAVELY THY diodov;
GNA Kal Kotdtas AUTLKN Sid TE THY OEeppoTyTa
\ \ \ <A / \ » eB." \ ,
Kal Ola TO atootidew Tovs éml THY KOT
¥ ;
mopous' amoKNEloMévav yap ToVT@Y eis THY
KoiNLav %) auppon. TO dé brOv happaK@des Kal
lef. C.P. 6. 14. 8 and 11,
358
CONCERNING ODOURS, 34-36
their virtues from the first while they are still fresh,
some only after they are dried, as crocus and meltlotos,1
these having a certain amount of moisture while they
are fresh.
These examples may suffice for study of the
characters and properties of spices.
Of the medicinal properties of certain perfumes.
VIII. Megaleion is believed to relieve the in-
flammation caused by any wound, and rose-perfume
to be excellent for the ears. And this is probable
enough. For the former is composed, as was said,
of burnt resin cassia cinnamon and myrrh, and all
these have astringent and drying properties:
while the reason why rose-perfume is good for the
ears is that salt is used in the manufacture of it: for
it is by reason of the salt that it dries and warms
(which is why ‘ sea-foam 2’ is also good for the ears).
Its use against strangury however needs explanation :
for it is said to be specially helpful against this.
The explanation may be that anything which is to
remove the difficulty must first dissolve that which
is to be removed ; and this is the effect of the salt,
while the fragrance supplies the necessary stimulus.
Why however, it may be asked, though iris-
perfume is fragrant, does it not give the stimulus?
Perhaps it is because it is astringent and closes the
passages, so that by shutting them it prevents free
course. On the other hand this perfume acts as a
laxative on the bowels because of its heating
quality and because it astringes the passages leading
to the bladder: for, when these are closed, the
liquid collects in the bowels. In general iris-
2 Said to be a zoophyte: cf. Arist. H.A. 9. 14. 2,
359
37
88
THEOPHRASTUS
: ee An lal / e€ > oe /
TO ipwov Kal dda THY pvpav. 7 8 aitia TavToD
€ / 3 a > a / a >
@s Kkaborov eimety év tats Suvdyeot tats eipn-
pévats, OTL oTUTTLKa Kal CepparvTiKd: Ta apo-
\ a / a
pata yap Ta TolavTa happax@dn. TavTa pev
5 a fs es
ov Ew Ths TExVNS.
IX. Kpdows 5é wal pikis od« éoti wpicpévyn
TOV apwpatov, bot éK TOV aUToV del YpNnoTa
a \ ,
Kal Omora yivecOar, aAddoia é cupBaiver Ova THY
avopyariay Tov Svvduewr TOV év TOls apopact.
fal > eae | / Ii , 7 / 4
THs © avopanrias aitiat wreiovs. pia pév, Hrrep
Kal Tots AALS KapTOIs, ) TOU ETOUS KATAOTAZIS:
e/ \ , arene’ 8 > A) ,
attn yap mwodvyouvotépas oTé 8 aabevertépas
a / ») an A
tas Ouvdpets <movet>. érépa de év TH avdAXROYH,
a a a x a \
TO TpoTEephoar THS aKuAS i) VoTEpHoat Kal yap
aA > \ Py / ? Pe e \ 4
TovTO ov puxpov Stadéper. Tpitn O peta THY
/ e / a \ \ > /
auAN0yHV, boa xXpovov Seitar Tpos THY aKprD,
e b] / \ \ > n 4 3 \
@oTep €héxOn Kal yap évtavOa éortt TO TpoTe-
peiy Kal voTepev.
a a > a
Tovtor 5€ TO péev TOV eTOY OVK eh Hiv, TrIY
’ \ > / \ a / \ ’
eis TO eidevar TA Tota chodpoTépas Kai aaOeve-
/ ” \ , \ de \ \ > \
otépas éyet Tas Suvdpes: Ta OE KATA TAS UKMAS
a an \ \ \ >
THs Te gvAAOYAS Kal pEeTa THY TUANOYHV éh
eon > , a O77 a A 738 /
Huty eat, TO ElOOTL faAXOV TO éTLTVYXAaAVELD.
9 n /
‘H peév ody yéveois Kab cuv0ecis THY pupwV EK
TOUT@V.
360
“le -. = Soe
CONCERNING ODOURS, 36-38
perfume, as well as others, has medicinal properties.
And the explanation in all cases, to put it generally,
lies in the above-mentioned properties of astringency
and heating; for it is spices possessing these pro-
perties that are medicinal. However these matters
lie outside our subject of study.
Of rules for tie mixture of spices, and of the storing of various
perfumes, —
1X. There is no fixed rule for the combination
and mixture of spices in the sense that the same
components will always produce a satisfactory and a
uniform result: the result varies by reason of the
varying quality of the virtues found in the spices.
For this there are several reasons. One, which
applies also to fruits, is the character of the season ;
this causes the virtues to be sometimes much more
than ordinarily powerful, sometimes less so. Another
is to be found in the time of collection, according
as it is made before or after the spices are in their
prime. A third cause operates after the collection,
that is, in the case of those spices which need time
to come to their prime, as was said‘: for here too
it is possible to be too soon or too late.
Of these causes that which depends on the seasons
is not within our control, except so far as we can
discover which spices in a particular season have
powerful, and which weak virtues.2 But we can
control those which depend on collecting them
when in their prime, or on keeping them after they
are collected, that is, if we know pretty well how to
hit the right moment.
So much for the origin and composition of
perfumes.
1 34, 2 7.e. and we can select accordingly.
361
THEOPHRASTUS
TloAvypomeatatov 8 éott to 7 Aiydatiov Kal
7 \
TO lpwov Kal TO apuapadKiov Kal TO vapduvor,
mavrov b€ pddytoTa 1 oTaKkTy, Stapéver yap
oTocovouvy xXpovov. upoT@Arns bé Tis ébn Tap
> an / > 4 \ > , a ”
avT@ penevnxévar Aiyvrrtiov wey OxKT@ én, tpivov
v \ » 4 la x a b
8é elxoot, Kal ére Stapévery BéXtLov Ov TAY axpat-
/ 4
OVTMV. 1) wey ODY YpoVLOTHS ev TOUTOLS.
39 «6Ta 8 avOwa ravta acbevi. cupBaiver 8é
a , / lal
tois avOivois axpualew pev ws ert TO Tay peta
, / > » Soe, ( \ a > a
Siunvov, petaBadrew 8 él To yelpov éviavtod
mpoeNOovtos Kal mepixatadkaBovons THs pas
b] e \ > \ / \ v is Stk ,
ey 7 THVv axpny AauBaver TO AvOos. ava Noyov
dé 7H acOeveia Kal TO edrétavta eivar Kal dros
eviiatrvevata? Ta 0 €x TOY pilav Kal TOV NoLTOV
\ \ /
Xpovi@tepa: TArelwyv yap 7 apr Kal taxupoTépa
Kal copmatwdeotépa.
\ /
40 AtadOeipes 5é Ta pvpa Kai dpa Oepur Kal
/ \ e . x O60 - PS \ \ ¢
ToTos Kal o ros, av Te@ou 810 Kal of pupo-
a an \ 5 / e / \ \
moat bntodor Tas olKias wmepwovs Kal py)
, b] , ow / / >
mpoondlouvs AAX OTL MaALTTA TaALCKLOVS adat-
a ¢
peitar yap Tas dapas O HALOS Kal TO Oepmov Kal
A / lal a a
dros éLiotnar THs pvcews paddov Tod >ruypod:
TO O€ Wuypov Kal o Tayos, eb Kal doopoTepov
mows Sua TO cuaTéXXELY, GAN oOvK adatpeitat
\ , / e \ \ 4
ye Tv SUvamv Tel€ws. 1 Tovnpa yap HOopa,
KadaTep THY olvywy Kal TOV aAAwV YVADV, TO
TO oixetov adarpeicOar Oeppov. 810 Kal eis aryyela
PorAVBSa éyyéovat Kal Tods dhaBdoTtpous EnTodar
\
TowovTov AiPov: yruypov yap Kal TUKVOY Kal Oo
362
4
rary
CONCERNING ODOURS, 38-41
Those which last longest are the Egyptian, the
iris, the sweet marjoram and the spikenard perfumes :
but myrrh-oil has the longest life of any; for it will
keep any time. A certain perfumer said that he
had had Egyptian perfume in his shop for eight
years, and iris-perfume for twenty, and that it was
still in good case, in fact better than fresh perfume.
These are instances of perfumes which will keep a
long time. |
On the other hand all those made from flowers
have little vigour. These are usually at their best
after two months, but they deteriorate when a year
has past and the season has come round again at
which the flowers are at their best. Also, as these
perfumes lack vigour, so also do they quickly mellow,
and, in most cases, quickly evaporate. Those made
from roots and the other parts of the plant last
longer, their odour being fuller stronger and more
substantial.
Perfumes are ruined by a hot season or place or
by being put in the sun. This is why perfumers
seek upper rooms which do not face the sun but are
shaded as much as possible. For the sun or a hot
place deprives the perfumes of their odour, and in
general makes them lose their character more than
cold treatment: while cold and frost, even if they
make them less odorous by congealing them, yet de
not altogether deprive them of their virtue. For
the most destructive thing that can happen to them,
as to wines and other savours, is that they should be
deprived of their proper heat. This is why men put
them into vessels of lead and try to secure phials of
alabaster—a stone which has the required effect :
for lead is cold and of close texture, and stone has
363
42
43
THEOPHRASTUS
/ c lo]
porAvBbos Kal o diBos 6 ToLodTos: Kal dptoTtos
TOS pupols O padLoTAa TOLOUTOS. Wate Ov audo
fe) Mee a fel A /
THpovel, Kal TO Wuyp@® Kal TO TvKVo, pte
é / Y4 \ > \ /Q? @ > ,
wévtes €€@ THY oopny pnO brows emideyopmevor
/ \ \ € re \ / \ Li
pndév. Kal yap 4 avarrvon dbeipe Kat TO tEwOev
, \
€metolov Kal AAAOTPLOV: émrEL Kal TA TvEvpaTA
, , / 5 / \
POcipe kal Katavadioxe, Kabdtrep édéxOn, Tas
b] / ” \ \ \ /
OO Mas, ANAWS Te Kal TAS pH PvoLKas.
X. Kegararyn 6é tev péev TorvTEeA@V TO
\ a a
auapaKwov Kal TO vadpdwov Kal peyadetov, TOV
a ry \ lal \
& evTeA@y Ordos pevy Ta TrEloTA PadtoTa bé TO
’ A ,
dapvivov. édXadpotata Sé TO pédwov Kal 4
a , /
KUTpOS, & Kal Tois avdpdot pddiota apyLoTTew
a \ \ / al
doxel, Kal TpOs TOUTOLS TO Kpivov: Tals Se yuvarEly
\ a \
) OTAKTH Kal TO peyareioy Kal TO Alydmrvov Kai
\
TO GuapaKiwov Kal TO vapd.ivory bia yap Tip
7
ioxvv Kal TO TaXOS OVK EvaTTOTVOAa OVd evad-
/ a \ \ r
aipeta* CnTovat <yap> Ta ypevia.
> \ be \ A > ‘al a \ 8 > / \
Ere 6€ ta pev aoberh ta ioxupd, Kal
> , RS oe | a e hn \ \ » \
ioyupoTepa Ta ato ToV pilav Kal Ta adda TA
\ nA \
mMpoetpnucva, Oud TOUTO TA pev avOLWa p12) TPpL-
/ ¢ a a
Bopweva evoopotepa, Ta 8 amo Ttav pilav Kal
\ \ , \ \ \ a ,
Ta ola TplBomevar TA pev yap StaTrvetrai
\ ¢ / A \ a
Te Kal dua Siadeppawopeva Sid tiv Ttpivev
>g-/ \ 3 an \ \ \ \ 3 \
eEiotatal Kat addovovTat, Ta 5é Sia Thy ioxoy
1 €.9. alabaster, which here at least is spoken of asa kind
of stone. 2 yap ins. Sch.
364
CONCERNING ODOURS, 41-43
the same character, that being the best for keeping
perfumes which has it in the highest degree.t So
that vessels made of these materials keep the
perfume well for both reasons, their coolness and
their closeness of texture: they neither let the
odour pass away through them, nor do they take
in anything else. For evaporation destroys the
perfume, and so also does any foreign substance
- which finds its way in: for even draughts of air
destroy odours and cause them to waste, as was
said, especially those odours which do not belong
to a thing’s essential nature. .
Of the properties of certain perfumes.
X. Headache is caused by sweet marjoram spike-
nard and megaleton among costly perfumes: most of
the cheap ones have also this effect, notably that
made from bay. The lightest are rose-perfume and
kypros, which seem to be the best suited to men,
as also is lily-perfume. The best for women are
myrrh-oil, megaleion, the Egyptian, sweet marjoram,
and spikenard: for these owing to their strength
and substantial character do not easily evaporate
and are not easily made to disperse, and? a lasting
perfume is what women require.
Inasmuch however as some perfumes are stronger
than others, the stronger being those made from
roots and the others already mentioned, for this
reason those derived from flowers are more fragrant
if they are not bruised, while bruising improves
those made from roots and the others. For the
former kind evaporate and pass off as they are
warmed by the bruising, thus losing their character,
while the latter owing to their strength have, as it
365
3
oe
THEOPHRASTUS
@OTED AVOLYOMéVOV TWOV TOpPaV éK THS Tpiipews
éuhaveotépav trovel THY OopHv. 6 Kal ém avTov
Tov pilav Kat dos TaVY oTEpeav cUpPBaiveL,
Kadatrep €éxOn. Kata bé TOV avOdr évarTias,
OOTE TcorovOnnev éxdTepa TH apx?. Ta © éx
TIS omvpVns evroyarata 80 appoo* Kal yap
piyvuTau paddov Kal <1)> Oeppworns 7) ” TIS Tpiipews
ovK adnroTpia, paraky Tls ovaa* Kal yap <>
opupva Cnret Twa TUPWOL. aTAWS be Tay TO
TOAUOO OV avr evades avTeE Kaxddes avre Spey
avt 0&0 avT omrovovody TUyXavyn, KWovpevov ép-
pavéatepov TOTE yap woTrep evepyeia avapiyvuTat
LadXov TO dé pl.
Tov 82. pupwv TO Aiyumtiov Kal D) OT AKT) Kal
el TL AXXO TrOAVOS MoV [«at] peyvopeva TO oiv@ TO
evade dio Tapacpetrat yap a Bapirns avTav:
émel Kal 1) onUpYN avTn Tpos THY avabupiacw
BpexGcioa € év TO yAuKEL, KASaTEp év TOIs TPOTEpOV
EEX ON.
45 IIpos be Tas _Ouvdpers KOT OUMEVOLS do€evev av
aTOTTOV eivat TO ovpPatvov éml ToD podivov: Kov-
poratov yap ov Kab acbevéotatov adaviter Tas
TOV adhov do pas OT av T popupia ace 610 Kat
ol bupoT@dat Tovs émridia TaCovTas Kal a) @voU-
févous Tap avtav émiuvpifover ToUT@ Tpds TO
pn aicavecbar Ta Tapa TOV adAXoV. aiTLov
& 6tt NeTTOTaTOV bv Kai Tpogdires TH aiaOijcer
Sia thy Koudétnta pddota Suxveirar Kal cup-
1} ins. W. 2 7 ins. W.
3 The words &yre dpiud are omitted in both W.’s editions,
but represented in his Latin version.
366
CONCERNING ODOURS, 43-45
were, certain passages opened by the bruising, and
so their fragrance is made more obvious. This, as
was said, also takes place in the case of the roots
themselves and of the solid things in general; but
the result in the case of flowers is just tle opposite,
so that both kinds behave according to their origin.
That this should apply to the perfumes made from
myrrh is quite natural for both reasons; they mingle
more than others with the air, and the heat! due to
the bruising is not prejudicial, since it is gentle, and
myrrh ? in fact requires a certain amount of heating.
And in general any strong odour, whether it be
pleasing or the reverse, whether it be pungent? or
sharp, or whatever its character, becomes more
pronounced with movement; for then it becomes,
as it were, active and mingles more with the air.
The Egyptian perfume, myrrh-oil, and any others
that have a strong odour become‘ sweeter if they
are mixed with fragrant wine; for then their heavy
quality is removed. In fact myrrh itself is made to
exhale a more fragrant odour by being steeped in
sweet wine, as was said ® in a former treatise.
If one has regard to the virtues of the perfumes
in question, one may well be surprised at what
happens in the case of rose-perfume :—though it
is lighter and less powerful than any other, if one
has first been scented with it, it destroys the odour
of the others. And this is why perfumers, if a
purchaser hesitates and is not inclined to buy this
perfume, scent him with it so that he is not
able to smell the others. The explanation is that,
being very delicate and acceptable to the sense of
smell, by reason of its lightness it penetrates as no
4 T have bracketed xa). 5.6 P26. AF:
367
THEOPHRASTUS
mrnpot Tovs Topovs, WGO 7 aicOnots KaTELANM-
46 wévn Kal wAHpyS ovoa Kpivety advvaTet. Svo
47
48
yap eiot TpoTror, Taya b€ TpEis, OF K@AVOVTES THY
, e \ e lal > / 7 oe > J \
Kpiowv. els péev Oo viv elpnuévos arXos 8 oO amo
a al 4
Tov icxyupov aorep peOvaoKwv THY aicOnow Kal
KkapnBapav tow: Tpitos 8 btav tpoxatadngey
n "4 + \ > / \ an >
T® PBedtiovs TO yap émetcdyew TO YeElpov ov
ce LO > 4 x ec v Q A o
padiov: ov déxetar yap 9 aic@nois, woTeEp ov
> \ n a yh ia \ \ /
ETL TOV KUNWY Kal OWS TOV KATA THY TPOPHV.
Katioxyvaivew dé doxet to podov Kat thy ovv-
>] / 4 A > / \ ” 4 /
Oerov oopnv Stav yap axpaln To avOos, podifover
tas auvOéces, avovyopevar 8 é£ofovar tovtov
povouv Kal udduota. Tavetar dé Taxd Kal AnyEL
\ \ > , ON , - er \ > /
dua THY acOéverav Kal NerrTOTNTA, Ov Hv Kal é&o-
al ” A \ 9 : ¢e > \ A
Seu TOV ANAWVY' AETTHN Yap OVTA H avaTTVONn Kal
a 4 a fal
HO port pevN TH KATAKAELTEL TPOTEpPEl TE TMV Not-
nm \ / nr \ > \ \
Tav Kat dtadidotat mavtayod. dia TavTo 4é
TOUTO Kal amrodnyEes TAaXU Kal KaTaKpaTeiTaL
/ > ° \ \ \ \ ,
Tadww: acGevel yap TO NeTTOV Kal wadaKor.
a /, nm fal 7
Ilovotot Sé tives TodTO Kal TOV olvwy, waTE
mpoTodevtes adhavifey thy TV ado HdovHV.
oA > a :," b] / € / \ +
éviot 8 wate pn eTrLdévec Oat padiws Tovs adXouvs,
1 cf. 57, 58. atvOeros douh or civOeois seems to mean a
kind of pot-pourri, which was from time to time renewed
with fresh rose-petals. Sch. understands ctv@eo1s to mean
‘clothes.in a wardrobe’ (cf. Lat. synthesis), but it must
surely have the same meaning here as otv@etos doun: Sch.’s
citation from 57 does not seem to prove his point, and
pévovet woAdy xpdvov af cuvGécers in 58 is conclusive against
him. of. also 69.
368
“CONCERNING ODOURS, 45-48
other can and fills up the passages of the sense, so
that being entirely taken up and filled with it, it is
unable to judge of others. For the power of judging
is inhibited in two, or possibly in three ways; one is
that which has just been mentioned ; another is that
the sense of smell is, as it were, intoxicated with its
powerful virtues and becomes stupefied : the third
is that the sense may be preoccupied with the
superior odour; for then it is not easy to introduce
after it what fe inferior, since the sense of smell
refuses this—just as the sense of taste in like case
refuses flavours and foods in general.
It is also thought that the rose even weakens the
effect of compound perfume! ; for, when the flower is
at its best, they treat compound perfumes with it;
and, when these come to be opened, they smell only
or chiefly of rose. However this effect is only
temporary and transient because of the weakness
and delicacy of the rose-scent, (the very quality
which also causes it to assert? itself over the scent of
the other ingredients). For, as it is so delicate and
is compressed by confinement, it is exhaled before
the others aid disperses in all directions. It is also
for this reason that the rose-scent only asserts itself
for a short time and then is overpowered again; for
anything that is delicate and subtle must be lacking
in vigour.
Certain wines have also a similar effect: if they
are first drunk, there is no satisfaction in others.
Some again make it even difficult to take others
2 ¢.e, when the pot-pourri is first opened: the ‘ delicacy’
of the rose-scent causes it to be given off quickly and so (1)
to be the first scent perceived, (2) to be volatile. é¢w in
this passage is used with gen. in two distinct senses.
369
VOL. If. BB
THEOPHRASTUS
or ¢ 3 a ¢ t x \ f
womep 0 EpvOpatas aduxkos Tis OV Kal padaxos.
\ Sa \ / b An e /
THY aitiav <dé> Tetpatéov éx TOV opmolwvy ap-
, ” Sy a> 9» Stor s ef
Bavew: éye Sé tovr idiov TO podivov, doTreEp
axedov Kal miKp@ TpoTepoy elpntar’ Ta pev yap
add\v\a TavT Ta TrELoTA KEehararyh, ToUTO Oé,
wd > / \ \ / Se ig
w@aoTrep EXXON, AUTLKOV Kal Bapous Kal adyndovos
Kal THS ATO TOV ppav.
49 «SH & aitia havepa dia Tov Tpoerpynpevor, elTrep
a A \
érixpatel Kal dvadveTar TavTayov. Ta ev yap
arr’ doa Kkehararyhn Bapéa bia TO Ex ToLovTwY
cuyKetabar Ta mev pilav Ta 8 oTa@v: TovTO dé Kal
a al ial /
TH oopn éradppov Kal TH OepuoTynte cvpmperpor eis
TO oupTréyrat Kai SiavotEas Tovs Topous. ol yap
a a /
69 Tovot Ths Keparhs 7) KaSvypatvouevns 7) mvev-
patovuperns TO évaTroAapBdverOal, Mote TO pev
I a lal \ \ / x 3 al
éxxpivat Set TO O€ méyras 7) adheneiv.
\ 7 \ € , / \ ’
50 Ilpos &ravta Oé 4 Oepporns ypHotpor, Kal eis
adaipecty Kal Ett waddov eis TO TETTELV Kal Stay-
oiryery TOvS Topous, cis & TUMBdAXETAL TO ev TO
ant metroncOar Kal yap avactopodcr Kal dia-
Oeppaivovow ot addres. 4 8 evoopia Kal opunv
Tiva Toles Tmpos THY Kivnow. ayaov 8é Kal
al \ lal
Soxel mpos Tovs KoTroUs elvat TH OepmoTnte cvp-
MeTpoy Ov Kal TH KoupoTytt Kal TH Stadvoer pos
/
TOUS €vTOS Topous: ws bé TLWés hac, OvY HTTOV
KUTTpOS ETL TOUTOU: MadaKn Yap % oom Kal
1 of. 52. 2 d¢ ins. W.
8 7.e. the case is so far analogous to that of rose-perfume ;
but the comparison does not hold as to what follows,
37°
CONCERNING ODOURS, 48-56
after them; this is the effect for instance of wine
of Erythrae,! which has a taste of brine and is
subtle. The? explanation one must endeavour to
find by comparing analogous cases. However there
is one peculiarity which as we have already more or
less indicated, is possessed by rose-perfume only ; while
all or most of the others are heady, this, as was said,
gives actual relief from heaviness and discomfort,
even from that caused by other perfumes.
’ The reason for this is plain in view of what has
been already said, seeing that this perfume over-
powers others and penetrates everywhere. For the
others that are heady are heavy because they are
made of heavy substances, whether roots or juices ;
while this perfume is both light as to its scent and
also by its heat well adapted to bring the passages
to a suitable temperature and to open them. For
pains in the head are due to an excess of moisture in
it, or of air which gets confined in it, so that it is
necessary to get rid of the one, and to raise the
temperature of the other or to remove it.
And for all such purposes heat is useful, both for
removing the moisture or air, and, still more, for
raising the temperature of the passages and opening
them: and to these ends it is helpful that the
perfume should have been prepared with salt, since
the effect of salt is to open the passages and to
warm them thoroughly. Again the fragrance also
supplies a stimulus to movement. This perfume is
also considered to be good against lassitude, because
its heat and its lightness make it suitable, and also
because it penetrates to the inner passages. Some
however say that kypros is quite as efficacious: for
this too has a delicate scent which is grateful to the
371
BB 2
THEOPHRASTUS
\ aA \ \ e / an
Tpoopirns TO YpwTl Kai » TavTns. Kal TadTa
bev Kal TA Gpota TovTOLs MaoTrEp LdLa av Ein.
a , e / A a
51 = XI. Tod podivou 8€ ai wi€ets al év tals dopais
kal év Tots YUpmois, av Hpmoopévar TvyKavwct,
éyouval Tiva Ypelay, ai pev apaipodoa THY Bapv-
> i
TnTa Kal THY iayvdY, ai O Evoduiav Tiva ai dé
yAuKUTnTa éuTrovovcal, Kabatep Kal éml Tov
\ ec" e A
olvev.. Kat yap o év Odow o &v TS TpuTaveiw
Siddpevos, SOavpactos Tis ws EotKe THY HdovHY,
> / > / > / \ > \ /
npTumévos €oTiv: éuwBaddovor yap eis TO KEpa-
n / / ¢ A
pov aotais pédAtTL pupdoavtes, WoTE THY MeV
n 4 rn
oopny am avtovd, Thv O€ yAUKUTHTa ato TOU
\ y
oTatTos AapSavewy Tov olvor.
: , \ a) \ \ \ fal v
62 LvpBaivew S€ TodTO Kal KaTa Tas TOY oivwr
piéers olov éav Tis KEpdon TKANPOV Kal eVoTpoV
A \ >. f 4 \ ¢ ,
paraKk@® Kal aoopw, Kabarep tov Hpaxkrewrny
kat Tov "Epu@paiov, tod pév THY wadaKoTHTA TOD
/ , ,
5é THv evoomiay Tapeyopévou' ocuptinte yap
/ a
dpa Ta Kaka adAnA@V adhavitew TH pwaraKoTyTL
a /
Oatépov <xal TH evocpia Oatépov>. oddas bé
p Res ey / A a 7
Kal GAXas ol ETretpot A€yovot Kal icact pikers.
A n ,
0 Kal él TOY Oc MaV eVAOYOV cUpBaivey, Kal érl
a 4
TOV XpoLatov av Tis AawBavy Tas apmoTToveas
a /
piEers. TodTO pev ovdv idtov TOD podivov.
\ \ \ ’ , b] , 7 /
53 ©6Td O€ xowov émt TavT@Vv amropnua, Ti Oy ToTE
1 Quoted by Athen. 1. 58. 2 of. 48.
8’ This sentence must be defective: as it stands, the effect
of only one wine is given, though the effect is said to be
372
CONCERNING ODOURS, 50-53
skin. These and similar properties may be con-
sidered peculiar to these particular perfumes.
Of other properties and peculiarities of perfumes.
XI. The admixture of rose-perfume, whether in
scents or in flavours, if it be well blended, is bene-
ficial, in the one case by removing the heaviness and
strength of the scent, in the other by imparting a
fragrant scent or a sweet taste to the flavour, as in
the case of wines. 1Thus the wine which is served
in the town-hall of Thasos, which appears to be
of wonderfully delightful quality, is thus flavoured,
For they put into the jar a lump of dough which has
been kneaded up with honey, so that the wine gets
its fragrance from itself, but its sweet taste from the
honeyed dough.
This result also follows, it is said, from the mixture
of different wines,—-for example, if a strong fragrant
wine be mixed with one that is mild and without
fragrance, (for instance, if wine of Heraclea be
mixed with wine of Erythrae),? since the latter con-
tributes its mildness and the former its fragrance:
3for the effect is that they simultaneously destroy
one another's inferior qualities through the mildness
of the one and the fragrance of the other. There
are many other such blends mentioned by and known
to experts. And it is quite to be expected that such
a result should follow from blending odours, as it does
from blending colours, if one discovers the suitable
combinations. This then is peculiar to rose-perfume.
However there is one question which applies to
all perfumes, namely, why it is that they appear to
mutual. I have added kal rH edooule Oarépov after Sch.; his
text however is oupmimre: yap Gua, Kal Ta Kane G&AAHAwY
apaviCer, Th wadrandryt: <Kal TH evooula> Barépov.
373
THEOPHRASTUS
* \ n ~ \ oD) / PS)
amd TOD KapTrOD THs yetpos HOveta Haiveras, dio
Ne a5 a ha \ , \
Kal of pupoT@Aat TOUTO pupiCovet TO pépos. THY
PI > Pe: of > a2 , / ¢ \ \
& aitiay é« tod évaytiov AnTTéov, OTL TO Oeppov
éFiotnot Kal adroLot taxela 8 75n 9 alcOnors
A A /
TOIS MUPOLS AVapIyVUMEVOls TO YPOTt.
54 Azropettas dé Siots of un etwOoTes pupifecOar
parrov é&dfover Tov cuvexas pupifopev@v: ein
pev yap av r€yew Kal ott havtaciar Kal ovK
/
arnbevar Sua TO pn eiwOds: ei & odv Kal adnOés,
7 \ \ e / Q , b]
goike TO Mev Olov avvavapiyvucBat TrEiocLY oo-
pais érépais bd’ @Y apavpodTa, cuyKaTapiyvu-
an /
pévov Kal TOU xpwTds, TO b€ Wotep axépatov
, \ x \ ’ , A b] /
déyecOas TO pavoy Kal éxhawwew TH alcOynoe
] \ , an
xpovifouevov. ein 8 av kal évavtios AaBeiv ws
4
ATTov Sexomévou bia TO aavvnbes, Bpadvtepov &
> , 7 / b] / . al
avayyvipeva Trew ypovov é€ofew. Kal TovTO
Qn e
pev €XaTTOV Kal ov havepas opmooyovpevov.
55 “Amrtetas 5€ padota ToD ypwTos Kal Keparis
a a / \
Kal TOV ado Kal TrElaTOV YpovoY Eupéver TA
1 Se. a part of the body which, not being fleshy, does not
spoil the scent by its warmth. So Plin. 13. 19. appears to
give the point—experimentum (unguentorum) inversa manu
capitur, ne carnosae partis calor vitiet, though it may be
questioned whether inversa manu represents kaprod. Pliny’s
374
CONCERNING ODOURS, 53-55
be sweetest when the scent comes from the wrist!;
so that perfumers? apply the scent to this part.
The explanation must be sought by observing what
happens in the contrary case, inasmuch as heat
changes or destroys the character of a scent, and the
effect on the sense of smell is immediately perceived
when perfumes are brought into close contact with
the skin.
The question is also raised why those who do not
habitually use perfumes smell of them more strongly,
when they do so, than those who use them habitually.
The suggestion might be made that this is an illusion
due to the fact that the use is not habitual, and
does not represent what really happens. If however
it does, it would appear that in the one case the
perfume becomes, as it were, confused with a number
of other scents which weaken its force (the smell of
the skin also becoming mixed with it), while in the
other case the porous condition of the skin takes in
the scent as it were uncontaminated, and so makes
it perceptible by the sense of smell, because it
lingers for some time. One might also make a
suggestion of opposite character, that the skin takes
in perfumes less readily because it is not used to
them, and so, as the perfumes mingle with it more
slowly, they preserve ® their scent for a longer time.
One may add that this is.a small point and that all
do not agree as to the fact.
Those perfumes whose scent is strongest get the
best hold on the skin head and other parts of the
body, and last for the longest time: such are
phrase presumably means the back of the hand, and suggests
that ard rod kapwod may be corrupt.
2 Sc. in offering samples for choice.
8 Sc. it is not absorbed by the skin.
375
56
57
THEOPHRASTUS
b) / a b a ® a a.
isxupotata tals dopais, olov peyadeiov, Aiyv-
\ n
TTLOV, awapaKivov: Ta S acOevi Kal <ov> Trondv-
by \ a a
odua, Kovdpyny EXovTA THY avaTTVOHD, TaXelav Trotei
/ '
Kal THY aTonenpiy, BoTEp TO TE podsvoy Kal 1)
KUT pos. )
” \ \ > \ ¢e / > a v
Evia O€ Kat eis THY voTEpaiay ov xetpov bfer,
, yy 2A / \ A pee
Svavemvevkvias el tis evqv BaptTyns. Ta dé Kal
a 4
GAws Eupova padrov, WBamep % vdpdos Kal To
\
ipwov, wdavtTwv dé padioTa <Ta> toyupoTaTa.
Kal Ta pev & TE Tols NOUTPOIs Kal TH avéceL
a \ x
Suatnpel Was THY Copy } OV ovyKaKvver’ TA Oe
a / a a
Kakuvoueva TELM TTolel Svtwodiay avTaY TOV
/ 4 x a
ispotar, as av aippeas Twos 7) SiapOopas ywo-
/
pevns.
Kal ta pév mept THs TOV pipwv ToLnoews TE
Kal Svvapews etl TocodTov eipyobo.
XII. Ta &€ wep tiv trav Enpadv pikw, é& dv
\ / \ e / > BA a
<Ta> diatrdopata Kal ai cvvOéces, ovK Ett Ente?
/ al / e , > » Meat 4 7
pigiv TOVE TLVOY WpPLTMEVOV, AX’ Gow AV TIS
rv , \ x / LE 4 + kD \
Treiw Kal ToLKIN@TEpa wlEN, TOTOUTH Kal OopN
7 a
Aaptpotépa Kal noiwv, waoTep Kal é€& avTav
an La \
TOV ApOLaToV TOV Mmpoxelpov: eis TavTO yap
puyvovtes atravta ypa@vtat. E§ntovor 8 év Tov-
\ 4 / \ ae. > \ 4
ToOls Kal oTrevdovolY WaTE MH EVOS GAAA TaVToOY
1 +4 ins. Sch.
376
CONCERNING ODOURS, 55-57
megaleion, Egyptian perfume and sweet marjoram-
perfume. Those on the other hand which are weak
and have not a powerful scent, since they are volatile
and evaporate, also quickly come to an end: for
instance rose-perfume and kypros.
There are some however whose scent is even
better on the second day, when any heavy quality
that they possessed has evaporated. Some again are
altogether more permanent, as spikenard and iris-
perfume, and the stronger! a perfume is, the longer
it lasts. Again some perfumes for some reason keep
their scent in the bath when the body is relaxed,
or at least do not help to produce a disagreeable
effect ; while others become disagreeable and cause
an even more unpleasant odour than the sweat, as
though some sort of decomposition or decay took
place.
Let this suffice for an account of the manufacture
and properties of perfumes.
Of the making of perfume-powders and compound perfumes.
XII. As to the mixing of solid substances to make
powders! and compound perfumes, we do not find it
here necessary to mix certain specified ingredients :
the more numerous and the more various the per-
fumes that are mixed, the more distinguished and
the more grateful will be the scent—just as though
one were mixing whatever spices themselves? were
procurable. As a matter of fact the custom is to use
a mixture made of all kinds. Again in perfumes of
this class the aim and object is not to make the .
mixture smell of some one particular thing, but to
2 Sc. the natural products from which the manufactured
perfumes are made.
377
THEOPHRASTUS
\ > \ \ \ r¢
KOWHY TWA THY OopHnY elvat. 640 Kal avoiryorTes
n 4 n
Sid Tivwv nuepav TO é&dfov eEatpodow del Kal
a a /
TOV iayUpav EAaTTW pLryVUOVOLY, WaTEp ... TA
7 \ ,
& ddws ov pryvvovow, wWaoTEp TO EpvociaKnTTpor,
/ /
drép ov Kal aptiws édexOn.
/ \ / n ” A
68 Bpéyovar b€ cvvtiévtes TH olvo TO cdwder’
gouxe © ody YpHaimos Elvat Tpos TAS evoopias, et
a /
ye Kal of pupepol xpa@vrat. pévovar dé rroddy
xpovov ai cuvOéces. 1% S€ yphots TOUTWY pe Eis
THY TOV (maTiov dopHny, TOV é StaTTacudTwY eis
¢ \ \ nr
THV OTPWOLVHV, OTS TPOS TOY KPHTA Tpoo Titty’
Kal yap artetat wadXov Kal éupovmTtepov TovTo,
Kal @oTrEep avT éxelvov TOUTO ToLovoLW. ot be
/ » BEG 4 » / > 7
mpotepov évéBarov oive KkataBpéyovtes ev@der
mpos TO TapatpetcOar THy dopny, évria Sé Kal
peduxpat@ Kal olvm puyvivtes avédevov, Ta Oé
\ > 8 n x / 4 \ \ aN ”
Kal avT@ TH pediepdt@. Td yap Odov aphoo
a ~ \
TavTa ouvepyel mpos evoopiav. Siapévovor bé
\
ai ovvOécers. avepov 8 éx tovTwy brep Kal
/ rE 0 5 / \ \ \ > /
mpoTepov €réxOn, Sots Ta Enpa Kal evoopotepa
Mpos GAANAA <puyOévTa> Tals Oopais.
59 EvAdyws 5€ Ta pvpa happaKkodn bia THY TOV
©) Gowpator Suvvamiv: Kal yap Ta apopata ToLadTa.
Snrot b€ Tad TE KaTaTAaGopaTAa Kal & BH TIVES
1 The example is missing. Turn. supplies costwm et amomum
from Plin, 13. 16, which does not; however certainly refer
to this passage; see 69, where this passage seems to be
repeated.
* The reference of éxelyov is obscure,
3 uxdévra add. Turn.
378
CONCERNING ODOURS, 57-59
produce a general scent derived from them all.
This is why every few days they open the vessel and
remove each time that perfume whose scent is over-
powering the others, adding at the same time smaller
quantities of the less powerful scents, such as . . .,}
while some perfumes are never added, such as
galingale, of which we spoke just now.
When they make compound perfumes, they
moisten the spices with fragrant wine: and this
certainly seems to be useful for producing fragrance,
seeing that perfumers also use it. These com-
pound perfumes last a long time. They are used
to impart a pleasant odour to clothes, while the
powders are used for bedding, so that they may
come in contact with the skin: for this kind of
preparation gets a better hold and is more lasting,
so that men use it thus instead of scenting their
bodies directly.2 Some, before putting the powder
in the bedding, soak it in fragrant wine, so that it
may acquire its scent: and some powders they
moisten by mixing them with mead and wine, or
again simply with mead. For in general both these
things help to give them fragrance. Compound
perfumes also last well. From which what was said
above becomes manifest, inasmuch as solid perfumes,
when mixed? with one another, acquire a greater
fragrance,
4It is to be expected that perfumes should have
medicinal properties in view of the virtues of spices:
for these too have such virtues. The effects of
4 In. W.’s text, which I have followed, there is some re-
arrangement (after Furlanus) of the order of sentences in
this chapter and the next: e.g. part of §61 is transferred to
§59. Both figures are retained for convenience of reference.
379
f,
(6
61
62
(60)
ry)
THEOPHRASTUS
/ A / 3 , /
pardypata KaXodow oias atrodeixvuTar Suvapets
/
Ta Te hUpaTa Kal Ta aTooTHpaTa SiaxéovTa Kai
GAXa WrAEiw TOV KATA TO CHa StadXoLOdrTA,
émimToAns pev adda Kal ta év Babe, otov, av
, 4 od / \ \ A
Tus KaTaTAdon Ta vUToxovdpia Kal TO oTHOos,
2A. \ a3 on 3 4 td \
evOds adv Tois épuypois atrodidwov ev@ders Tas
Oo Mas... .
XIII. Ai 6é tav Sowv dopal Kata tas idias
/ / e / / > 7 > , \
ylivovtar dices’ Exdot@ yap éoTi TLS OiKEla KATA
\ a 2s 8 7) a \ \ 0 \
THY Kpacw. avTat noclar pev Kal KaBapai
\ \ \ > \ » Eg 9 e a
[xal] cata Tas axpas Kal dtav ed Eywowy éavTor,
étu O€ HOLovs ATAaN@Y Kal véwY OVT@Y. TEioTaL
\ \ , \ \ 3 , \ @
Sé xal KaxwdéoTaTar Tepi Tas oxXelas Kal brows
CUYTNKOMLEevOv Kal KapvovToV cwopatov: 610 Kal
oi tpdyo. Kal ot éhadot Kat Nayoi Kal Tara
! / bd
TOTe warLoTa OCel.
@avpactov 6 Kai idiov To. cupticyev Tas
4 / n ¢€ a
tpayéas, Stay 7 Opa KaOnKn THs opuhs. altiov
\ / Le / / b] fal /
dé OnAoveTi TO UTONEiTETO AL TIA ev TO SéppuaTe
/ A ec / 4 943.4% € ¢ \
Siva bypotnta ToravTnv ad Hs % opp
yivetat kal Covtwy: Kivovpévns odv Kali Svabep-
patvomevns TaUTNS UT Tov aépos eVAOYoV Kal
eo \
Ta Séppata xa’ dcov émiBddre. 610 Kal ws
1§ 60 on some other medicinal effects of perfumes is
omitted.. -—®._ xa bracketed by W.
380
CONCERNING ODOURS, 59-62
plasters and of what some call ‘ poultices’ prove
what virtues they display, since they disperse
tumours and abscesses and produce a distinct effect
on various other parts of the body, on its surface,
but also on the interior parts: for instance, if one
lays a plaster on his abdomen and breast, the patient
forthwith produces fragrant odours along with his
eructations.!
Of the characteristic smells of animals, and of certain curious
facts as to the smell of animal and vegetable products.
XIII. The smells of animals correspond to their
several characters: each has a smell of its own
according to its particular composition. These
smells are pleasant and pure when? the animal
is in its prime and in good condition, and even
pleasanter when they® are young and _ tender.
But the smell is strongest and least pleasant at
the breeding season, and generally when the body
is wasting or out of condition: wherefore goats
stags hares and other animals have most smell at
such times.
It is a remarkable fact and peculiar to the goat
that goat-skins* are sympathetically affected when
the breeding season comes round. The reason plainly
is that there remains somehow in the hide the sort
of virtue or moisture from which arises the breeding
impulse when the animal is alive. It is natural
therefore that, when this is excited and warmed
by the air, the skin also should be excited
so far as it belongs to it to be so affected.
Wherefore the original cause as it were of the
3 éavtév can hardly be sound : ? aira (sc. 7a (Ga),
* 7,¢. the skin of a dead goat.
5 W., adds kweioda: after ém:BadrdrAet.
381
THEOPHRASTUS
A v . ¢ / / \ e \
mpatov aitiov » didfeciws* TOTE yap Kal of p1)
b] , v \ Cr VS, \ e 54 e
oyevovTes OCovat Kal of Ayovot Kal ai aires Gdws.
n & oxela TOTE ev peydAny pepida cupBdrreTat,
? e \ b] a / € /
Kal’ avtny & aitia yiverat } dvabecrs.
63 YuuBaiver Sé tporov tiva Kal év adAdols 7
TotavTn oupTdbera: Kal yap oO olvos Gua TH
otapvaAn doxel cvvavOeiv nal Ta oKopoda Kal Ta
/ / 4 a id \ > a
Kpopva TOoTe SpimvTatov bev, Stay <Ta> ev TH
an / \ 4 [uA / \
yn Bractavyn mAnv TovTOLs dua ovpBaiver Kai
by a , e/ \ 4 “
avutots Bractavev. drs Sé TavTa KiveiTaL
Ta protopita Kal capKopita pn ameEnpappéeva
KaTa TAS BAaCTHTLKAS Wpas: 7 yap évuTdpyovca
Svvauis €v avtois Kiveitat. Oavywacimtatoy 6é
TOV TOLOVTMY TO él TOU aTéaTOS THS ApKTOU
cal yy ee val / > /
cupBaivov, elmep dua tais daria émaipetas
Kal éxmAnpol Ta aryyeta.
64 XIV. Té b9 mote Anwoxpitos Tovs pév yupods
\ \ n b 7 \ 7 9 \ , \
Mpos THY yevow atrodidwat, Tas 5 dopas Kal Tas
Xpoas ovX Gpolws TMpos Tas UToKELWévas aicO2}-
a af
aes; det yap ék TOY oYNUdTMY. 7%) TOUTO YE
\ /
Tpos aTaVTAaS KOLWOV; ATraVTES yap Ol pEeV ovns
1 7.e. to form a ‘crust.’ 2 7& ins. Sch.
Piet. U2. 2. 2. G39.
4 7.e. when the fat of the living bear becomes abnormally
developed. Plin. 8. 128, expresses his surprise at T.’s credulity
382
CONCERNING ODOURS, 62-64
phenomenon is the special condition of the animal
at such periods: for at these times even those
males which are not breeding have the smell, and
the sterile goats and the females in general. In-
deed, though at that particular time the fact that
animals are actually breeding is a powerful factor in
producing the smell, yet their condition is in itself
a cause.
Similar sympathetic behaviour is found in a
manner in other things also. Thus wine appears to
‘bloom’! at the same time as the growing grape, and
stored garlic and onions appear to have the most
pungent smell at the season when those? in the
ground are sprouting: however in this case sprouting
takes place in the stored vegetables also. And in
general any plant whose root is in layers® or fleshy
becomes active at the season of sprouting, unless it
has been completely dried : for it is the force latent
in such plants which is stirred into activity. But
the most remarkable phenomenon of the kind is
what occurs with bears’ grease: it makes active
growth at the time of the bear’s winter sleep* and
completely fills the vessels in which it is kept.
Of odours as compared with other sense-impressions.
XIV. What can be the reason why Democritus,
though he assigns various flavours to the sense of
taste, yet does not in like manner assign various
smells and colours to the senses to which they
belong? According to his system he should have
done so. Perhaps the same criticism should apply
to all who have dealt with the subject: for they all
in this matter: his version (coctas ursorum carnes) adds to
the marvel.
383
THEOPHRASTUS
oi 6€ wddiota Ta’Tns Ta TaOy Aéyouat Kal Tas
7 \
dtahopds, as év Ypwmact evKOV Kal pérav, Kal
2 a \ \ eet > ef a
év yupois yAuvKD Kal TiKpov, ovy otT@ 8 év
5] n IQA \ \ > BA \ ,
dopais: ovdéy yap mAnY TO T evoomoyv Kal TO
/ >> > e a , \ > \ \
KaKOC MOV. OVO év amTotss mrEi@ yap evOv Ta
e \ \ \ val
UTPOKELMEVA, TKANPOV MANAKOV TPAaYXU Ketov,
65 “Adda parrov év dovais, o&d Kai Bapv. ett
\ \ \ \ \ ] ” BA \ €
Sé Ta wey puxta Ta 8 AwiKTa. AptxTor xvAol oi
\ A \ / cA 9 44 > a
ev TO pn KaTtapepifecOar war €F apdoiv, olor
/ n “
bdwp EXavov hréypa ala, bros wav TO éruvéov
aN \ a ef \ yw \ \ / \
4h TO Ovatpovv, WaTrep TO GEos Kal TO yadda. TO
\ a , \ / 7 v4 S
yap TH Wiécel Kal Tpifver puryvdpevov ETEpov Eidos.
lA \ ’ ¢ \ BA \ \ /
aAXov S€ TpoTrOV ol pn EVMLKTOL TrPOS THY XpEelav
/
7) Kal AvMalVomEevoL AAANAOUS, olov 1) POdraTTA
Vik , \ \ of \ y \
Kal Ta VITPWON Kai TLKpAa VdaTAa TOUS olvoUS Kal
\ , \ \ Wen) an ,
TA TWOTLMA, €av ny EVOS ypHTat TLS.
66 Oopal dé ai pév otTws AutKToL TrELoUS Kal
oote kaboXou NaBelv ai Kaxwdels Tais KaKw@OECL.
f \ an lal
as dé Bértiov TL TO EE apdoiv Epyov evpeiv ei
1 i.e. taste.
2 There seems to be some confusion here, as in the first
sentence of the section T. complained that colours are not
classified. The following passage is unusually elliptical, and
the text is probably defective. T.’s complaint seems to be
that sense-experiences in general have been inadequately
classified (cf. 2); and in 66 foll. he specially mentions smells.
384
CONCERNING ODOURS, 64-66
either give the various qualities and distinguish the
experiences of this sense! alone or at least com-
paratively neglect the others: thus with colours?
they distinguish white and black, and with flavours
sweet and bitter, yet they make no corresponding
classification of smells, but merely class them as
‘pleasant’ or ‘unpleasant.’ So too they fail to
distinguish different experiences of the sense of
touch, whereas several belong immediately to this
sense, as hardness, softness, roughness, smoothness.
In sounds still more are there differences, as
that between shrill and deep. Again some sense-
experiences are simple, some compound. Flavours:
are simple first in the sense that they cannot be
resolved into two components *: instances are water
oil phlegm blood,* and in general anything which
floats, like milk,®> or which causes separation, like
vinegar. (Where mixture can be produced by pres-
sure or crushing, it is quite a different matter).
Secondly there are flavours which do not readily
combine in another sense, namely for human use, or
which even spoil one another if they are mixed, as
sea-water, or water with soda in it or which has a
bitter taste : these spoil wines or other things that
are good to drink, unless they are taken at once.
Now the odours which in this sense do not com-
bine are numerous, and, speaking generally, it is the
pleasant odours which do not combine with the
unpleasant ones. It would indeed be difficult, if not
impossible, to find a case in which mixture is an
8 Sch. and W. after Turn. add <@y yivecOar> after dudoiv,
which seems unnecessary. |
* 7.e. a liquid which, in one way or another, refuses to mix
with another liquid. 5 ? cream.
385
VOL. II, c-¢
67
THEOPHRASTUS
\
pn advvaror, eis THY ToLavTny bé SivAapLY <ovY>
¢ e > n \ n ” > >
aitav ws eimeiv mpos Tay evoomov. arr e&0a
\ vy / a @ be 4 fal ,
bev iaws xelpw trovet évOa Sé Bertiw, Kalarep
ral A r
érl TOV pipwv' TA we yap apalpEelTaL TO axKpa-
\ , \ > > 4 \ v4
Tov Kat oxAnporv, Ta & atroOnrvVver Kal dorep
> Lal \ > / > \ a a 7
éfvdatot tas aouds. év bé toils Enpois atacar
,
TATALS pLKTAL.
\ \ / id x /
Ta yap Swatdcpata bom av 7 TrELOVoV
apeiva. trovet 6€ Kal 4 TOD olvov KaTdapuéss Kal
pupa évia Kal Ovpidpata evoopotepa, Kabatrep
Thv apvpvav. Soxet dé Kal TO upov HdvvELY TOUS
v \ \ e \ b] A > oh ,
olvous, 816 Kal of pév ev TH oivotrotia puryvvovetv
e , /
of dé otTws émixyedopevoy Tivovow. ovK adoyov
dé auvéeyyus Tas aicOncers ovocas Kat év Tois
avTois UmoKepéevols EyeLY TLVA éTTLKOLV@ViaY’ &S
\ > \ \ lal 1) \ bd \ ” +
yap érl TO Tay ovdels oUTE yYUAOS Aoopmos OUTE
b » hae 4 - a be ing w) / b] ae 4
oopn aXvAos: TovTO € GTL ovdeula ex un ExOVTOS
J |
xUNOV.
68 SupBalver $8 Kal peraBdrrew tas dopas pa
tois xuAois, WoTep emi TE TOU oivov Kai ert
a a a
KapTa@v TIWa@v éviwv € Kal ev TO AvOEL TPOTEpoOr,
a a , \
@aoTrep TOV Botptav: 7 5é TOV pUpwV eis aKmI)V
/ an 4
povov Kal otov dbicw. petaxivodvtar 8 év tats
DJ , vd 4 > e > a / \ \
érelats pais mav ws eimetv, paddota bé Ta
1 I have inserted odx, suggested by Sch.
2 Like Sch. I fail to see the relevance of this remark.
The sense required is ‘while the fruit is still on the tree’:
386
CONCERNING ODOURS, 66-68
improvement to the odour: in fact one might say
that not! every combination of one fragrant thing
with another will produce such a quality, but though
sometimes the effect of such mixture is an improve-
ment, sometimes it may be the reverse, as in the case
of perfumes: for while the effect of some admixtures
is to remove excessive strength or harshness, in other
cases the odour is enfeebled and made, as it were,
insipid. With solids however all combinations are
possible.
In fact powders are the better, the more in-
gredients they have. Also the admixture of wine
makes some perfumes and things used for incense
more fragrant, for instance myrrh. It appears also
that perfume sweetens wines, wherefore some add it
in the manufacture, some put it in at the time of
drinking. Nor is it unnatural that between these
senses, since they are akin and are affected by the
same objects, there should be a sort of reciprocity :
for, to speak generally, no taste is unaccompanied by
smell and no smell is unaccompanied by taste, the
reason being that a thing which has no taste pro-
duces no smell.
It is also the case that smells actually change
along with tastes, for instance in wine and certain
fruits. And in some cases, as with grapes, the
change takes place earlier, during? the flowering
period : while in perfumes it occurs only when they
have reached their best and are about, as it were, to
go off. Almost all perfumes undergo alteration at
certain seasons of the year, and this applies specially
to the weakest kinds: in the case of those made
possibly av@ei has got in from below and we should read
KapT@.
387
cc 2
69
THEOPHRASTUS
/ \ A
acbevéotata, Ta 8 avOwa Kal tv Spay avOei To
av0os.
\ a
[Tas ovvOécers trowtow éx Tov apwpdtov:
Q 7 \ \ , > b ipeth /
pavoaytTes TOANGa Kali puEavTes els TAUTO KAEL-
ovaw eis KiBwtiov, eit avoiyovtes Sia TLVeV
npepaov Ott dv pariota few Sonn TovT alpovar,
\ / \ \ 4 / U
Kal wad 6€ Kal madw StadeiTovTEs YXpovor,
” i \ er \ as \
Stas av pnbdevds e&0bn. Oavpactiy 8 oop
NapBaver Ta ipatia eis TadTAa TiOépeva.
\ \ a / nr > / és 2 oh
To dé THs BadXavou tis Atyurtias pupov avTo
Mev OVK Gyav avaTrvel, uLyvvpevoy Sé TroLet TAXA
/ / \ \ s
Bertin wadduota Sé Thy ipw])....
1 of. 63.
2 ef.57, of which this section seems to be a repetition.
> ej. 15,
388
lo
CONCERNING ODOURS, 68-69
from flowers this period is that at which the plants
from which they are made are in bloom.!
[Compound? perfumes are made from spices:
they bruise and mix a variety of these and shut them
up together in a box. Then after a few days they
open the box and take out the spice which seems to
have the strongest smell: this treatment is repeated
at intervals, so that the smell of no one ingredient
may overpower the others. And clothes put away
with such perfumes acquire a marvellous fragrance.
The perfume * made of the Egyptian balanos,
though it has not much scent of its own, when
mixed with others, especially iris-perfume, improves
areway’.
4 The remaining sentences (§§ 70, 71) seem to be discon-
nected scraps, which perhaps do not belong to this treatise
atall. The text of them being defective, it seems not worth
while to attempt translation,
389
MTEPI SHMEION TAATON KAT IINETMA-
TON KAI XEIMONON KAI ETATON
L Lnpucia bdaTwv Kal T VEU LAT OV Kal Xetpedveov
Kal evor@y OE éyparpapev Kal dcov Hv epixtov,
& pev avtol T POTKOT NG AVTES & 6€ Tap étépwv
OUK adoxipov AaBovtes.
Ta pev ovv él tois aotpois Svopévois Kal
dvaTéhovaw €K TOV doTpovowKav def Nap Ba-
VEL. cial dé dvces Out ral: ot TE = yap adavic pol
dvceus eioi TouTO Oé € éorl dtav apa ovvovv”n TO
MMe TO dot pov, Kal OTav avatéXhovros Suvy.
Omoiws Sé€ Kal avaToXal Ourral, ai HED E@OL oray
mpoavatéhhy Tov »ALov TO dotpov, ai 8 aK po-
vUX ol éray apa dvopéve avaTerry.
At pev ovv Tov "A pkTovpou Neyouevar avatonal
aud orépos oupBaivovow: 2 pev yap TOD Netpavos
dx povuxos éotwv, 7) O€ peT@mopi é@a. Tav Oo
GXX@V ai Theta ra TOV dvowatouevor é é@at, olov
TIXerddos Kat ’‘Opiwvos Kal Kuvos.
Tév de hovmav onpetov évia bev ida Kara
Taoas xopas éotly év boas opn tyra Kal
AUNOVES elot, pariota dé boa ™ pos Oddaccay
Kabyner TOV _typnrav: TOV TE yap TVEULATOV
apXopwevav Ta ved T poomimrer T pos TOUS TOL-
ovtous ToTrous, Kal pweOrotapévwy eis TOvVaYTioP
390
Se
CONCERNING WEATHER SIGNS
Introductory : general principles.
I. Tue signs of rain wind storm and fair weather
we have described so far as was attainable, partly
from our own observation, partly from the informa-
tion of persons of credit.
Now those signs which belong to the setting or
rising of the heavenly bodies must: be learnt from
astronomy.! Their settings are twofold, since they
may be said to have set when they become invisible.
And this occurs when the star sets along with the
sun, and also when it sets at sunrise. In like
manner their risings are twofold: there is the
morning rising, when the star rises before the sun,
and there is the rising at nightfall, when it rises at
sunset.
Now what are called the risings of Arcturus occur
at both times, his winter rising being at nightfall
and his autumn rising at dawn. But the rising of
most of the familiar constellations is at dawn, for
instance, the Pleiad Orion and the Dog.
Of the remaining signs some belong specially to
all such lands as contain high mountains and valleys,
specially where such mountains extend down to the
sea: for, when the winds begin to blow, the clouds
are thrown against such places, and, when the winds
1 Or, perhaps, ‘from my astronomical works.’
39!
lo)
THEOPHRASTUS
b] , a; A / , \ Vd
avTimeOiaTavTat Kal VypoTEepa yivopeva OLa Bdpos
eis Ta KotNa avyKabifer. S10 Sei mpocéyev ov
v Ԥ eS. = 4 \ a
av Tis topupévos 4. Eats yap aei Tiva AaBeiv
TOLOUTOV yv@pova Kal ~oTt cadhéctaTa onuela TA
GTO TOUTWDY.
A \ \ 2 0 \ / X , \
10 Kat ayabol yeyévnvTat KaTa TOTOUS TLVAS
> / 54 / > 4
aoTpovosot éviot, otov Martpixétas év MnOdprn
> \ a / \ 4 > /
ato Tov AetretUpvov, Kat KXeootpatos év Tevéda
> \ a "TS \ @ \ "AG / = b] \ n
amo ths “Ids, cal Paewvos HVT amo TOD
a \ \ \ a
AveaBnrrod Ta mepi Tas TpoTras cupeide, Tap
ov Métay axovoas tov Tod évos Séovta eixoow
éviavT@v <KUKNov> cuvétakev. Hv dé 6 wev Daei-
vos pétotxos “AOnvncw o dé Métov ’A@nvaios.
QS \ \ / n > /
Kal ddXot SE TOV TPOTTOY TOUTOY HaTpOAOYNGAD.
” bé > a a / > /
Adda 6€ dott onpeia & NapBdveTat aro Te
nm / a /
Cowv TOV KaT oiKkiay Kal ETépwY TIWOY TOT@Y Kal
/ / \ , \ > \
ma0nudtov, pddtota 6€ KUplMTaTa <Ta> aTrO
a a \
Tov HALov Kal THS TEAVNS' 1) Ya TEAnVN VUKTOS
olov HALOS eote: Std Kal at ctvodoe TOV pnvaV
e , na n
NELpLEpLOl ELoLY, OTL ATroNELTEL TO HOS THs TEAHVNS
/
amo tetpabos POivovtos péxXpt TeTPados LaoTa-
/ So ey / > / , \
peévou. woTep ovv nALOV aTroAEIW ls YyivEeTaL KATA
Tov Opmolov TpoTrov Kal THs GedHVNS ExXewris.
del ov TMpocexYely pddioTa Tals avatorals Tails
a ec tA xX fal
TovTwy Kat Tais Svceow OTolas ay TOoL@Y TAL TOV
BovXopevov Tpoyived Kev.
1 Gytimebioravra. ?avTimebloratat.
2 Plin. 5. 140. Of Matriketas nothing is known.
3 Said (Plin. 2. 31) to have first recognised the Ram and
the Archer. Athen. (7. 278 b) connects him with Tenedos,
392
CONCERNING WEATHER SIGNS, 3-6
change, the clouds also change! and take a contrary
direction, and, as they become laden with moisture,
they settle down in the hollows because of their
weight. Wherefore good heed must be taken to
the local conditions of the region in which one is
placed. It is indeed always possible to find such an
observer, and the signs learnt from such persons are
the most trustworthy.
Thus in some parts have been found good astro-
nomers: for instance, * Matriketas at Methymna
observed the solstices from Mount Lepetymnos,
Cleostratus * in Tenedos from Mount Ida, Phaeinos
at Athens from Mount Lycabettus: Meton, who
made the cycle * of nineteen years, was the pupil
of the last-named. Phaeinos was a resident alien
at Athens, while Meton was an Athenian. Others
also have made astronomical observations in like
manner.
Again there are other signs which are taken from
domestic animals or from certain other quarters and
happenings. Most important of all are the® signs
taken from the sun and moon: for the moon is as
it were a nocturnal sun. Wherefore also the
meetings of the months are stormy, because the
moon’s light fails from the fourth day from the
end of one month to the fourth day from the begin-
ning of the next: there is therefore a failure of
the moon corresponding to the failure of the sun.
Wherefore anyone who desires to forecast the
weather must pay especial heed to the character of
the risings and settings of these luminaries.
4 Called ‘the great year’: cf. Aelian. V.H. 10. 7. rdv
Tov évds déovra elkoow eriavtay <KUKAoy> conj. Sch. évavrdy
con}.
. seems necessary. ? Kvpia TS.
393
~I
THEOPHRASTUS
A ; . ,
IIpa@rov péev odv Anréov Ott ai Siyotopiar
diopifover Tas Mpas, Wate él TovTwY Set aOpeiv
\ n / a
Kal éviavTov Kal prva Kal huépav. Suyoropet
be \ \ > \ / 6 / \ >
é Tov pev éviavtov Iderds te duvopévn Kal ava-
/ > \ \ / / > n \
TéXNOvTa? ato yap SvoEews péexXpl avaTONHS TO
a n / £
Hyucu Tod éviavtod éotiv. mote diva TéuveTat O
Tas xpovos. opoiws 5é Kal ai TpoTrai Kal ion-
pepiar tolodow. ola Tis av ovv } KaTdoTACLS
we Oy / / e/ 4 € eli," \
tod aépos IInevddos duv0pévns,, ob ta yer ws ETL TO
TON MEeXpL TPOTaV, Kav peTAaBAAANH, META TpO-
/ >\ \ \ / / v4 >? /
mds éav 5€ pn petaBdarXrn, Svévyer Ews ionuepias,
KaxelOev maaoavtas péxpt IInderdbos, kal aro Tav-
TnS péexpl TpoTa@v Oepivav, Kal évTedOev péexpe
/
ionmepias, Kal amo tonpepias péypt I1derados
dUTEDS.
€ ? e 4 \ \ \ a 4
Os & attas Exes kal wepi tov phva Exactov:
a \ 7 b
SuyoTomoder yap at Te Tavoédnvor Kal ai oydoat
7 , ; ’
Kal al TeTpddes, WoTE aTO vovpnvias WS aT
5] nr a r / \ id 5] \ \
apyns Set oxoreiv. petaBddre yap ws él TO
ru > n a) Pe ée / fy A > 50 > be
Tou ev TH TeTpadL, eav bé py, ev TH Oydon, et SE
/ > ‘ \ / > > ,
Lin, TavoeAnve: amo S€ Tavaednvou els oydonv
\
POivovtos, kal amo TavTys els TeTpAada, ATO Oé
/
TETPAOOS ELS THY VOUMNViAY.
ig > ec \ t Pome, n id / Sar e
Qs & attws Kal éml ths pépas Exovow ai
petaBoral ws érl TO Tov. avaTor) yap Kal
A \ / \ Py / \ bu \ iY
mpowt kal peonuBpia cal Sern Kal dvows, Kal Ta
THS vUKTOS MépNn TA AVaddoYa TavTO ToLel Tots
elpnuévols TEeplL Tvevp“aT@V Kal YEl@vos Kal
\ 4 ; ,
evdias. pdduota yap éav pédry peTaBarre, év
394
CONCERNING WEATHER SIGNS, 6-9
Now the first point to be seized is that the various
periods are all divided in half, so that one’s study of
the year the month or the day should take account
of these divisions. The year is divided in half by
the setting and rising of the Pleiad1: for from the
setting to the rising is a half year. So that to begin
with the whole period is divided into halves: and a
like division is effected by the solstices and equinoxes.
From which it follows that, whatever is the condition
of the atmosphere when the Pleiad sets, that it con-
tinues in general to be till the winter solstice, and,
if it does change, the change only takes place after
the solstice: while, if it does not change, it continues
the same till the spring equinox : the same principle
holds good from that time to the rising of the Pleiad,
from that again to the summer solstice, from that
again to the autumnal equinox, and from that to the
setting of the Pleiad.
So too is it with each month; the full moon and
the eighth ? and the fourth days make divisions into
halves, so that one should make the new moon the
starting-point of one’s survey. A change most often
takes place on the fourth day, or, failing that, on the
eighth, or, failing that, at the full moon ; after that the
periods are from the full moon to the eighth day
from the end of the month, from that to the fourth
day from the end, and from that to the new moon.
The divisions of the day follow in general the
same principle : there is the sunrise, the mid-morning,
noon, mid-afternoon, and sunset; and the corres-
ponding divisions of the night have like effects in
the matter of winds storms and fair weather; that
is to say, if there is to be a change, it will generally
1 Plin, 18, 280. 2 of, Arat, 73 f.
395
10
11
12
THEOPHRASTUS
tats S:xoTopias petaBdrdre. Kalddrov perv odv
Tas @pas ovT@ bet mapaTnpeiy, Kae Exacta dé
TOV onpelov Kara TOV vmroryeypappévov TpoTrov.
‘ Téaros bev oy onpeia Ta TOLAUTA doxel eivat.
évapyerTaTov Mev ovY TO EwOLVOr, bTAaV ‘™po rtov
AVATONNS paivntar emupowvia cov onpetoy" 7) Yap
avOnwepwov eTLanaiver v) TPLOY NMEPOY ws éml
TO TOAV. Ondrol 6€ Kal Ta AANA onpuela: éav
yap ju) WpoTepov, TpiTaia pddiota onpaiver
TO émibowiocoy Kai Svvovtos, HTTov Sé % TO
éwO vod.
Kal éav uy Xermaovos i) Eapos els vepédor,
TpLow 7) LE p@v @s Ta mona emia npaiver. Kab
€av paBdor vordder, Tara be Tatra Boppabev
yuvopeva dobevéatepa. Kal éav aviaxov pehav
onetov loxn, Ka éav ex _ vepeh ov <av>eXy,
dart iKor, Kal éay axrives avi XOvTos dvaretvoat
mp dvareihat, Kowvov UOaTOS onpetov Kal avépou.
Kal éav KkaTapepopevov Too adtou iplorntar
vEepos, vp ov éav oxilovras al axtives, eLpepLvov
TO onpelov. Kal Otay Kavpatias Suntar Kal
avatéXrn, éav pn aveuos yévnta, datos TO
onpELov.
Ta avta 5€ onpaiver Kal cehnun TAVS ENVY
avicxyovoa, acbevértepa Sé oO pels. éav pev
TUP@ONS, TVEVLATWONH onpaiver TOV Hive, éav oé
Copadns, ddat oon: onuaiver O& OTL av onuaivy
TpiTatos @v oO pels.
230"
1 roy boy. Tpémov seems to mean the same as Aristote-
lian tov tonynuévoy tpémov, e.g. Hth. Nic. 2. 9. The
rendering ‘the following method’ would isso suit the
context.
396
a a
CONCERNING WEATHER SIGNS, 9-12
occur at one of these divisions. In general there-
fore one should observe the periods in the way
indicated, though as to particular signs we must
follow the accepted method.
The signs of rain.
Now the signs of rain appear to be as follows:
most unmistakable is that which occurs at dawn,
when the sky has a reddish appearance before sun-
rise; for this usually indicates rain within three
days, if not on that very day. Other signs point
the same way: thus a red sky at sunset indicates
rain within three days, if not before, though less
certainly than a red sky at dawn.
Again, if the sun sets in a cloud in winter or
spring, this generally indicates rain within three
days. So too, if there are streaks of light from the
south, while, if these are seen in the north, it is a
less certain sign. Again, if the sun when it rises
has a black mark, or if it rises? out of clouds, it is a
sign of rain; while, if at sunrise there are rays®_
shooting out before the actual rising, it is a sign of
rain and also of wind. Again if, as the sun sinks, a
cloud forms below it and this breaks up its rays, it is
a sign of stormy weather. Again, if it sets or rises
with a burning heat, and there is no wind, it is a sign
of rain.
Moonrise gives similar indications, at the time of
full moon: they are less certain when the moon is
not full. If the moon looks fiery, it indicates breezy
weather for that month, if dusky, wet weather ; and,
whatever indications the crescent moon gives, are
given when it is three days old.
2 avéxp conj. Sch. 3 Plin. 18. 344,
397
THEOPHRASTUS
is “Agrépes modrol dvattovtes datos 1 mvev-
patos, Kal O0ev av Siattwow évtedOev TO Tredpa
H To bdwp. Kal édv axtives aOpoar avicoywou
AVLOVTOS 7) OUVOVYTOS, anuElov <UdaTOS>. Kal dTav
avicxovTos Tod HALov ai avyal olov @xXeiTrovTOS
Ypapua laywow, VdaTos onpetov. Kal 6Tav vepérat
TOKOLS épiov Gmotar Mow, Vdop onpaiver. [veToU
5é onueta] Toudorvyes avioTduevat Treious eri
TOV TOTALOY Ldwp Gnmaivovot TOAV. ws O én
TO TOAD ipts TEpt AVYVOV H Sia AVYVOU Stadawvo-
EVN voTLa onpaiver VOaTa.
14 Kat of wventes éav votia 4, Vdwp onpaivovat,
onuaivovat 6é Kal avewov KaTa Oyov ws av
exoor mGous Kat peyéOous, optxpot d€ Kat
Keyxpwcers Kal Naptrpol bdwp Kal avepwov. Kal
Stav xXEeu@vos THY proya <o AUVyXVOS> aToOA
duaditr@v olov Tmoudodrvyas, datos onpetov, Kal
éay TNHO@oLW al aKTives em avdToV, Kal édav oTLD-
Opes érrvyévmvTat.
15 "OpviOes Novopevon py ev Batt Biobytes Udwp
H Xelpovas onpaivovet. Kat dpvvn ovopéevy
Kat Batpayot wadXov adovtes onpaivovoew vdwp.
Kal ) cavpa hawopévn, iv KaXodct carapudvopar,
eve O€ Kal yAwpos Batpayos emt Sévdpou adwv
dwp onpaiver. xedLdoves TH yaoTpl TUTTOVTAL
Tas ANipvas Vdwp onuaivovat. Bovs Thy Tpoc-
Jiav oTAnv retEas yetwova 7} Ddwp cnpaiver. eav
hoof, Oi: 2 $daros ins. Furl. 3 Plin. 18. 344.
4 Plin. 18. 356. 5 Jerod 5¢ onueta bracketed by Sch.
8 cf. Arist. Meteor. 3.4; Plut. Quaest. Nat. 1. 2.
7 of. 42.
8 4.e. breaks up into small ‘ grains’ (?). ef. 25, 42, 54.
398
CONCERNING WEATHER SIGNS, 13-18
Many shooting + stars are a sign of. rain or wind,
and the wind or rain will come from that quarter
from which they appear. Again, if at sunrise or
sunset the sun’s rays appear massed together, it is a
sign of rain.2_ Also it is a sign of rain when at sun-
rise the rays ® are coloured as in an eclipse ; and also
when there are clouds‘ like a fleece of wool. The
rising of bubbles *® in large numbers on the surface of
rivers is a sign of abundant rain. And in general,
when a rainbow ® is seen round or thr oagh a lamp, it
signifies rain from the south.
Again, if the wind is from the south, the snuff?
of the lamp-wick indicates rain; it also indicates
wind in proportion to its bulk and size: while if
the snuff is small, like millet-seed,’ and of bright
colour, it indicates rain as well as wind. Again,
when in winter the lamp rejects® the flame but
catches, as it were, here and there in spurts, it is
a sign of rain: so also is it, if the rays of light leap
up on the lamp, or if there are sparks.
It is a sign of rain or storm when birds which are
not aquatic take a bath. It is a sign of rain when a
toad takes a bath, and still more so when frogs are
vocal. So too is the appearance of the lizard known
as ‘salamander,’ !° and still more the chirruping of
the green frog in a tree. It is a sign of rain when
swallows |! hit the water of the lakes with their
belly. It is a sign of storm or rain when the ox
9 i.e. refuses to light properly. The appearance seems to
be that described Verg. Georg. 1. 391 (scintillare oleum). In
the same passage putres concrescere fungos perhaps illustrates
the comparison of the snuff to millet-seed above.
10 of. de igne 60, where it is explained why the salamander
puts fire out.
1l Plin, 18. 363; Verg. Georg. 1. 377.
399
16
17
18
THEOPHRASTUS
\ 3 \ > \ > f : ’ , e
8é els Tov ovpavoy avaxiTTov dodpaivntat, bdwp
/
onpaive.
f : ok / A aA a
Kopévn emt métpas Kopvccopéevn iv Kdpa
catakrvles towp onuaivers Kal KokupBdca Tron-
/
AdKis Kal TepiTreTOMern Vdwop onpaiver. Kopak
modnXas peTaBdrrXrgcw ceiwOas dovas, TovT@V éay
\ \ 4 \ > / \ /.
taxv Ols bbéyEnras Kat érippottnon Kai Tiwd&y
Ta wTépa, Vdwp onpaiver. Kai éav veTaV OvT@Y
\
Todas petaBarrAn havas kal éav Pbepifnrar
ém édaias. Kal édv te evddias éav te datos
a A a /
OvTOS punta. TH hovhn olov staraypovs, Vdwp
,
onuaiver. édv Te Kopakes éay Te KoNOLOL avm
TET@VTAL Kal Lepaxilwoty, Ddwp onuaivovar. Kal
2\ >Q7 \ \ > al \ 7 \
éav Kopak evdias wn THY eiwOviay hovyy in Kai
A , :
érrippor8on, Vdwp onpaiver.
24> \ cs =, / t \ +
Kav (épaé émi dévdpov xabefopevos Kal elow
elomreTopevos POerpitnrat, bdwp onpaiver. Kal
/ A \ ? , A ” oa)
Oépovs Stay troAXol aOpoor havoc dpvides oi
Biotevovow év vnc, Vdwp onuaivovow: éav bé
/ > \ >f\ \ lal >\ \
pétptor, ayabov aikl cal Botois, éav dé ToddXoi
e ‘ol > \ > / e/- aie \
iTrepBorH, avypov iaxupov. Orws S€ dpvides Kai
\ a
anrextpvoves POepifopevor VdaTiKOY onpElov, Kal
dTav mLovTar Vdwp ws Dov.
Kal » vntta fyepos <éav> vmiodoa vd Ta
a / id
yeloa arom tepuyitntat, Ldwp onpaiver, opotws Sé
Kal KoNotol Kal ddexTpvoves, Eav Te emi Aimy H
OardatTn atomtepuyifovtTat, as vATTa Vdwp on-
1 Plin. 18. 364; Verg. Georg. 1. 375.
2 érippoicnon. Sc. with his wings probably ; not, as LS.
‘croaks.’ Plin. (18. 362) seems to have had a fuller text, or
to have drawn alsp on some other authority.
3 Ser@y byTwy can hardly mean ‘ while it is raining.’
400
CONCERNING WEATHER SIGNS, 15-18
licks his fore-hoof; if he puts! his head up towards
the sky and snuffs the air, it is a sign of rain.
It is.a sign of rain when a crow puts back its head
on a rock which is washed by waves, or when it often
dives or hovers over the water. It is a sign of rain
if the raven, who is accustomed to make many
different sounds, repeats one of these twice quickly
and makes a whirring * sound and shakes his wings.
So too if, during a rainy season,®? he utters many
different sounds, or if he searches for lice perched on
an olive-tree. And if, whether in fair or wet weather,
he imitates, as it were, with his voice falling drops,
it is a sign of rain. So too is it if ravens or jack-
daws fly high and scream‘ like hawks. And, if a
raven in fair weather does not utter his accustomed
note and makes a whirring with his wings, it is a
sign of rain.
It is a sign of rain if a hawk perches on a tree, flies
right into it and proceeds to search for lice: also,
when in summer a number of birds living on an
island pack together: if a moderate number collect,
it is a good sign for goats and flocks, while if the
number is exceedingly large, it portends a severe
drought. And in general it is a sign of rain when
cocks and hens search for lice; as also when they
make a noise like that of falling rain.
Again it is a sign of rain when a tame duck gets
under the eaves and flaps its wings. Also it is a sign
of rain when jackdaws and fowls flap their wings
whether on a lake or on the sea—like the duck. It
4 fepaxi{wow. ? ‘hover like hawks.’ However, Arat, 231
understood it to refer to the voice: so LS.
5 émippoiBdn. Exact sense uncertain, cf. Soph. Ant. 1004.
8 jyuepos. 2 7 Tmepos.
401
VOL. Il. DD
THEOPHRASTUS
paiver. Kab Epwdios CpO prov PO eyy ouevos Bdap
}) Tvedpa onpaiver: Kat éay éri Oddarrav TETO-
pevos Bog, waddov bdatos onpetoy 7 mvetpaTos,
Kal dws Body dveudoes.
19 Kato omrivos év oixig oixoupery éav pOeyEnra
éwOev, tdwp onpatver n KXEelpava. Kal xUTpa
omwO npivovea Taca TepiThews datos onpetov.
kal lovrot Tool Tpos TOLYoOV Epmovres vdaTLKOV.
dehgis mapa yhy Kohup Pav Kal avadvopevos
TUKVA VOwpP 7) Nerwava onpaiver.
20 “Tuntros eAaTTov, avudpos KANOUVMEVOS, eay TO
Koide vepédov eX vdaTos onpsiov: Kal éav o
péyas “Tyntros tov Oépous exn vepéhas avo bev
Kal é« mrayiov, Udaros onmetov. Kal éav 0 avu-
Spos* ‘Tunrros AeuKas exn avabev Kal éx Waytov.
Kal éav wept ionuepiay Aly mvevon, Vdwp on-
paivel.
21 Ac dé Bpovrai at pmev xetpepeval Kal ewPwal
peadrov <dvewov n> Bde onpatvoucw" ai 6é
Pepwvat peonuBpias Kab éomrepival Bpovrai vdate-
KOv onMELOV. aotpamat dé edy rye Tavrax obey
yevovTar, bdaTos av 7D avé pou onpetor, Kab
éomepival @oavTws. Kal éav axpapias voTOV
TVEOVTOS vor oder aotpayry, dap onpaiver 7 ave-
pov. Kal _ bépupos aoTpan Tov Tpos Bopetov »
Xepava 1 Ddep onpaives. Kal Bépous at éo-
mépiat aotpatral bdwp avtixa onpaivovow 4)
a
1 Sch. cites Plin. 18. 364, vermes terreni erwmpentes, as
representing this, which seems doubtful.
2 cf. Plin. 18. 361; Cic. Div. 2. 70.
3 dav TG. 2 dav Cv TH.
402
CONCERNING WEATHER SIGNS, 18-21
is a sign of wind or rain when a heron utters his note
at early morning: if, as he flies towards the sea, he
utters his cry, it is a sign of rain rather than of wind,
and in general, if he makes a loud ery, it portends
wind.
It is a sign of rain or storm if a chaffinch kept in
the house utters its note at dawn. It is also a sign
if any pot filled with water causes sparks to fly when
it is put on the fire. It is also a sign of rain when a
number of millepedes! are seen crawling up a wall.
A dolphin? diving near land and frequently re-
appearing indicates rain or storm.
If the lesser Mount Hymettus, which is called the
Dry Hill, has cloud in? its hollows, it is a sign of
rain: so also is it, if the greater Hymettus has
clouds in summer on the top and on the sides: or if
the Dry Hymettus has white clouds on the top and
on the sides; also if the south-west wind‘ blows at
the equinox.
Thunder in winter and at dawn indicates wind ®
rather than rain; thunder in summer at midday or
in the evening is a sign of rain. If lightning is seen
from all sides, it will be a sign of rain or wind, and
also if it occurs in the evening. Again, if when
the south wind ® is blowing at early dawn,’ there is
lightning from the same quarter, it indicates rain or
wind. When the west wind is accompanied by
lightning from the north, it indicates either storm
or rain. Lightning in the evening in summer time
indicates rain within three days, if not immediately.
4 cf. Arist. Probl, 26, 26. .
5 &veuov } add. Furl. from Plin. 18, 354.
6 ef. Soph. Aj. 257; Arist. Probl. 26. 20.
7 axpwptas. of. 42. So Arat. 216 renders,
403
bp 2
22
23
24
THEOPHRASTUS
TPLOV HuEpOV. Kal oT@pas Boppabev aoTpaTrat
vdaTLKOVY onpetov.
e nr
H EvBoa étav S:afwoOn péon, tdwp dia
, Seis % > \ \ f- / /
Taxyewov. Kal éav ert TO II1ndsov veheryn Tpooity,
cr A s 2 n cf A» fey
d0ev dv mpocitn, evTedOev Udwp 7) avey“ov onmaive..
Otay ipis yévntat, émionpaiver: éav- TE TOANAL
7 / / cf > / > \
ipioes yév@vTat, onuaiver Vowp emt Torv. adda
/ \ e ? a ef ed > f
ToNAaKkts Kal ot ofets HALoL, OTav €x vedéerys.
pupunkes ev KoLAwM Yopiw éay Ta wa Exdhépworr
ex THS pupynKids ett TO UYnAOV yopiov, dwp
> ,
onpaivovow, éav 5é Katapépwow, evodiay. éav
/ s / \ e \ / c \
Tmapyndtor dvo yév@vtat Kal o pev votolev o dé
na ‘ee. ee e \ / ,
Boppader, Kat dros dua dwp Sia Tayéwv onpat-
\a@ e / ¢ \ \ a
vovot. Kal ddws ai péXatvat VdaTiKOV Kal pad-
e /
Rov ai Seirys.
>] na / , > / 7 2 e 4
Ev 76 Kapkiv@ dvo0 aotépes eiciv, oi Kadov-
” e \ 1, pa h € ,
pevor “Oval, wv TO weTa&d TO vepédov 7) Patvyn
nm lal /,
KaXoupern. TovTo éav Copades yévyntat, VdaTiKOV.
7\ \ : eae \ A Xx 9.24. 13 , e Ts."
éav pon emt Kuvi ton emt Apxtovp@, ws éri
\ , x ”
TO TONY Tpos Lonpepiay VOwp 7) avewos. Kal TO
/
Snuoaloy TO Tepl Tas pulas NeEyomevoy adnOés:
ty / a
dtav yap Oadxvwct aododpa, BdaTos onpeior.
\
aotivos pOeyyouevos EwSev prev Vdwp onpaiver
n /
} xetpwova, Seirns oe Vdwp.
a \ \ 7 A
Tis 6€ vuxtos OTav Tov “Tunttov Katwbev tav
dkpwv vepéryn Sialoon evry Kal paxpd, vdwp
/ a
ylveTal @S TA TOAAA METPL@OV HuEpOV. Kal éav
1 Evidently an Attic saying, of days when only the upper
part of the Euboean mountains was visible.
404
CONCERNING WEATHER SIGNS, 21-24
Lightning from the north in late summer is a sign ot
rain.
1When Euboea has a girdle about it up to the
waist, there will be rain in a short space. If cloud
clings about Mount Pelion, it is an indication of rain
or wind from the quarter to which it clings. When
a rainbow appears, it is an indication of rain; if
many rainbows appear, it is an indication of long-
continued rain. So too is it often when the sun
appears? suddenly out of cloud. It is a sign of
rain if ants? in a hollow place carry their eggs up
from the ant-hill to the high ground, a sign of fair
weather if they carry them down. If two mock-
suns* appear, one to the south, the other to the
north, and there is at the same time a halo, these
indicate that it will shortly rain. A dark halo round
the sun indicates rain, especially if it occurs in the
afternoon.
In the Crab are two stars called the Asses, and
the nebulous space between them is called the
Manger; if this appears dark, it is a sign of rain.
If there is no rain at the rising of the Dog or of
Arcturus, there will generally be rain or wind to-
wards the equinox. Also the popular saying about
flies is true; when they bite excessively, it is a sign
of rain. If a chaffinch © utters its note at dawn, it
is a sign of rain or storm, if in the afternoon, of
rain.
When at night a long stretch of white’ cloud en-
compasses Hymettus below the peaks, there will
generally be rain in a few days. If cloud settles on
2 of. H.P. 8, 10. 3.
3 Plin. 18. 364; Verg. Georg. 1. 379.
of, 29: 5 cf. 43, 51.
5 ef. 19, of which this seems to be in part a repetition.
405
25
26
THEOPHRASTUS
év Aiyivn [al] émt rod Ads tod “EXXaviov
. \ /
vehérn Kabitntar, @s Ta TOoAAA VOwp yiverat.
\ e/ \ / / \ 4 *' SF ¢€
éay data TodAAa yivnTaL KElmEpLVA, TO Eap ws
* \ / > / - aX. 8’ > \
Ta TONG yiveTaL avdypunpov' éav 0 avxXuNpoOS
€ , \ ” ¢ n v4 / \
6 xelwov, TO Eap VdaTades. STav KLoves TOARA
/ /
ylV@VTAl, @ TA TOAAA EveTNpla yiveTal.
\
Paci 5é tives nat ef év avOpak Naurpa yarafa
b / / / e \ oh: oe
éripaivytat, xaddalav Tpocnpaivery Ws TA TONG
+ ae \ 4 la \ \ ,
éav S€ WoTTEp KéyypoL plKpol NaLTpol TrOAXOL,
Liat \ ” 3 Q7 q 2 Ads pA A
avémov pev ovTos evdlav, wn avéwouv bé Vdwp 4)
fal ,
divepov. éoTs © apevov mp@Tov yiverPar Bopevov
bdwp votiov Kal Tois Pvopévors Kai Tots Faous: Sei
Sé yAvKv elvar Kal pt) GApmupoy Tots yevopévots.
§ er ” } , / alan 3
Kal Sdws Eros BEXTLOV voTiov BopEloy Kal vyLeL-
/ s+ Oe / ? 4 /
votepov. Kal dtav <Tddw> dyevwrTar TpoBata
} aires, KElsL@vos wakpov onpeiov.
II. “Téatos pév ody tadtTa NéyeTat onpeia:
ies al \ \ 4 / , /> e
dvéwov O€ Kal tvevpdtov Tade. avaTérAXwV oO
¢ , N eee) } =k a n
NALOS KavPATLAS, KAY [Ly atrooTiABn, AVELOWOES
\ a“ \ 2\ . tal / e€ e
TO onpetov' Kal éay Kotrdos daivntat oO XAL0s,
» ties X HO \ a : i 3. yl \
AVELOUV 7) VOATOS TO ONMELOV. Kal €aV ETL TONKAS
Huépas Kavpatias, avypmovs Kal avéuous Todv-
xpovious onuaiver. éav at axtives ai pév pds
Boppav ai 8é mpos vorov axifwvTa: TovTOU pécou
1 So called also by Pind. Nem. 5.19. Paus. 2. 30. 3 calls
it the Reni ple of Zeds MaveAAjvios, nat bracketed by Sch.
woe ON eee
406
CONCERNING WEATHER SIGNS, 24-26
the temple of Zeus Hellanios! in Aegina, usually
rain follows. If a great deal of rain falls in winter,
the spring is usually dry; if the winter has been
dry, the spring is usually wet. When there is
much? snow in winter, a good season generally
follows.
Some say that, if in the embers® there is an ap-
pearance as of shining hail-stones, it generally
prognosticates hail; while, if the appearance is like
a number of small shining millet-seeds,* it portends
fair weather, if there is wind at the time, but, if
there is no wind, rain or wind. It is better both for
plants and for animals that rain should come from
the north before it comes from the south; it must
however be fresh and not briny to the taste. And
in general a season ® in which a north wind prevails
is better and healthier than one in which southerly
winds prevail. It is a sign of a long winter when
sheep or goats have a second ® breeding season.
The signs of wind.
II. Such then are said to be the signs of rain. The
following are signs of wind and breezes. 7 If the sun
rises with a burning heat but does not shine bril-
liantly, it is a sign of wind. If the sun has a hollow
appearance, it is a sign of wind or rain. If it blazes
with a burning heat for several days, it portends
long-continued drought or wind. -If at dawn its
rays are parted, some pointing to the north and some
3 &v@pak conj. Sch., supported by Plin. 18. 358; Arat. 309.
aatpao. MSS.
4 of. 14, 42, 54. ee OM SY a RES
6 rdw ins. Sch.; text probably defective.
7 Plin. 18, 342.
407
27
THEOPHRASTUS
évtos Kat dpOpov, Kowov datos Kal avéuov
onpelov éorw.
"Eos bé onpeta éy jri@ Kal cehjvy, Ta pev
pédava vdaTos 7a 8” épvdpa TVEvMATOS. ay 6€
Kal o pels Bopetov OvTOS op0os eloTHKY, Céhupor
eiBaow émumvety Kal oO pnV NELpwEpLvos Suatened.
OTay [eV 1) Kepata <1 dve> TOD pvos emUKUT TY,
Bopetos 0 0 Hels” étav © 1 Katwber, voTLOS” dav &
opGos Kal pn KaX@S éryKexAtpévos bey pl TeTpa0os
Kab eUKUKNOS, elw0e xerpdtew péxype Svyounvias.
onpaiver Copwdns pev av vdwp mupwdys 6é
Teva.
28 « AlOuar Kai virtat [wrepvyifovcar] Kal dryprae
kal tiOaccal tdwp pev onpaivovot Sdvopevar,
mrepvyiCovcar S& aveu“ov. of Kémdoe evdias
ovens Orrot av wéT@VTAL _avepov Tpoonpaivoust.
aTpovbol XELMavOS ag’ éomépas GopuBodvres a
avéwov pera Bodny onpaivovow 4% dep vérLov.
ێpwotos amd Oardoons teTopevos Kai Bodv
Tvevpatos onpelov éoTt’ Kal dXws Body péya
avEe“w@ons.
20 «~Kuwy KudbovpEvos Nepuant péyeDos dvépou
onuaiver. apaxyea mona pepopeva med ma i
Xetpava onpaiver. j ) aprares Ropevov mvedpa
onpaivet, TAN Mpa 33 vOTLOD. éav pev yap éK«
Bopetwv TAnupopa ED els vOTLov peTaBanrnrer,
éav ék votiov auTertis yivntat, eis Bopetov
1 Plin. 18. 343 suggests that this is the meaning: text
perhaps defective. cf. Verg. Georg. 1, 445.
2 cf. 38.
3 Lit. ‘the crescent moon has a northerly character.’ 7
évw add. Furl.
408
—— CC
CONCERNING WEATHER SIGNS, 26-29
to the south, while the orb itself is! tigi seen
between, it is a sign of rain and wind.
Also black spots on the sun or moon indicate rain,
red spots wind. Again, if, while a north wind blows,
the horns? of the crescent moon stand out straight,
westerly winds will generally succeed, and the rest
of the month will be stormy. When the upper horn
of the crescent moon is bent, northerly winds® will
prevail for that part of the month: when the lower
horn is bent, southerly winds will prevail. 4If
however the horns up to the fourth day point
straight and have not a graceful bend inwards but
round to a circle, it will generally be stormy till the
middle of the month. If the moon is dusky, it
indicates rain, if fiery, it indicates wind.
It is a sign of rain when gulls and ducks,
whether wild or tame, plunge under water, a sign of
wind when they flap their wings. Wherever the
bird called kepphos flies during a calm, it is a sign of
coming wind. If sparrows in winter begin to be
clamorous at evening, it is a sign of a coming change
or of a fall of rain. A heron flying from the sea and
screaming is a sign that a breeze is coming: so is it
in general a sign of wind when he screams loudly.
A dog rolling on the ground is a sign of violent
wind. A number of cobwebs® in motion portends
wind or storm. The ebb-tide indicates a north
wind, the flowing tide a wind from the south. For,
if the flowing tide sets from the north, there is a
change to the south, and if an ebb-tide comes from
the south, there is a change to the north. It is
* of. 38; Plin. 18. 347; Verg. Georg. i, 428; the English
sign, ‘the. young moon with the old moon in her arm.’
5 Plin, 11. 84; Arist. Probl, 26, 61.
409
THEOPHRASTUS
petaBanrner. Odracca oidotca Kal axrat Bodaat
Kal aiyrados NX OV ave moons. Kal O pev Bopéas
AHryov edt Tov 0 6é voros apYomevos. TmapydLos
om 00ev & ay 7 VOwp 1) i) Give OV onpaiver.
30 “H TeMTrTY Kab dexaTn aTo TpoTaV TOV
Xetpepevov @S Ta TOA VOTLOS. Bopetov dé
yvowevov Enpaiver mavTa, votiwv O& vypaivel.
éay dé voriov ovr@y poor <1l> TOY KEKONA
Mévar, els TA VOTLA Onpaiver THY peTaBornv: éav
dé 1706¢5 olddor, votia % petaBory. TO dé avTo
onpetov Kab exvepiou. Kal obakay Tov Oe&LOv.
exivos O xepoaios _ONMAVT LR" TOLELT AL bé 5v0
oTras Gmou av oiKh, TY pev mpos Boppav thv dé
votobev: omoTépay & dv amodpatrn, evted0ev
Treva onpaiver, éav 8 apdhotépas, avéuov
péyeOos.
31 ‘Ray OPOS ..., TOS Boppé dive pov Tpoonpaiver.
éay éy OardatTn éEaidyns TVEVLATOS yannvyn
yivntas, petaBodiyy TVEVMATOS i) émidoow. éav
axpar petéwpo haivwrvtar 7 Kal voor ex pias
mXElous, votiav peTtaBorAnv onpaivers yh TE pé-
Aawva wropaivopévn <Bopecov>, NevK? Sé VOTLOV.
ai ddhwves Tepl THY TEAHVHY TVEUPATMOELS MLANdoOV
) TWept HALov: onuatvovor Sé Trvedua payetoas
TEpt aupo, Kal } dv payh Tav’Tn Tvedpa. éTU-
1 cf. 40; Plin. 18. 359; Verg. Georg. 1. 356.
qf. Arist. Probl. 26. 12 ad Jin.
* Enpatver, bypatver seem to be used quasi-impersonally ; but
the text is perhaps defective.
4 yétia MSS.; Bédpeca conj. Furl., surely with good reason.
ef. Arist. Probl. 1, 24.
5 After detidy Sch. and W. mark a lacuna, which does not
seeni necessary. 6 cf. Arist. H.A. 9. 6 ad jin.
410
CONCERNING WEATHER SIGNS, 29-31
a sign of wind when the sea! has a swell or promon-
tories moan or there is loud noise on the beach.
Now the north wind has less force as it ceases to
blow, the south wind as it begins. A mock sun, in
whatever quarter it appears, indicates rain or wind.
The fifteenth? day after the winter solstice is
generally marked by southerly winds. If there is a
northerly wind, everything gets dried? up, if a
southerly, there is abundant moisture. If, while a
south wind is blowing, glued articles make a cracking
sound, it indicates a change to a south‘ wind. If
the feet swell, there will be a change to a south
wind. This also sometimes indicates a hurricane. So
too does it, if a man has a shooting pain in the right
foot.5 The behaviour® of the hedgehog is also
significant: this animal makes two holes wherever
he lives, one towards the north, the other towards
the south: now whichever hole he blocks up, it
indicates wind from that quarter, and, if he closes
both, it indicates violent wind. |
If a mountain... ,’ it indicates wind from the
north. If at sea during a wind there is a sudden
calm, it indicates a change or an increase of wind.
If promontories ® seem to stand high out of the sea,
or a single island looks like several, it indicates a
change to south wind. If the land looks black from
the sea, it indicates a north wind,’ if white, a south
wind. A halo?® about the moon signifies wind more
certainly than a halo about the sun: but in either
case, if there is a break in the halo, it indicates
wind, which will come from the quarter in which the
break is. If the sky is overcast in whatever quarter
7 T have marked a lacuna after dpos. Furl. renders si mons
versus aquilonem extenditur, venti signum est, with what
meaning I cannot see. 8 cf. Arist. Meteor, 3. 4 ad init.
9 Bépecov add, Furl, wef, bi.
4Il
32
33
34
THEOPHRASTUS
vepehov b0ev av avaTernyrau, evred0ev aVEMLOS.
ai nn dades vepédar Bépous a ave pov onpaivovot.
‘Eady dor pam mavtax obey yivntat, Ddop on-
paiver, Kal d0ev av at aotpamat TuKval yivev-
Tat, evr ed Oey mvevpara yiverat. Oépovs b0ev
ay aotparal Kal _Bpovral yiverrat, evted0ev
mvevpara yiverar ioyupa: éav pev ohodpa Kal
io yupov dotpaTry, | Oartov cal opodporepoy mvev-
cova, éav 8 npepma Kal paves, Kat odiyor.
TOU dé NELwOVOS Kal pO tvor @pov TouvavTtov"
mavovge yap Ta TVEVLATO al dot paras: Kal Oo@
av loxuporepau yivovTat aatparral Kal Bpovrai,
TOTOUTD padrov mavovTat Tov © Eapos HT TOV
av TavUTA onpeta Neyo, wamep Kal Nermervos.
"Kav votou mvéovtos Boppadev aotpdrtn, tav-
erat éav EwOev aotpantn elw0e travecbat Tpt-
Taios, ot d€ &dXOL Tepm raion éBdopaior evvaraiot,
ol 6€ derduvol Taxy mavovtat. ot Bopéat mavovTat
as éml TO TONU év mepirrats of O€ voTOL év apriats.
dvepo aipovras ap Hri@ avatéhovTe Kal ceijvy.
éay avatédhov 6 HALOS Kab ced Tavowouw,
erruTeiver Ta TvevMaTa” Xpowwrepa, dé kal toxv-
potepa TA TVEUMATA YyiveTaL TA Huepas f VUKTwWP
cpx opera.
‘Bay érnaotat ToNUV Xpovov TVEVTOSL Kal
peToT@pov yevntat avewades, 0 Xewev VHVEMOS
yivetat, av 8 évaytiws, Kalb 0 xYetuov évayTios.
1 nndddes, t.€. a ‘mackerel sky’ (?) The word seems to
occur nowhere else except in Hesych., who renders &rvipos:
derivation obscure. It should probably be read in §51 for
KoiAddes, 2 Plin. 18. 354.
3 tv. Se. elvar, which perhaps should be added.
412
ee ee
CONCERNING WEATHER SIGNS, 31-34
the sun is first seen, there will be wind from that
quarter. Light! clouds in summer-time indicate wind.
If lightning comes from all sides, it indicates rain,
and from any quarter from which the. flashes come
- in quick succession there will be wind. In summer?
from whatever quarter lightning and thunder come,
there will be violent winds : if the flashes are brilliant
and startling, the wind will come sooner and be more
violent ; if they are of gentler character and come at
longer intervals, the wind will get up gradually. In
winter and autumn however the reverse happens, for
the lightning causes the wind. to cease: and, the
more violent the lightning and thunder are, the
more will the wind be reduced. In spring I consider
that the indications would? not so invariably have
the same meaning,—and this is also true of winter.
If, while a south wind is blowing, there comes
lightning from the north, the wind ceases. If
there is lightning at dawn, the wind generally
ceases on the third day: other winds than a south
wind however do not cease till the fifth seventh or
ninth day, though a wind which got up in the after-
noon will cease sooner. A north‘ wind generally
ceases in an odd, a south wind in an even number of
days. Winds get up at sunrise or moonrise. If the
rising sun or moon have caused the wind to cease,
presently ° it gets up again with more force, and
winds which begin to blow in the day-time last longer
and are stronger than those which begin at night.
If periodic winds have been blowing for a long
time, and a windy autumn follows, the winter is wind-
less: if however the contrary happens, the character
4 Plin. 2. 129.
5 So Furl, renders: W. inserts uy after ceAqvy.
413
THEOPHRASTUS
™pos Kxopupis dpous omdbev av vepern pnxdvnTat,
TAUTH AVELOS mvevociran. ai vepédar ex TeV
dria ev mpooitovoat Kal dma ev TvEevoovvTat,
"AOws pécos SieSevypévos votios, Kal brws TA
6pn Sielwopéva voTLAa WS TA TOAAG. Ol KOMHTAL
aoTépes WS TA TOAAA TVEVWATA ONpaivovaty, éav
5é moAnol, Kal avypov. peTa xvova, vOTOS, peta
maxynv Bopéas elwOe mvetv. puKntes éml AVYVOU
vOTLov TvEevdua 7) Bdwp onpaivovaw.
35 At dé oT does TOV TVEVLATOV otras exovow
as év 7 ypappare Sropiorat. tov & ave weov
ert mvéouce Tois adows émimimtovot padoTa
aTrapKTias Opaxias apyéorns. étav 6é pa vi
adrrAnrwv SvartvovTar Ta TVEVLATA, adn’ avTa
KaTapapavOaat, pweTaBarrovow eis Tors éyopué-
22. ‘cf. G1.
ef de Ventis 50; Arist. Probl. 26. 3. 4 of. 14, 25, 42, 54.
5 The ‘ figure’ (giving points of the compass) has not been
preserved. Arist. Meteor. 2. 6. describes such a figure (i7o-
ypapy), Which may be reconstructed thus :—
,
a
3
~
>
S 2 “i Q
OXR- ® QAP
on %~ tee > Sls ‘S Ry
1p BSD
414
CONCERNING WEATHER SIGNS, 34-35
of winter is also reversed. From whatever quarter
cloud streams out from a mountain peak, wind will
blow in the direction thus indicated. Clouds which
cling to the back of the mountain will also produce
wind from the back of it. If there is a girdle! of
cloud half way up Mount Athos, and if mountains
in general wear such a girdle, there will generally
follow a southerly wind. Comets? usually indicate
wind, and, if there are many of them, drought is
also indicated. After snow? a south wind, after
hoar-frost a north wind generally blows. Snuff? in
a lamp indicates wind or rain from the south.
The points from which the winds come are as
they are given in the figure.5 The winds which
most often come on the top of other winds while
these are still blowing are the north wind (aparktias),°
the north-north-east and the north-west. When
however the winds are not dispersed by one another
but die down of their own accord, they change’ to
the next winds on the figure, reckoning from left
Arist. does not seem to distinguish Bopéas and amapxtias: his
Opacklas is T.’s Opaxtas: his eight principal winds (underlined
in diagram) correspond to those represented on the famous
Tower of the Winds at Athens, built about two hundred
years later.
6 cf. Arist. l.c. 7 Plin. 2. 128.
415
36
37
THEOPHRASTUS
> \ Py / id e fal e , ” Py e
vous émt de€id, WoTEp 4 TOD HALov Eyer hopd. Oo
~S / lal
voTos apxopuevos Enpos TereuT@v S€ Vypds. Kal
e * € <a , re ee a 9
0 evpos. 0 8 amndwTns amo avatoAns ton-
n \ n
pepwyns vdaTwdns Oia NeTTaV 5é dyer TA VOaTa.
‘Typot dé pddwota 6 Te Katkias Kal Ri
Ud b b) / \ , \ >
yaralodns 8 amapktias Kal Opaxias Kal ap-
t t \ 9 s ‘ f \
yéotns vipet@ons b€ 6 Te péeans [%) Bopéas] Kai
avapxtias’ Kkavpat@dns 5é votos Kal fédupos
Kal evpos: ot pev ols av x TeAdYOUS TpOCTinTw-
e \ x \ a 7 ’ > \
ow, ot 5€ ols dv dia ys. Sactvvover 8 ovpavor
/ \ / / / w
védeot Kal KadUTTOVoL KaiKias padoTa -€iTa
ifr. Kal of pev GAdot avewor ap éEavT@v Ta
/ b] lal / \ , / > e ,
védyn w0ovat, Kaixias dé povos mvéwy eis éavTor.
v \ , , \ > , \
alOpio. S€ pariota Opaxias Kal apyéotns Kal
lal a b) / > / \ / ev
TOV NOLTOV atrapKTias: éxvediar Sé padiota 6
Te aTrapKTias Kal o Opaxias Kal o apyéorns.
Tivovrar dé éxvediar dtav eis addAnjrOUS ep-
TimTwoL TVEOVTES MANLOTA MeV PETOT@POUV TOY
5€ Aowra@v Eapos. aotpatraios bé Opaxias- Kal
\ a
apyéoTns Kal atapKtias Kal péons. éav ev TH
/, 4 / \ e ,
ParatTn Taro. pépwvTat ToAXOL ot yLvOmEvot
a lat ” /
ano Tav akavOdv, avewov onuaivovow écecbat
/ e/ xX > / 8 / / BA
péyav. O0ev av actépes SaTTwot TOAXOL, AvEepov
1 T have bracketed 4 Bopéas as probably a gloss on drapkrias }
is difficult to account for otherwise: See diagram,
2 Plin. 18. 360.
416
CONCERNING WEATHER SIGNS, 35-37
to right according to the course of the sun. When
the south wind begins to blow, it is dry, but it
becomes wet before it ceases: .so too does the south-
east wind. The east wind, coming from the quarter
where the sun rises at the equinox, is wet: but it
brings the rain in light showers.
The north-east and south-west are the wettest
winds; the north the north-north-east and the north-
east bring hail; snow comes with the north-north-
east! and north. The south, the west, and the
south-east winds bring heat. Some of these have
their effect on places which they strike as they
come from the sea, others on places which they visit
as they come over land. The winds which more
than any others make the sky thick with cloud and
completely cover it are the north-east and the south-
west, especially the former. While the other winds
repel the clouds from themselves, the north-east
alone attracts them as it blows. Those winds which
chiefly bring a clear sky are the north-north-west
and the north-west, and next after them the north.
Those which most have the character of a hurricane
are the north the north-north-west and the north-
west.
They acquire this character when they fall upon
one another as they blow, especially in autumn, but to
some extent in spring. Those which are accompanied
by lightning are the north-north-west the north-
west the north and the north-north-east. If at
sea2 a quantity of down is seen blown along, which
has come from thistles, it indicates that there will
be a great wind. Wind® may be expected from
any quarter in which a number of shooting stars are
3 cf. 13; Plin. 18. 352; Verg. Georg. 1. 365,
| 417
VOL, Il. EE
THEOPHRASTUS
a / e
évtev0er éay 5 ravTaxdbev opmoiws, TOANA TvEv-
MATa onpmaivovet.
IIvevpatev péev odv onpeta Tadta.
38 III. Xesuwavos 5é rade. HALos Svdpevos eis p71)
Kka0apov. Kal as av pepicO7 dvopevos, oTas ai
/ a
Hepat émitedovvTal. olov et TO TpiTov pépos:
3 ¢ x \ oo \ / >\ > \
atronerpOein 7 TO Hutov. TO cEeAnvioy éav opOov
7 MeXpL TETPAOOS Kal El EVKUKAOY, YELMdoeEL MEX pL
\ .
SuxoTopmov: yépavor éav mpwt mwétTwvtat Kal aOpoot,
a, / >\ be b \ \ \ / b] \
Tpot Yerpacel, cay Sé ore Kal TOALY Ypovor, oe
\ n
Netwace. Kal éav UTooTpapwot TeTOpmevol, YEt-
ova onpaivovot.
39 Xives Bodvtes warXov % Tepl citov payopevot
/ , \ /
xeléptov. .ativos atpovlos omilwv éwOev yet-
\
péptov. dpxiros [as] etorwmy Kai eladuvopevos eis
n /
oTras YEel“ava onpuaivovat Kal épiOeds @aavTas.
, /
kopovn éav taxd Sis Kp@ln Kal TpiToV, YeLmepia.
\ , \ / \ \ > Var
kal Kkopovn Kail Kopak Kal KonXoLtds owe ddovrTes
, \ v\ \ Fy \ ry
yeréplot. otpovos éav evkos H Yeddov 7
A / a
GAXo Te TOV py) ELwOOTMY AEVKaY, YELL@VA péyaV
f
onuaivovow, womep Kal, pédaves éav TodXol
havoc, vdwp.
/ / a
40 Kat éav éx rreddyous dpvibes hevywot, yetpava
/ ,
onuatvovot. Kat amivos év olkia oikoupervyn
/ ,
POeyyouevos xetpéptov. Goa Vdwp cnpaiver, YeEt-
lal \ , an
pova ayer, éav pn BOwp, xLiova Kal yeimadva.
1 j.e. and the succeeding day will be more or less stormy in
proportion. admrorcipbeln. ? amodAnpbeln =‘ may be obscured.’
2 cf. 27. %.e, it is possible, more or less, to see the whole
circle,
418
CONCERNING WEATHER SIGNS, 37-40
seen. If these appear in every quarter alike, it in-
dicates many winds.
Such then are the signs of winds.
IiI. The following are signs of storm. The sun
becoming obscured as it sinks indicates storm, And,
according as its orb is divided as it sets, so the
succeeding days turn out; for instance, a third or a
half of the orb may remain visible.1 If the horns ? of
the moon point straight up till the fourth day, and if
it rounds to a circle, it will be stormy till the middle
of the month. If cranes fly early and in flocks, it
will be an early winter*; if they fly late and for a
long time, it will be a late winter; and, if they
wheel as they fly, it indicates stormy weather.
*It is a sign of storm when geese make more
clamour than usual or fight for their food; so too is
it when a sparrow or chaffinch twitters at dawn. It
indicates a storm when the goldcrest® goes into
holes and hides itself; so also when the redbreast
does the same. It is a sign of storm when the crow
caws twice in quick succession and then a third time ;
also when the crow or raven or jackdaw makes its
call late. It is a sign of a great storm when a white
sparrow or swallow is seen, or a white specimen of
any other bird which is not usually white, even as
the appearance of a large number of such birds of a
dark colour signifies rain. :
It is also an indication of storm when birds flee
from the sea. A chaffinch uttering its note in an
inhabited house is a sign of storm. All the signs
which indicate rain bring stormy weather, that is to
say, snow and storm, if not rain. If the raven utters
3 So Arat. 343 f. interprets. 4 Plin. 18. 363.
5 &s bracketed by Sch.
419
BEEQ
THEOPHRASTUS
Kopag povas TONNAS peTaBadrov XeLpwavos
XELLEpLOV. Koovol eK Too vOTOU TETOMEVOL Kab
Tevdides xetpéprar. povn év Acpeve anovopotca
Kab TONUTOKOY nxXodea NEtwepLov. Kal ob meu
poves ot OaratTLoL éay Tool paivovrar év T@
Tehyel, NEtpepLvov éTous onpetov. mpoBata éav
Tpwl o oxXEUNTAL, Tpoiov Xerpavea onpaivovat,
41 Merorrwpe € éay mpoBara U) oes opuTTooe Kal
KOLLOVTAL a0 poor T pos addous éxovTes Tas
Kepands, TOV Netwava XeLpLeprov onpuaiver. év
dé TO Tlovt@ gacw, oTav “A perobpos avateirAy
Oarrov, évavtiovs Te Poppa veper Oar, Boes
HaXrXov éabiovTes Tov ‘eloO ros Kal ert TO beEvov
KATAKLVOMEVOL Neupeptov. Kal @Ta Kpovev ovos
Xetpeptov- Kal pax opeva mpoBata Kal dpubes
Tept ciTov mapa TO é0os° mporrapackevalov Tat
yap: Kab pies TpiCovres Kal 0 opxoupevor Nerpeplor.
42 Kal Kv@Y Tots Too W opuTTovea Kab oroAUY@D
a@oovca povn aK pwplLas _XeuwEepov. yns evtepa
Troha hawopmeva Xetpava. onpwaiver. Kal éav
Top un Oéry antec Oat, XeLpéprov Kal ea AUXVOS
anreaOau un eOér, Xerpava onpaiver: Kat Téppa
Tyyvupery piper ov. AUXVOS evdias hovxatos
KQLO{LEVOS Neypwova onpaiver' Kal éay XEtpavos
ovTOs pKa pérauvar eruyivovTat, VELMOVA on-
paives Kal éav @oomep KéyXpoLs TOANOIS KaTA-
1 revises. The word is perhaps corrupt and conceals the
name of a bird.
2 cf. 21, 29. moddmraAoxey is Furlanus’ conj. for Vulg.
moAumodov.
% mvevuoves. Plin. 18, 359. pulmones: cf. 9. 154.
420
CONCERNING WEATHER SIGNS, 40-42
a great variety of sounds in winter, it is a sign of
storm. Jackdaws flying from the south are a sign
of storm, and so are cuttle-fish.! It is a sign of storm
when a loud? voice is heard in harbour, which is re-
echoed many times. It is a sign of a stormy season
when a number of jelly-fish? appear in the sea. It
indicates an early winter when the breeding season
of sheep begins early.
If in autumn sheep. or oxen dig holes and lie
keeping their heads close to one another, it indicates
a severe winter. They say that in Pontus when
Arcturus rises, (the cattle +) face northwards as they
graze. Itis a sign of storm when cattle eat more
than usual and lie down on their right sides. So is
it when the ass shakes® his ears, or when sheep or
birds fight for their food more than usual, since they
are then trying to secure a store against bad weather :
also when mice squeak and dance.
A bitch digging holes with her paws and a tree-
frog croaking alone at early dawn’ are signs of
storm: it indicates storm when a number of the
worms ® called ‘the earth’s entrails’ appear. It is a
sign of storm if the fire refuses to catch, or if a lamp
refuses to light: while, if much ash is formed, it is a
sign of snow. If a lamp burns steadily in fine
weather, it is a sign of storm: so is it if in winter-
time dark snuff? forms: if it is, as it were, full of
numerous millet-seeds, there will be stormy weather ;
4 @arrov is clearly corrupt, and words indicating what the
sign portends are missing. 5 of. 54.
8. éra kpovwv doubtful. Sch. suggests oddas for dra.
7 axpwplas. cf. 21. ;
8 vis evrepa. So Arat, 225 explains. One might guess
‘worm-casts.’
9 of. 14, 25, 34, 54.
421
43
44
45
THEOPHRASTUS
TAEWS 1); Xermepioer: wal cay KiKh mepl TO
Nae pov aow evolas ovens, XLoviKoV.
‘H tod dvov Parry el ouvia TaTat Kal Copepa
yiverat, Xeypava onpaiver. Kal cay aoT pam)
Nappa pn pv ™@ auTe pévn, XeLpeptov. emt
TIyevade Suopevyn éav Aduaby Kara _Hapvna Kab
Bpidntroy Kab “Tyunrror, ay pev aravra kara
Adubn, péyav VELMOVA onpaiver, éay O€ Ta Svo,
€XNATTO, éay dé IdpvnOa povov, evdvevor" Kal éay
Netpavos ovros vepehn paKpa éml TOV “Tyntrov 7 7s
XELLavos émitacw onpaive. “AOws Kal "Ondvp-
Tos Kal OAwS Opéov Kopupal KATEXOWEVAL v0
vepehov NEeLpeptov. éav evdlas ywopévns ve-
pédtov painrar év T@ aépl TapaTeTapevoy Kal
TINNOMEVOD, OUTw MAVETAL 0 XeLmov.
Kav TO peTom@pov evoLeLvov Tapa TO etKOS
yevnT at, TO éap yiverar apuypov ws Ta TONG.
éav T™ pot Xermager apEnras, mpoot Taverat Kal
éap KANO, éav b¢ TouvavTion, Kab éap arpuov é eo Tal,
ey NErpL@v VETLOS, TO éap avxmnpov, éav o
avyuNpos o XELLOV, TO éap Kano. éav i) Omr@pa
yivntas CTTLELKNS, Ta TONG yivera Tols Tpo-
Baros Aus. éav TO gap Kai TO Gépos puxpa
yivntat, 4 TE orwpa yiveTat Kal <TO> meTOT@poY
TLyNpOV Kal ovK dvewedes.
Oi Tptvor éav evKeapT Oat, Netmarves TONAOL
opodpa yivovTar. éav em Kopupys Gpous vépos
opOov OTH, XElmava. onpaiver, bev Kal ‘Apxidoxos
roam “Drady’ dpa: Babbs yap 75n Kvpaci
1 gyov pdtvn. ef. 23, 51. See LS, s.v. bvos ; Theoer. 22.
21. Plin. 18. 353, sunt in signo Cancri duae stellae parvae
422
CONCERNING WEATHER SIGNS, 42-45
and if these in fine weather appear in a circle round
the flame, it is a sign of snow.
If the ‘ Ass’s Manger!’ shrinks in size and becomes
dark, it is a sign of storm; also if there is vivid
lightning which does not remain in the same quarter.
If at the setting of the Pleiad there is lightning
over Parnes Brilessus and Hymettus—when it
appears over all three mountains, it indicates a great
storm; when over the two lesser heights, a less
violent storm ; when over Parnes alone, fine weather.
Again, if during a storm a long cloud stretches over
Hymettus, it signifies that the storm will increase in
force. Itis a sign of storm when Athos Olympus
and mountain-peaks in general are covered with
clouds. If during fine weather a cloud appears in
the sky stretching a long way and torn to shreds,
stormy weather will continue.
If the autumn is unusually fine, the succeeding
spring is generally cold. If winter begins early, it
ends early and there is a fair spring; if the reverse,
spring will also be late. If the winter is -wet, the
spring will be dry, if the winter is dry, the spring
will be fair. If the late summer is satisfactory, the
sheep will generally suffer from hunger. If the
spring and summer are cold, the late summer and
autumn ? will be stifling hot and windless.
If the kermes-oak® fruits well, there follows a
long succession of storms. If a cloud stands up-
right on a mountain-peak, it indicates storm ; whence
Archilochus’ lines “ Mark you,* Glaucus ; deep ocean
aselli appellatae, exiguum inter illas spatium obtinente nube-
cula, quam praesepia appellant. * radd.Sch. % ef. 49.
4 A comparison of war to stormy weather. Quoted also
by Plut. de Superstitione, 72, and by Heraclides, Allegoriae
Homericae, 4. In both citations the Greek is corrupt.
423
THEOPHRASTUS
tapdocerat llovros appl 8 dxpa <C'vpav> op0ov
iotatar véghos Yhwa yewavos.” éav & opoxpav
Hh Upeve NEVK@, YELwEplovy. OTav EcT@OTMOV vEepav
érepa émidbépntar Ta & Hpeun, verpépia.
46 <O ros> éay yeymmvos dSiartapras may
arroxpupOh Kat TodTO Toujon dls n T pts, Hepa
XELLEPLOS dievow. 0 To “Epyod aornp Xetmavos
pev harvopevos Wwiyn onuaiver Oépovs bé Kadma.
Oray pédTTaL je aToTéTMVTAaL paKpay aAN
avtod évy TH evdia TéTwVTAL, YeLm@va éadpevov
onuaiver. AVKOS WPVOMEVOS YELmOva onHpaiver
Sia TPLOV AmEep@V. AVKOS Srav mpos Ta épya
oppa i elowm xYelm@vos Mpa, yYeimava ocnpuaiver
evOUs.
47 | "Eote 6€ onpetoy Yetmnovov peyarov Kal op-
Bpov Kal btav yévovtat év TH pEeTOT@PH TOAXOL
odiKes, Kal drav dpvibes NevKOl Tpds TA épydotpwa
TAnatdlwot, Kal 6rws TA aypia Onpia édv pos
Ta épydotmwa, Bopevov Kati XEtwavos péyeOos on-
paiver.- ths IldpynBos éav ta mpos fFépupov
divepov Kal Ta tpos DirAns Ppadtrntar védeot
Bopeiwy dvT@v, KeLpéprov TO onpetov.
as “Otay mriyn yivntat toxupd, ws Ta ToAAA
avraTosiowot Kal yiveTrat yvetwov ioyupos. éav
‘data é€apwa Tora yévyntat, Kavpata ioyupa
év Tols Tredtvors Kat KotXoLs yivetat. Set odv THY
apyny opav. édv TO peTorwpor evd.ervov yivnTat
1 Tupav. yupotv W. Heraclides gives yupedv, Plut. yupedor;
but one MS. of Plut. gives yépwy with a marginal gloss ‘sc.
metpa@v, which suggests that the word is a proper name. Od.
4, 500 mentions the Tépa: (i.e. the ‘round-backed rocks’)
424
CONCERNING WEATHER SIGNS, 45-48
is now stirred up with waves, and about the heights
of the Gyrae! there rises a cloud erect, the sign of
storm.” If the clouds are of uniform colour, like 2
a white membrane, it is a sign of storm. When, as
some clouds are motionless, others move towards
them while they remain at rest, it is a sign of storm.
If the sun in winter after gleaming out is again
obscured, and this is repeated two or three times, it
will be stormy all day. If the star Hermes appears
in winter, it indicates cold, if in summer, heat.
When in fine weather bees do not fly ® long distances,
but fly about where they are, it indicates that. there
will be a storm, The howling of a wolf indicates a
storm within three days. When a wolf approaches
or enters cultivated ground in the season of winter,
it indicates that a storm will come immediately.
It is also a sign of great storms and heavy rain
when many wasps appear in autumn, or when white
birds* approach cultivated lands; and in general
when wild creatures approach such lands, it indicates
a north wind and a severe storm. If the western
side of Parnes and the side towards Phyle are
blocked with clouds during a north wind, it is a sign
of storm.
When there is severe heat, generally there is
compensation and a severe winter follows. If there
is much rain in spring, it is followed by severe heat
in low-lying districts and valleys; so that one should
mark how the season begins. If the autumn is
wigs Aias Oileus perished. The word is missing in the MSS.
18) .
2 juotov has perhaps dropped out after dudxpwy 7; the
adjective seems to agree with végos.
8 cf. Arist. H.A. 9. 40 ad fin.
4 Plin, 18. 363: presumably gulls, ete.
425
49
50
51
THEOPHRASTUS
opoddpa, TO gap WS TA TOAAA yiveTaL >Wuypov:
2\ \ \ v / \ , ahd
éav 8é TO gap dyiov yévntat Kal Wwuypov, 4 dTw@pa
ovpia yiverat Kal <TO> peTOT@poV @ TA TOAAA
Tvuynpov.
e al e¢/ > a / e \ \
Oi mpivor Stav evapTacr opodpa, ws péev TA
TOAAA Yetmw@va layupov anpaivovow, éviore Fé
Kal avypovs hace yiverOar. Kal éav Tis oTd-
Naka AaBov Urowdcas apyiAov eis mMiOdevyny
07, onpaiver tais Povais ais adinow dvepwov Kal
evdiav. Kal TO mavtaxod Sé Neyouevoy onpetor
Snmootov yYewuéprov, OTrav des tepl opuTod
pdxyovrat Kal pépwow.
IV. Evdias 6¢ onpeta tdde. HrLos pev avi@v
Aapmmpos Kal 1) KavpaTias Kal wn Exov onpelov
pndev ev éavt@ evdiay onpaiver. as 8 adtas
cednvn Tavoednve. Kal Svduevos ros yeu
7 ) a ut >\ ie A a x 1
a > \ > , n ,
Lavos eis KaBapov evd.ewvos, Ea pu) Tals TpoTépats
id / >’ \ Q@ \ Py 5 \ 3 > 7) a
npépars els pr Kadapov dSeduxas H €E evdidv
e > \ ba \ >\ / e 7
olTw@ dé ddnrov. Kal éav yewpalovtos 1 dSvots
yévntat eis xalapov, evduevov' Kal éav Sdvov
a /
YELULOVOS WY POS H, evdiaY onpmatve.
5 Muted \ 2\ a x \ 3 >
Kal o pels €av tpitatos Ov Naptrpos 7, evOu-
3 , Ser 3 av / 4 x \ \
ELVOV. Kab 7). TOU OVOU Marvy OTE AV Kkalapa Kat
¢ la
Aaprpa paivynrar, evdiewwov. Aras Oé eav omanrds
1 7d add. Sch. 2 of. 45.
5 onddaka Vulg.; omdxa Bas. Ald.; oxoddmaka (woodcock 2?)
conj. Furl.
4 ¢.e. (reading cxoAdraxa) for the bird to find worms in
with its long beak (Sch.). It is hard to say, without illus-
426
Os ae
pln
CONCERNING WEATHER SIGNS, 48-51
exceedingly fine, generally the spring is cold: if the
spring is late and cold, the summer goes on late and
the ! autumn is usually scorching hot.
When the kermes-oak ? fruits exceedingly well, it
generally indicates a severe winter, and sometimes
they say that this sign is followed by droughts. If
one takes a mole® and puts it in a tub, the bottom*
of which has been covered with clay, it indicates
by the sounds which it utters wind or fine weather.
There is also the sign of storm which is popularly
recognized everywhere, namely when mice fight for
the possession of chaff and carry it about.
The siyns of fair weather.
IV. The following are signs of fair weather. 5If
the sun rises brilliant but without scorching heat
and without showing any special sign in his orb, it
indicates fair weather. The same may be said of
the moon when it is full. If in winter that part of
the sky into which the sun goes down is clear, it is a
sign of fair weather, unless on the preceding days
that part has not been clear, though it was clear
above the horizon: in that case the prospect is
uncertain. It is also a sign of fair weather, if during
stormy conditions that part of the sky into which
the sun sets is clear; and also if, in winter at the
time of setting, the sun has a pale colour.
Again, it indicates fair weather if the outline of
the moon on the third day is bright; also if the
‘ Ass’s® Manger’ is clear and bright. If the halo’
forms and disappears evenly, it is a sign of fair
tration, which is the more convincing of the creatures
suggested. 5 Plin, 18. 342. § of. 23, 43.
7 of. 22, 31; Plin, 18. 345; Arist. Meteor, 3. 3.
427
THEOPHRASTUS
mayh Kal papavOh, evodiay onpaiver. ai Kydes
vepérar XELpdvos evduewval. "Oduprros dé cal
"Adws kai 6rXas Ta. é6pn Ta onmavTiKa orav Tas
Kopupas kalapas EX@OLY, evodlav onwaiver. Kal
dtav Ta védn pos THY Oddaccay avray Tapa-
Cavvvn, evdvervor. Kal OTay doavtos 7 pos Sua pas
NarKaoes Ta veon ypaya evn: evdia yap ws Ta
TOANA TH vorEpaig.
62 “Otay 6é omixdy yeunrat, bdwp ov yivera 7
éNaT TOV. oTav yépavor TeTOVTAL Kal 1) ava-
KAT TOT, evdlay onuaiver: ov yap WéTOVTAL ™ ply
» av TET OMEVOL kabapa idwot. yAavé Houxaiov
pbeyyouevn év Nerpave evdiay Tpoonpaiver’ Kal
VUKT@P XELLOVOS nouxatov ¢ adovea. Jararria be
yrav€ adovea XeLpavos pev evdlay onpaiver, €v-
dias 8é: Xerpava. eal Kopak Sé HOvOS , bev novxatov
Kpatov, Kal éav tpls Kpden peta TODTO TOAAAKIS
Kpakn, evdveLvos. EG
58 Kai Kopa@vn Ewbev evOvs éav Kpaén Tpls, evdiav
onjaivel, Kal éoTépas XELw@vos novxaior ¢ gdoved.
Kal Bpxtros é& omis éxmeTopevos Kal ee Epler
Kat e& oikias éEw0ev evdiay onuaiver. Kal éav
vetua@vos BopevovTos Boppavev UTohapryes yevn-
Tal AevKN, vorobev dé é évavTia TeTaypéevn H vepern
oyK@ons, os emt TO TOAD els EevdLaV onpaiver peta
Bornv. Kal dtav Bopéas vedérXas Todas Kw
éxrvéwy péyas, evdiav onpaiver.
1 «ndddes I conj. cf. 31, to which this statement answers.
kotAddes MSS.
* Plin. 18. 356. 3 Plin. 18. 357. ef. Verg. Georg. 1. 401.
+ Plin. 18. 362.
° év xema@v. ? in winter.’ The same ambiguity occurs in
many places : the sense seems fixed here by the next sentence.
428
CONCERNING WEATHER SIGNS, 51-53
weather. Light! clouds in winter are a sign of fine
weather. It is a sign of fine weather when Olympus
Athos and in general the mountains which give signs
have their tops? clear: so too is it, when clouds
encompass them at the sea-level. Also when after
rain the clouds have a bronze colour towards sun-
down: in that case there will generally be fine
weather the next day.
When there is mist, little or no rain follows.
When cranes ?# take flight and do not come back, it
is a sign of fair weather: for they do not do so till
they see a clear sky before them as they fly. Itisa
sign of fair weather when during a storm® an owl
makes a low hoot, or at night during a storm it
utters a low sound. If the sea-owl utters its note
during a storm, it indicates fair weather, if during
fair weather, it indicates ‘a storm. It is a sign ot
fair weather if a solitary raven makes a low croak,
and, after croaking three wee repeats the sound
again and again. . . .6
If the crow caws thrice directly the dawn appears,
it indicates fair weather, as also if it makes a low
note in the evening during a storm. It is a sign of
fair weather if a goldcrest flies out abroad from a
hole or from a hedge or from its nest. Again, if
during a storm from the north there is a white
gleam from that quarter, while in the south a solid
mass of cloud has formed, it generally signifies a
change to fair weather. Again when the north
wind (Boreas) as it begins to blow violently stirs up
a number of clouds, it indicates fair weather.
8 T have marked a lacuna: the answer to uéy is missing,
presumably a statement about the significance of more than
one raven. cf. Verg. Georg. 1. 410.
429
54
55
56
THEOPHRASTUS
> \ fal
ITpoBata owe oyevopeva eddsewov atrotedovat
TO onpelov. Kai Bovs éml TO apiotepov taxiov
. /
KATAKNLVOMEVOS EVOLAY onmaivelr’ Kal KV@VY wcAad-
tos: éml de&idv b& yYetwova. TéTTLyes ToOAXOl
ylvopevor voa@des TO TOS onmaivoval. vyVOS
a n /
YELMOVOS KALOMEVOS NoVYalos evdiay onpaivel.
,
Kal éav ém axp@ olov Kéyxpous éyn Naptpds:
YY 35 > / > \ HE / a \
Kal éav év KuKrX@ THv pvéav Teprypadyn AapTPAa
/
pap.
¢ a / \ / \ > /
O Tis cxivov KapTros onmaivet TOVS apoToOUS:
e a na
exer O€ Tpla mépn Kal oT 0. TPATOS TOV TPwTOU
na a / c
apoTou anpetov, o SevTEpos Tov devTépou, Oo TpiTOS
n / \ e xX / > / /
Tov TpiTov' Kal ws dy TovTwY éxBaivn KadAMCOTA
, ‘ ¢e
Kab ryevnrae adpotatos, ovTws é€er Kai o KaTa
TOUTOV ApoTos. é'
Aéyerar dé xal Poise onpela bXwov TE TOV
éviauT@v yiverOar kal TOV popiwy. av apxo-
/ nN lal s /
pévou TOV Yetuavos Copos 7 Kal KavmaTa yivnTat
\ an ¥ ce e a we A na \
Kal TadTa dvev datos UT’ avéeuwv dtadvOH, Tmpos
\
TO €ap onpaiver ydrdalav écopévnv. Kat éav
peTa THY eapwny ionpepiav opiyrAar TiTTw>st,
: ?
Tvevpata Kal avéwous onuaivovow eis EBdSomnov
phva aupotépov apiOuoupévov. Boar pev ama
[envoeloel TH ceAnVH TimTovoLw, avTaL péev TVEv-
£ n >]
Mata onpatvovow eis éxeivov Tov xpovor, boat 6
audikvptov ovons THs ceAnvns VOaTa. Kal do@
A iof.4 2 of. 14, 25, 42.
3 A. P. 1. 13. 6 the same is said of oxfAAa,
430
—T ——
oe
_—— .
CONCERNING WEATHER SIGNS, 54-56
When sheep begin to breed late, it is a sign which
fulfils itself in fair weather. So is it when an ox
lies! on his left side, and also when a dog does the
same: if they lie on the right side, it indicates
storm. The appearance of a number of cicadas in-
dicates that the season will be unhealthy. Ifa lamp
burns quietly during a storm, it indicates fair weather.
So also if it has on the surface an appearance like
shining millet-seeds :? also if a bright line surrounds
the lamp- nozzle.
The fruiting of the mastich ® gives signs as to the
seasons of sowing:* it takes place at three several
periods, which indicate respectively the time for the
first the second and the third sowing: and according
as one or other of these fruiting-times turns out ®
best and produces the most abundant fruit, so too
will be the success of the corresponding time of
sowing.
Miscellaneous signs.
The following signs are said to affect either the
whole year or whole periods® of it. If at the be-
ginning of winter there is dull weather followed by
heat, and these conditions are dispersed by wind
without rain, it indicates that towards the spring
there will be hail. Again, if after the spring equinox
mists come down, it is an indication of breezes and
winds by the seventh month, reckoning inclusively.
Those mists which come down when the moon is in
its first quarter indicate breezes for that period,
those which come down when the moon is in its
third quarter indicate rain. And the more mists
Sof. HP. Je ks } fol,
® é«Batyy I conj.: ef. H.P. 7. 13. 6; xAlvy MSS.
8 of. 6.
43
57
THEOPHRASTUS
av Hadrov éd’ EKAaTEPO 7 TX MATL Omlyrat
TiTTWOL, LANOV Ta eLpnuéva oNmatvel.
=npaiver dé Kal TH TVEU LATO. dpa, Tals Opl-
Xrats emumem Tova aus ywopeva Kal édav pev am’
novs Kal peonpBpias yivntat Ta TVEUMATA, beara
onpatver éav ag’ éomépas Kal amo THS dpeTou
TVEU MAT aL Kal vyn. ods é KOUNTAS Aiyorreot
Aeyouow ov povov Ta T poerpn eva, onpaivovaty
oTav paivovras arrka Kal yoxn éml be TOIS
dor pots elob ev @s él TO TOND onpaivew Kab Tals
ionpepiais Kal TpoTrais, ovK ém avTais adr % Tpo
avT@v 1) VaoTEpoy MLKP@.
1 cf. 34; Arist. Meteor. 1. 6.
2 Text seems doubtful, as cold weather was included above,
432
CONCERNING WEATHER SIGNS, 56-57
come down when the moon is assuming either shape,
the more certainly is the result just mentioned
indicated.
Also the winds which accompany the falling of
the mists are significant: if the breezes come from
the east or south, rain is indicated ; if from the west
or north, breezes and cold weather. And the stars
which the Egyptians! call ‘comets’ indicate not
only the conditions just mentioned but also cold?
weather. *In the case of the rising of the stars the
indication, as in the case also of the equinoxes and
solstices, is given not at the actual time but a little
earlier or later.
3 The text of this sentence can hardly be sound. onyalvew
has no subject and rats ionuep{as kal tpowais no construction.
433
VOL, II. F ¥
gy Sieh hie? eg Suites igs bis
ha ani omg asic vf, pare i iy 0; -
“ath # ae stein
i het eetstt, RGR &
Prt tiga: " highs vig paste .
” pt 4 Pree ey r “Agta CE We oe va
a Sane {fs
eet roe Mt ai ra ahi ve fpr Haale.” ey ‘
uy e “‘gnk es * > nee re ry ree: pit: : .
AST
“gee: be wi iY
+,
’
ae ar ae ees 6 me
Oh oink sf. wh on i)
ce er, ee a
Hare ve tad se to for ape
rere 46 Hera, Lae: gt: anes ha sperms sp.
wie
INDEX OF PLANTS
F F 2
NOTE TO THE INDEX OF PLANTS
SPRENGEL made the first comprehensive attempt to determine
in modern nomenclature the plants mentioned by Theophrastus :
Wimmer gives the result in the Introduction to his 1842 edition.
Sprengel adopted the most probable identifications of earlier
botanists, supplemented by his own conjectures and Sibthorp’s
exploration of the Greek flora. The ambitious but uncritical
Conspectus Florae Classicae of Fraas did not add much to our
knowledge, which throughout had been vitiated by failure to
recognise the fact that the Mediterranean flora differed from
that of Western and Central Europe. MHalacsy’s Conspectus
Florae Graecae now gives us a scientific enumeration of the
native plants of Greece ; a Greek plant-name can be wedded toa
plant which at any rate is Greek. Incidentally much has been
cleared up by special research at the hands of De Candolle,
Hanbury, Yule, Schweinfurth, Bretzl, and others.
The identifications in the following Index are drawn from
various sources; for their selection in view of the botanical
data available I am indebted to Sir William Thiselton-Dyer. A
considerable number may be accepted as certain, many are
probable, some no more than possible.
436
7
mais OF PLANTS
=compared.
= denotes a PE pa
ere a reference is added (see e.g.
atpaxtvAis), it indicates that Theophrastus himself states that
the names are synonymous.
aBpérovoy, southernwood, Arlemisia
arborescens
1. 9. 4. evergreen; 6.1.1. in list
of under-shrubs; 6. 3. 6. an un-
named plant comp.: see App.
(23): 6. 7. 3. propagation;
6. 7. 4. much seed: roots
described.
ayvos (=oigos), chaste-tree, Vitex
Agnus-castus
1. 3. 2. a shrub which becomes
tree-like; 1. 14. 2. bears fruit
at the top; 3. 12. 1. growth
of xpdvea comp.; 3. 12. 2.
roots of @yAvkpdvera comp. ;
4.10. 2. cAaiayvos comp. ; 9. 5. 1.
= Be KLVGJL@VOV and kacia
pT td (? = xorvvos), wild olive,
Olea Oleaster
2. 2. 5. comes from seed of €Ada.
a&ypwarts, dog’s tooth grass, Cynodon
Dactylon
+ a A 2 Soot jointed; 1. 6. 10.
: oe large and numerous;
1. propagation ; 4. 6. 6.
girs (6) comp. ; 4. 10. 5-6 root
escribed; 4.11. 13. an unnamed
form of KaNOLOS comp.: root of
kK. 0 Ivéuxds comp.; 9. 13. 6. habit
of épevOedavor yew a
ayxovea, alkanet, A usa tinctoria
7. 8. 3. leaves ‘on the ground’:
7. 9. 3. roots red.
adtavrov, maiden-hair,
Capillus-V eneris, etc.
7,10. 5, evergreen; 7. 14. 1. leaf
cannot be wetted: two kinds
Adiantum
THEOPH, ll.
(see below): medicinal use:
grows in damp places. ;
ne is To AevKov (= tprxomaves
. 14, 1), English maiden-hair,
iat Trichomanes
7.14.1. described by comparison
with a. ro wéAav: medicinal use:
likes shady places.
adiavrov 76 wédav, Maiden-hair, Adi-
antum Capillus- eneris
7. 14. 1. comp. with a. rd AevKdv.
ddgcigetis, orach, Atriplex rosea
4. 2. bears fruit both on top
oe at sides; 3.10. 5. seeds of
irvpa. comp. ; 7. 1. 2-3. time
of sowing and of germination;
7. 2. 6. root described ; 7. 2. 7- 8.
root of BAcrov comp.; 7. 2. 8.
root: 7.3.2. seeds; 7.3. 4. seed
borne both at top and at were
7. 4. 1. only one kind; 5. 5.
seed does not keep well.
aetioews « be house-leek, Sempervivum
«30; leaves fleshy; 7. 15. 2.
always moist and green: habitat.
Sfonstey traveller’s joy, Clematis
5. 9. 6. wood makes moe fire-
sticks: described; 5.9. 7. the
stationary piece should be made
of this or «trros.
alyeipos, race poplar, Populus nigra
be Bick 1. 5. 2. bark fleshy;
2 2.10. Treks form bears fruit;
3.1.1. propagation; 3.3.1. tree
of mountain and plain; 3.3.4.4
question if it bears fruit ; etc.;
437
INDEX OF PLANTS
8. 4. 2. time of budding; 3.6.1.
quick growing; 3.14.2. described;
4.1. 1. likes wet ground; 4. 7.4.
size of unnamed ae tree,
see App. (12a), comp.; 4. 13. 2.
shorter-lived by water; 5. 9. 4.
wood makes an evil smoke when
burnt for charcoal
aiyiAwy (1) (=donpis), Turkey oak,
Quercus Cerris
8. 8. 2. one of the five press
kinds of oak: fruit; 8. 4
habit and timber; 3. 8. 6.
galls: dackos (g.v.).
alyikow (2) (grass), Aegilops ovata
7.13.5. seed sometimes takes =
years to germinate ; Bo te
comp. with aipa; 8. 8. 3. eee
specially among xpiBai s 8. 9. 2.
like a wild plant; 8.9. 3. greatly
exhausts the soil ; 8. 11. 8-9.
peculiarities about seed.
aipddwpov, broom-rape, Orobanche
crueni
8.8.5. parasitic on Bovxépas (only) :
described.
ae darnel, Lolium temulentum
5.2. ‘ bark ’ in one layer; 2.4.1,
valighe turns into 4a.; 4. 4. 10.
épugev comp.; 8. 4. 6. does not
infest certain kinds of Tupos:
contrasted with peddurvpov ;
. 7. 1. «pcéy and especially
mupos said to change into a.
under certain conditions: de-
scribed : Aivov _also said to
change into a.: comp. with
aiyidwow (2); 8. 8. 3. produced
possibly by degeneration of
xp.) and mvupés, or else specially
affects such crops; 8. 9. 3. alto-
gether a wild plant.
ere nettle, Urtica urens
withers a Adxavov; needs cooking.
dxavOa (1) » Atyurria, acacia, Aca-
cia arabica (and albida)
4.2.1. peculiar to Egypt; 4. 2. 8.
described : two kinds G AcvKH
and péAava) distinguished
(see below) ; kes Seep
gummy.
axavéa (7 Aiyurria) 7 AevKy, acacia,
Acacia albida
4, 2. 3. distinguished from «a. 7
MEAGLY OL
438
aKav0a (7 Atyurria) 7 7 wéAauva, acacia,
Acacia arabica
4, 2. 8. distinguished from a. 7
AevKy.
axavOa (2) 7 axavedys (see 4.10.6.n.),
corn-thistle, Carduus arvensis
4, 10. 6. root ete. described.
axavba (3) i Siuas, Acacia tortilis
4, 7.1. the only tree which grows
on part of the ‘ Red Sea’ coast.
axav0a (4) 4 “IvéiKy (see App. (9)),
Balsamodendron Mukul
9. 1. 2. sap gummy: gum like
opnvpva.
axavOa (5) AevKy ‘Hpakdéovs (=
dxavba (6)), biphorbia anti-
quorum
4. 4. 12. described: uses of wood
axavOa (6) (peculiar to Gedrosia),
pra: be (5), Euphorbia anti-
4, rat 13. described : has a blinding
juice.
axav0a (7) tus, gum arabic, Acantha
arabica
9. 18. 1. said to have the property
of thickening water.
axavia (2) Ay (= axavos = téia (2)
= lsivy = yxapardéwv 6 dAevKds
9.12. 1. ), pine-thistle, Atractylis
gummifera.
aKavos (= &xavOa(8) =t&la (2)=iétn=
Xapad€wy Oo AevKds), pine-thistle,
Atractylis gummifera
1. 10. 6. spinous-leaved; 1. 13. 3.
flower attached above each
seed; 6.1. 3. has spines on the
leaves: a wild under- shrub;
6. 4. 4. many stalks and side-
growths; 6. 4. 5. one form only ;
6. 4. 8. root of adyKos contrasted:
Xapardéwy comp.; 6. 4. 11. fruit-
case of ckaxros (1) comp.; 6. 6. 6.
seed of pddov comp.; 9. 12. 1.
‘head’ of xopardeuy 6 AevKds
comp.: another name for xapar-
Aéwr (?)5 9.12. 2. leaf of xapac-
A€wy 0 pédas comp.
axdvitov (= OnAvdovov = pvdhovey =
okopmeds (3)), wolf’s bane, Aconi-
tum Anthora
9. 16. 4. localities: described:
habitat: eaten by no animal;
9. 16. 5. difficulty of compound-
ing drug: effects: has no anti-
SN a ee
INDEX OF PLANTS
dote; 9.16. 7. use requires ex-
pert knowledge: legal restric-
tions: proportion between times
of gathering and of administer-
ing.
axopva, Cnicus Acarna
1. 10. 6. erga a & 4.3.a
‘thistle-like ’ plant; 6. 4. 6. de-
scribed.
axtéos(?) (= axry), elder, Sambucus
nigra
3. 4. 2. time of budding.
axty (=axréos),elder,Sambucus nigra
ee 4, wood without knots ;
1. 6. 4. core fleshy : has no core,
according to some; 1. 8. 1. few
knots; 4. 13.2. shorter-lived by
water; 5. 3. 3. character of
6 Vig 9. 15. 5.)
arOaia padaxn 7H aypia 0. 9.),
marsh-mallow, Althaea officin-
alis
9, 15. 5, a drug, aes te Sd Per
mene 1 cypta. $ root sal
ey water: described :
eodichal use.
re Atriplex Halimus
6. 5. very dangerous to trees.
sdtpdot0s (Spits), see Spvs (3).
adoivyn, Parietaria cretica
9.13. 3. leaf of apraroAoxia comp.
sponernnger, Polypogon monspelien-
7 Tt. 2. flowers in a spike: de-
scribed.
apdpakov (auapaxos), sweet marjor-
am, Origanum Majorana
1. 9. 4, evergreen; 6. 1. 1. in list
of under-shrubs; 6. 7. 4. propa-
gation: roots described ; 6.8.3.
flowering time; 9. 7. 3. in list
of apdpara.
aumedos (1) (leaf otvapov 9, 13. 5.),
vine, Vitis vinifera
1. 2. 1. has tendrils ; hy 2. 7. at
1. 3.1. a typical ‘ "tree’ Skew. O
evergreen at Elephantine; 1.5. 2.
bark cracked and fibrous: bark
in layers; 1.6.1. core fleshy;
1. 6. 3. roots thin; 1. 6. 5. roots
branching upwards ; 1. 8. 5.
highest shoots ‘ roughest’ ;: ‘eye’
analogous to knot in ‘other
trees; 1. 9. 1. effect of pruning; .
1.10. 4. leaves broad; 1.10. 5.
leaf divided; 1. 10. 7. long leaf
stalk : attachment of leaf-stalk ;
1. 10. 8. leaves made of ‘ bark’
and fiesh; 1. 11. 4. seeds all
together i in a single case; 1.11.5.
each seape separately attached ;
1. 12. 1. taste of fruit; 1. 12. 2
taste of “et 1. 35.- 1. ence
‘downy’: 1.13. 3. flower sur-
rounds fruit ; 1. 13. 4. some
kinds sterile; 1. 14.1. bears on
new shoots; is 14, 4. many cul-
tivated forms; 2. 1. 3. propa-
aera 2. 2. 4. degenerates from
; 2.3.1. sometimes spon-
taneously changes character ;
2. 3. 2. &. & Kdémvewos Varies in
colour of grapes on same bunch;
2. 3. 3. sometimes bears fruit
on the stem ; etc.; 2.5. 3. propa-
gation: cannot be srafted;
2. 5. 4. propagation; 2 5. 7
low ground suitable: great
variety of kinds according to
soil; 2. 6. 12. cuttings set up-
side down; 2.7.1. water-loving;
2. 7. 2. needs much pruning;
2.7. 5. use of dust; 2. 7.6. root-
pruning; 3. 5. 4. autumn bud-
Tia (2) comp.; 3.18.5. flower and
fruit of pots comp.; 3. 18. 12.
cluster of berries of cpidaé (2)
comp.; 4. 4. 8. unnamed Indian
tree "(eotton-plant) planted in
rows like a.; 4. 4. 11. in India
confined to hill-country ; 4.5.4.
grows on Mount Tmolus and
Mysian Olympus ; 3, 4.7.7. leaf
Of Sévdpov 7d éprddopoy comp.;
4. 7. 8. occurs on island of
Tylos; 4. 18. 2. some kinds
short-lived; 4. 13. 4-6. said to
be longest-lived of trees: rea-
son: method of prolonging life
artificially ; 4. 14. 2. young
plants liable to ‘sun-scorch’;
4. 14. 6. other diseases ; 4. 14.7.
effects of injury to roots ;
4. 14. 8. effect of rain on fruit-
ing; 4. 7) 9. a special pest at
Miletus; 4. 14. 10. effect of hot
winds ; 4.14.13. effects of frost ;
4. 15. 1. outer bark can be
stripped; 4. 16. 1. survives
439
INDEX OF PLANTS
splitting of stem; 4.16. 6. natu-
ral antipathy of &. to padavos 5
5. = 4, character of wood;
5. 4. 1. the less fruitful trees
produce more solid wood; 5.9.4.
wood, if damp, makes an evil
smell when burnt for charcoal ;
5. 9. 6. abpayevn comp.; 8. 2. 8.
a. in Melos; 9.1. 6. time of tap-
ping; 9. 18. 5. leaf and time of
growth of mevtamerés comp.3
9.18.11. peculiar properties of
certain local kinds.
aptredos (2) (Mt. Ida), currant grape,
Vitis ag sh var. corinthiaca
8. 17. 4. a local Idaean kind;
3. 17. 6. do. described.
a&urtredos (3) h rovtia, Fucus spiralis
4. 6. 2. peculiar to certain waters;
4, 6. 9. described.
dpmedos (4), 4 aypia (= pydrwOpor),
bryony, Bryonia cretica
8. 18. 12. fruit of ontdAaé (2) comp.
9. 14,1. how long drug prepared
from it will keep; 9. 20. 3. pro-
perties of root: medicinal use.
AO almond, Prunus Amyg-
l
1. 6. 3. large central root; 1. 9. 6.
leaves produced early, put not
shed early; 1. 11. 1. seed imme-
diately within envelope; 1.11.3.
seed in a woody shell; 1. 12. 1.
taste of fruit; 1. 13. "1. flower
‘leafy’: flower of some kinds
reddish ; 1. 14.1. bears on last
year’s wood; 2. 2. 5. degen-
erates from seed; etc.; 2. 2. 9.
effects of cultivation; 2. 2. 11.
do.: effect of tapping gum;
Dae 5. 6. trees should be planted
far apart; 2. 7. 6. ‘ punishing’
the tree; 2. 7. 7. tapping the
gum; 2. "8. 1. apt to shed im-
mature fruit; 3. 11. 4. fruit of
Media comp.: 3. 12. 1. leaf of
kpdveca comp.; 4, 4. 7. fruit of
TépptvOos 7 Tyduxy) comp.; 4.7.5.
fruit of unnamed Persian tree
(see App. (13)), comp.; 4.14.12.
uninjured by specia al winds;
. 5.9.5. wood-ashes make pungent
smoke; 7.13. 6. flower appears
before leaves and (new growth
of) stem; 8. 2. 2. germination de-
440
scribed; 9. 1. 2. sap ee,
9. 1. 3. gum scentless; ee
gum useless; 9. 19. 1. ‘eat of
ovobnpas comp.
Guwpov, Nepaul cardamom, Amo-
mum subulatum
. 7.2. an dpwua, Median or In-
dian.
avdpaxAn, andrachne, Arbutus An-
drachne
Lex Dt pate readily drops bi
1. 9. 3. evergreen; 3. 3.
mountain tree; 3. 8. 3. ose
green; 8. 4. 2. time of budding ;
3. 4. 4. time of fruiting; 3. 4. 6.
do.; 3. 6. 1. slow growing (?);
3.16. 5. described ; 3. 16. 6. leat
of xoxxvyéa comp.; 4. 4. 2. leaf
of unrA€a 7» Meporxy comp.; 4.7.5.
an unnamed a tree (see
App. (14)), comp.; 4. 15. 1. does
not. perish if bark is stripped ;
4. 15. 2, bark cracks; 5. 7. 6.
wood used for parts of loom;
9. 4. 3. bark of cuvpva comp.
avdpaxyvyn, purslane, Portulaca ole-
racea
7. 1. 2-3. time of sowing and ger-
mination ; 7.2.9. root described.
avemwvn, anemone, Anemone spp.
7. 8. 3. leaves ‘on the ground.’
avenovn, anemone, Anemone coron-
aria
7. 7. 3. puts forth flower soon
after season of growth begins;
7.10.2. flowers in winter
mere. H Actmwvia, ‘Aneuons pavo-~
6. ’8. 1. _flowering-time.
ee n opeia, Anemone blanda
6.8.1 . flowering-time.
avnbov (= avvytos), dill, Anethum
graveolens
1. 11. 2. seeds naked; 1.12. 2.
iv of sap; 6. 2. 8. fruit of
ipOyé and vap@nxia comp.; also
is ting of flowers and fruit;
7. 1. 2-3. time of sowing and
germination; 7. 2. 8. root de-
scribed ; 7. 3. 2. seeds described;
%..4. 4 "only one kind; 7.6. 4
fruit of dpecoréAtvov comp.
avOcuov, Anthemis chia, etc. (see
below)
1, 13. 3. flower attached above
ee ee ee
INDEX OF PLANTS
each seed; 7. 14. 2. flowering
begins at top: «flower and fruit:
several kinds (see below).
&vOcpov To advdAAavGes, wild chamo-
mile, Matricaria Chamomilla
7.8. 3. "leaves ‘ on the ground.’
avOenov To hvdAdAHdes, Anthemis chia
7.8.3. leaves on the stem,
avOépeKos, see aodddedos.
ayvyygov, as Pimpinella Anisum
1. 12.'1. scent.
avynTos (= = dvyfov.) dill,
graveolens
9. 7. 3. in list of apwpara.
avTippwvov, eerie Antirrhinum
Orontiw
9. 19. 2. ‘alleged magic properties:
described.
rae mere Taraxacum offici-
Anethum
6. . “8. @) flower of oer
comprs: RT: Adxavov:
classed as * chicory-like’ from
its leaves; 7. 7. 3. season of
growing; 7. 7. 4. prolonged
flowering- -time; 7. 8, 3. leaves
‘on the ground’; 7:10. '2.. C2)
flowers in winter, earliest of all;
7. 10. 3. flowers borne in sueces-
7. 11. 3. flowering-time;
4, inedible: growth de-
scribed.
anapyia, hawk’s beard ,Crepis Colum-
mere
nae
7. 8. 3. leaves ‘ on the ground.’
era, bedstraw, Galium Aparine
7.8 stem ‘ clasping,’ _ but, for
aur of support, ‘on the
ground’; 7. 14. 3. clings to
clothes: peculiar setting of
flower described; 8. 8. 4. grows
specially among ¢daxoi: growth
described; 9. 19. 2. avrippivov
comp.
amo; (1), pear, Pyrus communis,
var. sativa
1,2. 7. bark; 1.3. 3. a tree whose
stem is not single; 1. 8. 2.
has less knots than axpas
1.10. 5. leaves round; 1.11. 4
seeds all together in’ a i. 4.
case; 1. 11. 5. seeds in a mem-
brane; 1. 12. 2. taste of sap;
1. 13. 1. flower ‘leafy’; 1.13.3.
flower above fruit-case; 1.14.1
bears on last year’s wood;
1. 14. 4. a cultivated form of
axpas; Many cultivated forms;
2.1. 2. propagation; 2. 2. 4. de-
generates from seed ; Z.°2. 5.
seed produces wild form: 2.2.12.
cannot be made out of axpds by
cultivation; 2. 5. 3. grafting;
2. 5. 6. trees should be planted
eP 2 fi és ‘ pun-
=e less fruit than &xpds,
ut ripens more; 8. 3. 2. has
better fruit and timber in low-
lands; 38. 4. 2. time of budding;
3. 6. 2. formation of buds;
3. 11. 5. mountain and lowland
forms comp.; 3. 12. 8. fruit of
éy comp. as to keeping; 3.14.1.
leaf of mreA€a comp.; 3. 14. 3.
leaf of xA7j@pa comp.; 3. 18. 7.
does not differ in kind from
axpas; 4, 2. 5. mepoéa comp.;
4. 3. 1. size of Awrds (4) comp.;
4.4.2, thorns of pnAéa 7 Meporxy
comp.; 4. 5.3. abundant in Pon-
tus; 4. 13. 1. shorter-lived than
axpas } 4.14.2. apt to get worm-
eaten; 4. 14. 10. fruit gets worm-
eaten; 4, 14. 12. uninjured by
special winds; 5. 3. 2. leaf of an
unnamed tree comp. (see App.
salle 9. 4, 2. leaf of AcBavwrds
arLoS 5 (2). (= ioxds 9. 9.5. =pdda-
iain H opeta), Spurge, Huphorbia
9. 9. 5. qeatelal use; 9. 9. 6. de-
scribed.
apaxos, Vicia Sibthorpii
1.6.12. an unnamed plant (see
App. (1)) comp.; 8.8. 3. (‘the
* rough hard kind’ ) grows speci-
ally among ¢axoié.
apax.dva, Lathyrus amphicarpus
1.1. 7. fruit underground; 1.6.12.
root like a second tae
apia (= ivos = deddddpus 3. 16. 3.),
holm-oak, Qwercus Ilex var.
agrifolia
3. 3. 8. doubt whether it has a
flower; 3. 4.2. time of budding;
3. 4. 4. time of fruiting ; 3.16.3.
Dorian name for eAddspus :
441
INDEX OF PLANTS
3.17. a acorn of pedrds comp.;
4. 7. at) leaf of Sadvyn (6)
comp. ; "5. 1.1. time of cutting
timber; 5. 3. 8. character of
wood; 5.4.2. wood proof against —
decay; 5. 5. 1. wood" hard
work; 5.9. 1. wood makes good
charcoal.
aprstoAoxia, birthwort, Aristolochia
rotunda
9.13.2. described : medicinal use;
9. 14, 1. how long. drug will
keep; 9.15.5. ea in Arcadia;
9. 20. 4. cf. 9. 13. 2
dpkevOos (= xédpas (3)), Phoenician
cedar, Juniperus ‘phoenicea
BY 3. pvergcennt; 8.13. 4. a
mountain tree; 3. 3. ever-
green; 3.3.8. doxbt whether it
has a flower; 3.4.1. takes a
year to ripen fruit ; 3.4. 5. Gane
of fruiting; etc.; 3. 4. 6. do.;
8. 6. 1. slow-growing (?); 3.6.5.
shallow-rooting according to
Arcadians; 3.12.3—4. described:
distinguished from kxéSpos (1):
4. 1.3. grows high on moun-
tains, but not tall; 5. 7. 4.
use of wood in house-building ;
5. 7. 6. other uses of wood:
does not decay; 9. 1. 2. sap
gummy.
apveywaoor (=aredchovpos 7, 11.2.,
according to some, = opru
7. 11. 2., according to some),
plantain, ‘Plantago mator
16OsDs leaves ‘ on the ground’;
7.10. 3. flowers borne in succes-
sion; 7.11. 2. flowers in a spike:
described by comparison with
aAwméKoupos.
apov, cuckoo-pint, Arum italicwm
1. 6. 7. root fleshy ; 1.6. 8. has a
stout root and also fibrous
roots: roots not tapering;
1. 6.10. cultivation ; 1.16. aD: @)
flower made of flesh ; fie
propagation; 7. 9. 4, reat oe
scribed ; 7. 12. 2. root and leaves
edible: use in surgery: special
treatment to promote growth
of root: one kind inedible (see
Spaxovtiov); 7.13.1. leaves de-
scribed; 7. 13. 2. no stem or
flower
442
appevoyovov (= OAvyovov), dog mer-
cury, Mercurialis perennis
9. 19. 5. properties: described.
aomddrabos, Calycotome villosa
9. 7. 3. in list of apdpara,
donpis (=aiyiAwy (1)), Turkey oak,
Quercus Cerris
3.8. 2. one of the four Macedonian
kinds of oak: acorns and
timber.
acrépicxos, Michaelmas daisy, Aster
mellus
12. 2. seed of pedayxparis
comp.
acrapis, Delphinium Staphisagria
9. 12. 1. medicinal use.
sebention asparagus,
acutifolius
1. 10. 6. spines for leaves; 6.1. 3.
do.; a wild under-shrub ; 6, 4.1.
one of very few plants which
are altogether spinous; 6. 4. 2.
described
aohddedos (stem avbépixos), (=md0s
(2), asphodel, Asphodelus ramo-
if . 8. belongs to ‘ ferula-like’
plants; 1. 10. 7. attachment of
leaves; 6. 6. 9. leaves of vap-
kiooos (1) comp.; 7. 9. 4. root
acorn-shaped; 7% 12. 1. root
edible; 7.13.1. leaves. described ;
7.13. 2-3. stem of 7 tpus comp.:
largest stem of herbaceous
plants: fruit inflorescence etc.
described; worm which infests
it: uses for fore of stem and
roots; 7.13.4 . grown from seed ;
9, 9. 6. leaf of ioxas comp.:
9.10. os a of €AA€Bopos comp.
Asparagus
by so
aoxvov, puft-ball, Iycoperdon gigan-
te
umn
1. 6. 9. not a root, though under-
ground.
arpaxturts (=ddvos 6. 4. 6.), distaff-
thistle, Carthamus lanatus
4. 3. a ‘thistle-like’ plant;
"6. 4. 6. described: also called
dovos: reason; 1. juice
blood-coloured.
adakn, tare, Vicia sativa var. angus-
tifolia
8.1. 4. (a pulse) sown late; 8.5.3.
shape of pod; 8, 8.3. meAeKivos
INDEX OF PLANTS
grows specially among a.; 8.11.1.
seed does not keep.
apdprn (a natural hybrid between
avépaxAn and xépuapos), hybrid
arbutus, Arbutus hybrida
1.9.3. evergreen; 3.3.1. a moun-
tain tree; 3. 3. 3. evergreen ;
3. 4. 2. time of bore 3. 4. 4.
time of fruiting; 5. 7. 7. uses of
wood. -
aia, lesser celandine, Ranunculus
icaria
7.7.3. puts forth flowers at season
of growth.
axpas, ma pear, Pyrus amygdali-
form
1. 4. 1. Le aaewe er sgh than culti-
vated kind; 1. 8. 2. has more
knots than dimr.0s § 1. 9. 7. time
of shedding leaves; 1. 14. 4. a
wild form of amos; 2. 2. 5. pro-
duced from seed of amos; 2.2.12.
cannot be made into amos by
cultivation; 3. 2 1. produces
more fruit than dos, but ripens
less; 3. 3.1. a tree of mountain
and "plain; 3. 3. 2. has better
fruit and timber in lowlands ;
3. 4. 2. time of budding; 3. 4. 4.
time of fruiting; 3. 6. 1. slow
growing (?); 3. 11. 5. moun-
tain and lowland forms comp.;
3. 12. 8. fruit of éy comp. as to
keeping; 3. 14. 2. bark of Acvcy
comp.; 3. 18. 7. does not es
in kind from dar Los ; 4:13
longer lived than amos; 5. 5.1.
cobblers’ strops made of the
wood.
awivOcov, wormwood, Artemisia Ab-
sint. a
1. 12. taste of fruit; 4. 5. 1.
seeks Palaselore ; 7.9. 5: leaves
and stem bitter, yet wholesome ;
9. 17. 4. said to become by use
non-poisonous to sheep.
Bodavos, Balanites aegyptiaca
4, 2. 1. peculiar to Egypt; 4. 2. 6.
described.
Badroapov (Z<uM d7oBdéAcapov), balsam
of Mecca, Balsamodendron Opo-
balsamum
9.1. 2. sap gummy; 9.1. 7. time
of tapping; 9. 4. 1. collection of
gum; 9. 6.1-4. described : habi-
tat : method of collection : no-
where found wild; 9. 7. 3. in
list of apdéuara.
Baros, bramble, Rubus ulmifolius
1p Mat a typical ‘ shrub’; 1.5 3
thorns on wood; 1. 9. "4. ever-
green; 1.10.6. leat with spinous
projections ; 1. 10. 7. stem pres-
ently spinous; 3. 18. 3. grows
in wet — dry places alike;
3. 18. kinds distinguished ;
5 A 13. cluster of berries of
omidag (2) comp ; 4. 8. 1. to
some extent grows in marshes;
4.12.4. to some extent aquatic;
6. 1. 3. has spines on the shoots.
BAnx®, pennyroyal, Mentha Puleg-
ium
9. 16. 1. leaf etc. of Sikrapvoy
comp.
sechic$ blite, Amaranthus Blitum
. 2. bears fruit both on top
ay at sides; 7. 1. 2-3. time of
sowing and of germination ;
7. 2. 7-8. root described ; rg 3.2.
seeds described; 7. 3. 4. seed
borne both on top and at side;
7. 4. 1. only one kind.
Bodsivyn, star-flower, Ornithogalum
umbellatum
7. 13. 9. belongs to ra BoABwSdy.
BodABos, purse-tassels, Muscari como-
sum etc. (see below).
1. 6. 7. root in scales; 1. 6. 8. root
not tapering; 1. 6. 9. no side
roots: (part of) stem under-
ground; 1. 10. 7. no leaf-stalk :
attachment of leaves; 6. 8. 1.
flowering time: used as acoron-
ary plant; 7. 2.1. propagation ;
7.2.2. root makes offsets ;
7. 2. 3. offsets specially numer-
ous; 7. 4.12. formation of roots
of xkpozvov comp.; 7. 9. 4., ef.
MGS ate Zak: example of an
edible "root; 7. 12. 2. special
treatment to promote growth
of root; 7. 13. 1. leaves de-
scribed; 7. 13. 2. flower-stem
not the only stem; 7. 13. 4-5.
grown from seed: seed some-
times takes two years to ger-
minate; 7. 13. 7. root of vdp-
Kiogos (1) comp.; 7. 13. 8.
443
INDEX OF PLANTS
several kinds; 7. 13. 9. roots of
various plants comp.; 8. 8. 3.
grows specially among zrupés.
BoABos 6 épiddopos, Pancratium
maritimum
7. 13. 8. grows on beach: de-
scribed : uses for food and cloth-
ing.
Bovképas, (=r7Ats), fenugreek. Tri-
gonella Foenum-Graecum
4. 4. 10. an Indian plant (see
App. (8)), comp. 8.8. 5. aiuo-
Swpov parasitic on Bp.
on pice ba ash, Fraxinus excelsior
3. 11. 4-5. described; 4. 8. 2.
common in Egypt.
Bovmpnotis, ?
7. 7. 3. season of growing.
Rocrenes, sedge, Carex riparia
1.5, 3. stem very smooth ; 1.10.5.
pac end in hs point: further
described; 4. ee in list of ra
Aoxnody; 4. id. described ;
10, 6. grows bots on land
and in water: grows on the
floating islands of Lake Copais;
4. 10. 7. part used for food;
4.11.12. foliage of some kéAapor
comp.
Bpopos, Oats, Avena sativa
8. 4.1. seed has more coats than
other cereals; 8. 9. 2. exhausts
the soil: reason: like a wild
plant.
Bpvov, oyster-green, Ulva Lactuca
4. 6. 2. occurs generally in Greek
waters; 4. 6. 6. described.
y7Ovov, long onion, Allium Cepa var.
1.6.9. part of stem underground ;
7.1. 2-3. time of sowing and of
germination; 7. 1. 6. germina-
tion; 7. 1. 7. bears fruit in
second year: has single stem;
7. 2. 2-3. root makes offsets;
7.5.1. likes water; 7.5.3. bears
transplanting; 7.5.5 seed does
not keep well; 7. 9. 4. root in
scales; 7.12. 3. root of bacyavor
comp.; 9. 11. 6. ‘head’ of
oTpvxvos 6 pavixds COMP.
yireov (Attic for y7évov), horn-_
onion, Allium Cepa var.
1, 10. 8. leaves hollow; 7. 4. 10.
444
described : cultivation (classed
as a form of kpomvor),
yAcivos, Acer creticum
. 8. 1. name for lowland form of
opévdauvos ; 3. 11. 2. timber
ae (se. pica) (=~ piga SxvOcK) g.v.),
rik oh ; liquorice, Glycyrrhiza
gia
yAvkvaidy (= Tawwvia g.v.), 9.8. 6.,
peony, Paeonia officinalis.
yoyyvaAis, turnip, Brassica Rapa
1. 6. 6. root fleshy ; 1. 6. 7. root of
bark and flesh; 7.1. 2. time of
sowing; 7, 1. 7, germination ;
7. 2. 5. survives and increases
in size under a heap of soil:
root described; 7. 2. 8. do.;
7. 3. 2. seeds described ; 7.3.4.
seed borne at side; 7. 4. 3.
doubtful if more than one kind:
seed, method of sowing, effect
of weather; 7.5. 3. bears trans-
planting ; 7. 6. 2. wild form
Fame gma 7.9.4. root has
‘bark.’
Sadxov (1), carrot, Daucus Carota
avi 5. Arcadian drug: described
‘(see note).
Sadeoy (2), Malabaila aurea
9. 15. 8. grows about Patrai:
dpe art root black; 9. 20. 2.
f
pin () (7 fimepos), (berry Sadvis,
» Sweet bay, Laurus
nobilis
1. "3. 2. bark thin; 1. 6. 2. roots
both stout and fine ; 1.6.4. roots
crooked ; etc.; 1.8. 1. few knots;
UO Maa: evergreen (cultivated
he? wild forms, see below);
f. 3. fleshy seed in a shell
Garis): 1. 12. 1. taste of fruit;
1.14.4. many cultivated forms;
2. 1. 3. propagation; 2. 2. 6.
sometimes improves from seed ;
2.5.6. trees should be planted
close together; 3. 3. 3. ever-
green; 3. 4. 2. time of budding;
3. 7. 3. (one kind) produces a
cluster; 3. 11. 3. leaves of wohl
comp.; 3.11.4. winter-buds of
pedla comp.; 3. 12.7. leaf of on
comp.to that of 8. n AerrodhvAdos}
3. 13. 5. leaflet of axrj comp. to
nib; ei
ee ee
Loew
wee
_
ie a
INDEX OF PLANTS
leaf of 8. » mAatidvAdos; 3.14. 3.
flower (?) of KAnOpe comp.;
3. 15. 4, leaf of répyurvos comp’;
3.16. 4. leaf of kouapos comp.;
3.17. 3. leaf of xoAotTia (2) comp
to 8. mAaridvaAdos; 4. 4, 12. leaf
of an unnamed Arian, shrub
comp. (see App. (10)); 4. 4. 13.
leaf of an unnamed Gedrosian
tree comp. (see App. (11)); 4.5.3.
does not thrive in cold regions ;
4, 5. 4. grows in Propontis;
4.7.1. a class of marine Atlantic
plants comp.; 4. 7. 4. leaf of
an unnamed Arabian tree (see
App. (126)) comp.; 4.13.3. after
decaying shoots again from
same stock; 4. 16. 6. ave
flavour of grape; 5. 3. 3-4.
character of wood; 5.7.7. wood
used for walking-stieks; 5. 8. 3.
grows in lowland parts of
Latium: abundant on Circeian
promontory; 5. 9. 7. fire-drills
made of the wood, meeeniae it
does not wear away; 9. 4. 2.
bark of AcBaywrds comp.; 9.4.3.
leaf of AcBavwrds comp. (by
some); 9. 4. 9. do.; 9.10.1. leaf
of éAA€Bopos 6 peAas comp. (by
some) ; 9.15.5. davKoy (1) comp.;
9: sos 1. one kind of wémepu (fruit
Sabyyn (2) 4 aypia (= dvobypas), ole-
- ander, "Ny ta Oleander
ay Pd Rod * distinguished from 6. 7
5 ot (3) 9 “AAcEavdpeca, Alexan-
- drian laurel, Ruscus Hypophyl-
lum
1. 10. 8. bears fruit on leaves;
3. 17. 4. do.
Sadun (4) 7 AewrédvAdos, sweet bay,
Ong ay nobilis
3. 12. 7. (see under ddvn).
(5) 4 ance anon sweet bay,
Taurus noi nobi
3. 13. 5., 3. 17. 3. (see
“wade 8 abun
Sagvn (6) (=edda (3) = App. (14)),
white mangrove, Avicennia
officinalis
4.7.1. grows in ‘Red Sea’; 4.7.2.
described; produces a drug for
stanching blood,
Sixranvov, dittany, Origanum Dic-
tam
nus
9. 16, 1-2. described: medicinal
use: popular belief about its
use to goats: comp. with Wevéo-
dixrapvov; 9. 16. 3. habitat.
Sixtanvov (&repov), Ballota Pseudo-
dictamnus
9. 16. 3, Cretan: has nothing in
common with true 6. except the
name: described: properties
different,
mere iets. carnation, Dianthus in-
6. 7 1. AS list of under-shrubs;
6.6. 2.a cultivated under-shrub:
a coronary plant: scentless;
6. 11. grown from seed :
woody ; 6. 8. 3. flowering time.
SvogBadravos (fruit xdpvov Kacravai-
xov), 4.8.11., chestnut, Castanea
vesca
1. 12. 1. taste of fruit; 3. 2. 3.
evidence that it is really wild;
3. 3. 1. a mountain tree; 3.3. 8.
doubt whether it has a "flower ;
3. 4. 2. time of budding ; 3.4. 4.
time of fruiting; 3. 5. 5. winter-
buds; 4. 5. 1. in list of northern
trees} 4. 5. 4. abundant on
Mount Tmolus and Mysian
Olympus; 4. 8. 11. bark of root
of Awros (2) comp. to shell of
chestnut,
Svdcrvpos, Diospyros Lotus
3. 13. 3. fruit of xépaces comp.
d0Arxos, Calavance, Vigna sinensis
8. 3. 2. stem; 8.11.1. seed does
not keep.
Sovag (=Kddapos 6 AaKwvikds = k, o
avAnTiKds = k. 6 gupryyias = kK. 6
Toéixos),pole-reed,Arundo Donax
4.11.11. a kind of KGAQLOS $ : habit
pe habitat.
Spaxovtiov, edderwort, Dracunculus
vulgaris
G2: %. an inedible and poisonous
kind of dpov; 9.20.3. medicinal
use: described,
Spunis, Drypis spinosa
1. 10. 6. spinous-leaved.
Spus (), oak, Quercus Robur
1.2.1. bas galls (xnkis); 1. 2. 7.
bark; 1. 5. 2. bark thick: bark
fleshy ; 1.5. 3. wood fleshy ; 1.5.5.
445
INDEX OF PLANTS
wood heavy because it contains
mineral matter ; 1.6.1. core hard
and close; 1.6.2. core called
‘oak-black’: core large and con-
spicuous; 1. 6. 3. roots many
and long; 1.6. 4. roots fleshy :
deep-rooting; 1. 8. 5. diseased
_ formation (xpaéy); 1. 9. 5. an
evergreen specimen; 1. 10. 6.
leaves notched: leaves with
spinous projections; 1. 10. 7.
attachment of leaves; 1. 11. 3.
seed in a leathery shell; 2. 2. 3.
propagation ; 2. 2. 6. deterior-
ates from seed ; 3. 8. 1. tree of
mountain and plain ; 3. 3. 3.
evergreen in some places ; 3.3.8.
doubt whether it has a flower
(Bpvov); 3.4.2. time of budding;
3. 4. 4. time of fruiting; 3. 5. 1.
periods of budding; etc.; 3. 5. 2.
galls ; 5. 5. winter- buds ;
3. 6: 4. quick growing; 3. 6. 5.
instance of a deep-rooting tree; 3
3.7. 4-6. various galls; etc.;
3. 8. 2. four or five kinds, viz.
hwepts OF erupodpus, aiyihww,
mrarvgvaros, nyos, adipdovos OF
evOudAovos (five recognised by
inhabitants of Mt. Ida); 3.16.1.
leaf growth and bark of
mpivos comp.; 3. 16. 3. pedro-
Spus Spits and mpivos comp. ;
4, 2, 8. common in Thebaid ;
4. 5. 1. in list of northern trees;
4.5.3. grows in Pontus; 4.14.10.
infested by knips; 4. 15. 2.
survives stripping of bark for
some time; 4. 15. 3. effect of
stripping bark in winter; 5.1. 2.
time of cutting timber: reasons;
5.1. 4. do.; 5. 3.1. core very
close and heavy; 5. 3. 3. char-
acter of wood; 5. 4. 1. wood
hard and heavy; 5. 4. 2. wood
proof against decay; 5. 4. 3.
wood does not decay if buried
or soaked in water: rots in sea-
water: 5. 4. 8. effect of salt
water on different parts; 5.5.1.
wood hard to work; 5.6.1. wood
contains mineral matter and so
gives under weight: apt to split;
5. 7. 2. used for keel of triremes
and for merchantmen to make
446
extra keel for hauling : does not
glue well on to éAary or rein;
5. 7. 4. use of wood in house-
building: 5.8.38. grows in La-
tium on Circeian promontory:
5. 9. 1. wood makes good char-
coal, but inferior to apia and
koxapos; 5. 9. 2. charcoal of
this wood less esteemed by
smiths than that of mev«n;
8. 2. 2. germination from acorn
described ; 9. 9. 5. leaf of xanai-
Spus comp.
Spvs (2) y aypia (=dnyds 3. 8. 2.),
io pee oak, Quercus Aegilops
1. Ba ; ie bark; 3. 8. 2. see
Uv
Spi ys i SXpro.s (=6. 4 evOv-
provos 3. 8. 2.), sea-bark oak,
Quercus Pseudo-Robur
3. 8. 2. one of the five kinds of
oak (Mt. Ida): =6. 7 evOvdAotos;
8. 8. 3-4. acorns; 3. e 5. habit
and timber; 3. 8. dackos
(z.v.) grows on it; 3.8. ? timber;
5. 1.2. time of cutting timber.
sia HevOdpaoros (= 6. H GALdAoros
. 2.), Sea-bark oak, Quercus
Beoudo. Robur
3. 8. 2. one of the five kinds of
oak (Mt. Ida).
Spits (5) 4 n Heepos (= éerupddpus g.v. =
penis (2)), true oak, Quercus
°y
8. 8. 2. one of the five kinds of
oak (Mt. Ida).
dpis (6) 7 tAarvdvadros, broad-leaved
oak (scrub oak), Quercus lanu-
ginosa
8. 8. 2. one of the five kinds of
oak (Mt. Ida): fruit; 3. 8. 5.
habit and timber; 3.8.6. galls:
one of the four Macedonian
oaks: has bitter acorns.
— i (fdxos), Cystoseira ericoides
2. peculiar to certain waters;
“— 6. 7-8. described.
Spis (8) (wovtia), Sargassum vulgare
4,6. 9. distinguished from pis (7);
has a useful BaAavos.
ag’ vise (1), ebony, Diospyros
1. 5. 4. wood heavy; 1. 5.5. do.
because of close grain; 1.6.1.
INDEX OF PLANTS
core hard and close; 4. 4. 6. de-
scribed : two kinds distinguished
(see below); 5. 3. 1. wood very
close and heavy, especially the
core; 5. 3. 2. colour of wood of
répuvOos comp.: wood of an
unnamed tree (see App. ve
comp. to a variegated é.; 5.4.2
wood proof against decay ;
9. 20. 4. colour and medicina!
use of wood.
arty (2), Diospyros melanoxylon
a kind with inferior wood.
eincrias, ‘see KdAaLOS O elAeTias
ExTOMOY TO MEeAapTOSLOV See EAAEBopos O
peéAas
éAda, olive, Olea Europea
1.3.1. a typical ‘tree’; 1.5. 4
wood easily broken, not split:
wood has many knots; I. 6. 5.
wood easily broken, because
tough and not of straight grain;
1. 6. 2. core not conspicuous;
1. 6. 3. roots both stout and
thin; 1. 6. 4. roots branching;
etc. : shallow sya of roots
crooked; etc.; 2. has less
knots than a Ne 1. 4 6. liable
to excrescences; etc.; 1. 9. 3.
evergreen; 1. 10. 1. leaves in-
verted in summer ; 1.10.2. colour
of leaves; 1. 10. 4. leaves nar-
row; 1.10. 7. leaf-stalk short;
etc.; 1.11.1. seed enveloped in
fiesh and stone; 1.11. 3. fleshy
seed in a stone; 1. 11. 4. effect
on fruit of rich feeding; 1.12.1.
taste of fruit; 1. 13. 2. flower
consists of one ‘leaf’ only partly
divided; 1. 13. 3. flower sur-
rounds fruit; etc; 1.14.1. bears
on last year’s wood ; nies ae
bears fruit both on top and at
side; 1.14.4. a cultivated form
of KOrWOS 5 2.1. 2. propagation ;
2.1.4. do.; 2.2.5. seed produces
wild form; 2. 2. 12. cannot be
made out of Kéttvos by cultiva-
tion; 2.3.1. sometimes changes
to xétwos spontaneously ; etc.;
2. 5. 3. grafting; 2. 5. 4. propa-
gation; 2. 5.6. do.: trees should
be planted far apart; 2. 5: 7.
low ground suitable; Bet. 2:
needs much pruning: 2. 7. 3.
requires pungent manure and
much water; 1. produces
less fruit than xdrivos but ripens
more; 3. 12. 2. flower and be
of OndvKpdveva comp.; 3. 17.
size of fruit of cvx«y 7 Téaca pis a
2. 8. common in Thebaid;
4. 2. 9. character in Thebaid ;
4. 3.1. grows and bears well in
Cyrenaica; 4. 4. 1. (?) distribu-
tion in Asia; 4. 7. 2. leaf and
fruit of éAda (3) comp.; 4. 7. 4.
size of fruit of unnamed Arabian
tree comp. (see App. (120));
4. 18. 1. shorter-lived than
Kotivos; 4. 13.2. story of a very
old tree at Athens; 4. 13. 5. ex-
planation of longevity; 4.14. 2.
diseases; 4. 14. 8. effect of rain
on fruiting; 4. 14. 9. specially
apt to shed fruit at Taras;
4.14.10. other diseases: effect
of hot winds; 4. 4. 11. suffers
much from special winds; 4.16.1.
improved by lopping branches ; 3
5.3.3. character of wood; 5.3.7.
images made from the root;
5. 4.2. wood proof against de-
cay; 5.4. 4. wood not eaten by
teredon; 5. 5. 2. core not
obvious: wherefore wood not
apt to ‘draw’; 5. 5. 8. core not
obvious but exists; 5.6.1. wood
apt to split under pressure ;
5. 9. 6. wood good for kindling
furnaces; 5.9.7. wood not suit-
able for fire-sticks: reason;
5. 9. 8. articles made of the
wood have been known to pro-
duce shoots : instances ; 6321.
leaf of xvéwpos 6 Aeuxés comp.;
6. 2. 4. will not grow more than
a short distance from the sea;
8. 2. 8. abundant in Melos:
9.18. 5. fruit of eer comp.
to Bpvov of ¢.: fruit of a wepeeye”
vov comp. to undevelope olive
ie @), eee cuspidata
. Indian (in hill-country
iy).
‘anda (3) (= dapvn (6) = App.(14)),
pi mangrove, Avicennia offi-
nalis
4.7.1. grows in ‘ Red Sea’; 4.7.2.
ibed
described.
447
INDEX OF PLANTS
eAatayvos (properly éAéayvos), goat
willow, Salix Caprea
4. 10. 1-2. in list of plants of L.
Copais: described.
meee (1), silver-fir, Abies cephalonica
1. 8. branches opposite ; 1.3.6.
pee aN YE ay 1. Din Ae
erect and tall; 1. 5.2. bark in
layers; 1. 5. 3. wood fibrous ;
1. 5. 4. wood easily split; 1.5.5.
do. because of straight grain;
1.6. 3. root single; 1. 6. 4. roots
fibrous; 1.6.5. roots not branch-
ing; 1.8.1. many knots; 1.8. 2.
‘male’ has more knots than
‘female’; 1.8. 3. branches at
right angles; 1. 9. 1. growth
chiefly upwards; 1.9.2. growth
affected by position ; 1M ee Fi
evergreen; 1. 10. 5. ieaves de-
scribed 5 “e 12. 1. taste of fruit;
1. 12. 2. taste of sap; 1.13. ts
flower yellow; 2. 2. 2. pro-
pagated only by seed; 2.7. 3.
requires pungent manure;
8.1.2. grows only from seed;
8.3.1. a mountain tree; 3.3. 3.
evergreen; 3. 4. 5. time of
flowering and fruiting; 3.5.1.
period of budding; 3. 5. 3.
do.; 3.5.5. winter-buds ; 3. 6.1.
quick growing: even young
tree fruits; 3. 6. 2. formation of
rar ig 3.6.4, not deep-rooting ;
3.6. 5. deep-rooting according
to Arcadians; etc.; 3. 7. 1-2.
dies if topped: formation of
callus ; 3. 9. 5. timber compared
with wevxcy: etc.; 3. 9. 6. differ-
ences between ‘male’ and
‘female’: described; 3. 9. 7.
further comparison with TEvKN 2
produces Aovooov; 3.9.8. do.:
core and callus; 4. 1. 1. likes
shade; 4. 1. 2. grows tall in
shade but has inferior timber;
4. 1. 3. grows high iy moun-
tains, but not tall; 4. 4. 1. (?)
distribution in rete 43 Di 1.
in list of Northern trees ;
4. 5. 8. does not grow in
Pontus; 4. 15. 3. effects of
stripping bark at various sea-
sons; 16. 1. topping fatal;
4. 16. Le not injured by cut-
448
ting for resin; 4. 16. 4. said to
perish if entirely deprived of its
heart-wood; 5. 1. 1. time when
timber is of best colour; 5.1. 2.
time of cutting timber ; 5.1. 4.
do. 5, 1. 5-6. timber comp.
with ee 5.1, 7. uses of tim-
ber; 5.1.8. growth and char-
acter; 5. 1. 9-10. methods of
cleaving; 5. 3. 3. character of
wood; 5. 3.5. used for doors;
5, 4. "4. less eaten by teredon
than wevxyn; 5. 4, 6. wood, if
barked just before time of bud-
ding, does not decay in water:
story in proof of this; 5. 5. 1.
knotty parts of wood hard
to work; 5. 5. 2. core most
obvious in é.; 5. 6. 1. wood
good for struts: behaviour
under pressure; 5. 6. 2, strong-
est of all woods; 5. 7. 1-2. use
of wood in ‘pl igllgings
5.7. 4-5. uses of wood in house-
building and crafts: the most
generally useful of woods : more
so than zevcn; 5. 9. 8. wood
has a peculiar exudation ; 9.1.2.
sap gummy; 9. a *s production
of resin (pyrivy) ; 2. quality
of resin.
éddry (2), silver-fir, Abies pectinata
5.18. grows "to great size in
Latium, but finer still in
Corsica; 5.8.3. grows in hill-
country of Latium,
‘trdrn’ (3), ‘sea-fir,’ Cystoseira
Abies-marina
4. 6.2. peculiar to certain waters ;
4. 6. 7-8. described.
eAaryptov, See cikvos 0 aypLos
4. 5. 1. in list of northern plants.
édevogédwvov (= oéAwvov TO €AcLov),
marsh celery, Apium graveolens
7. 6. 3. comp. with céA.vov: medi
cinal use.
éAetoxpvoos, gold-flower, Helichry
sum siculum .
6. 8. 1. flowering time; 9. 19. 3.
alleged magic properties: de-
scribed: medicinal use.
as tay salvia, Salvia triloba
6. 4. a spineless wild under-
ipa: 6. 2. 5. like wild odaxos:
leaf described.
INDEX OF PLANTS
teen calamint, Calamintha in-
2. "3. propagation; 6. 1. 1. in
list. of under-shruhs ; S.652: 38
cultivated under-shrub: a coron-
ary plant: the whole plant
scented; 6.6.3. woody: only
one form; 6. 7. 2. said by some
to have no fruit; 6. 7. 4. roots
described.
éAikn, crack willow, Salix fragilis
3.13.7. Arcadian name for willow.
ercé, ivy, Hedera Helix
3. 18. 7-8. described : does not
develop into xitrés; 3. 18. 8.
kinds; 7. 8. 1. stem ‘ clasping.’
cE Aevey, White-berried ivy, |
Hedera Helix
iy 18. 8. sph kinds. £188:
EAE H TOLKiAn (= €. # bY st ‘
ivy, odova Hf
3. 18. 8. prada kinds.
eAré q xAoepa, ivy, Hedera Helix
3 described.
sian rupture-wort, Herniaria
9. 10. 2. seed mixed with éAA¢Bopos
© Aevxos to make an emetic.
€Ad€Bopos, hellebore, Helleborus cyclo-
phyllus and Veratrum album
. 5. 1, seeks cold regions; 3 6. 2. 9.
"pelongs to ‘ferula-like’ plants:
has a hollow stem; 9.8. 4. what
part of root cut for medicinal
use ; ‘bulbous ‘ part a purge for
dogs; 9. 8. 6. poisonous effect
on those who dig it; precau-
tions; 9. 9. 2. medicinal use }
9. 10. 1-4. kinds distinguished
(see below); 9. 14. 1. how long
drug will Keep; 9. 17. 1-3. the
drug can be made ineffectual by
use: instances .
€AAgBopos 6 AcuKds, white hellebore,
Vemiruge album
9.10.1 . has nothing in common
with €. 6 péAas except the name:
divergent accounts given of the
resemblances between the two
plants: described; 9. 10. 2. not
poisonous to sheep ; ; When in
season : distribution; 9.10. 3-4.
very_ local: local’ varieties,
Otratos, Ilovtikds, "EAcarys, Ma-
Avwwrys, Llapvactos, AitwArkds$
THEOPH, VOL, II
Oiratos the best: properties of
*EdAearys; 9. 15. 5. grows in Ar-
cadia; 9.18. 2.restores scorpion
to life when it has been killed
with oKoprios (3).
ss oy 6 pédas (drug onoapoedés
14. 4.), hellebore, Helleborus
Digits
9. 8. 8. superstition as to gather-
ing; 9. 10. 1. (see under é. 6
Acvxds): described; 9. 10. 2.
poisonous to animals; 9. 10. 3.
grows everywhere: some local-
ities specified; 9. 10. 4. called
by some éxrouov 70 pedaprddcov :
uses for purification and as
charm; 9. 14. 4. use of fruit in
medicine ; 9.15: 6. grows in
Goer e ‘9.16.6. leaf of edywepov
com
EAvpos, italian millet, Setaria italica
4, 4, inflorescence of dpugov
cou: 8.1.1. in list of ‘summer
crops ° distinct from cereals and
puises; 8. 11. 1. seed keeps
well.
ge cake ig chervil, Scandix australis
cP a Adxavov.
drerivn @) (? mutvivn), Ajuga Ira
7.8.1. stem ‘clasping,’ _ but, for
want of support, ‘on the
ground.’
*Emcpevidetos, seé oxiddr\a n’E.
émimetpov, stone-crop, Sedum ano-
petalum
7. 7. 4. flowerless.
ir wees chick-pea, Cicer arietinum
4.2. seed soaked before sowing ;
ag 6. 6. size of some dates comp.;
4.4.4. size of es of ovK7 7 Ivdixn
comp.; 4. 4. 9. not found in
India ; 6. 5. 3. leaf of a kind of
tpiBodos comp.; 8. 1. 1. in list of
pulses; 8.1.4 Maid both early
and late ; 8. “3 1. germination
described ; 8. 2. 3. comes up
with several leaves: deep-root-
g; 8. 2. 5. flowering time;
8. 4 6. time of maturing seed;
8. 2. stem ; fos fe several
kinds: three’ ‘mentioned, Kpwot,
bpoBiator, ot ava pécov: white
forms sweetest ; 8. 5. 2. pod
round: seeds comparatively
few; 8.5.4. attachment of seed ;
449
GG
INDEX OF PLANTS
8.6.5. rain hurtful when é. is in
flower : three kinds mea a
péAas, Tuppds, AcvKds; ‘e
comp. with other eae de-
stroys weeds: suitable soil:
grows well after kvauos; 8.9.1.
exhausts the soil most of pulses ;
8. 10. 1. diseases and pests;
8.10.5. infested by seeneitteca?
8.11.2. only seed which does
not engender ‘ worms’ etc.:
seed keeps well; 8. 11. 6. do.
especially in hill ‘country.
epeixy, heath, Erica arborea
1. 14. 2. bears fruit on the top;
| Paatt Pees bs IE AtBavertis ) akapTos
grows where é. is abundant.
epevOedavev, madder, Rubia tine-
torum
6. 1. 4. a spineless wild under-
shru bs 7.9.3. roots red; 9.13.4.
do.; 9. 138. 6. described: habit:
habitat : medicinal use.
ahr eas wild fig, Ficus Carica
1, 8. 2. has more knots than ov«7;
1. 14.:4. wild form of cuxy;
2. 2. 12. cannot be made ante
ovxy by cultivation; 2. 3.
sometimes changes to fs
spontaneously; 3. 3.1. a moun-
tain tree; 3. 4. 2. time of bud-
ing; 4. 2. 3. fruit of guKH 7
Kvuzpia_comp.; 4. 13. 1. longer-
lived than ouvx«q; 4. 14. 4. not
liable to diseases of cvx7; 5. 6. 2.
wood tough and easy to bend:
uses; 5. 9.5. wood makes pun-
gent smoke.
(S€vdpov 7d) épdhopor, cotton-plant,
Gossypium arboreum
4. 4. 8. (not named) clothes made
from it; 4. 7. 7-8. described.
epmvAAos (1) (€. © *jpepos), tufted
thyme, Thymus Sibthorpii
1. 9. 4. evergreen; 2.1.3. propa-
gation; 6. 1. 1. in list of under-
shrubs; 6. 6. 2. a cultivated
under-shrub : a coronary plant:
the whole plant scented;
6. 6. 3. woody: only one form :
6. 7. 2. said reg some to have no
fruit: 6.7.4. roots described ;
6.7. 5. growth peculiar: wild
forms ‘ie EpmvaAdAos (2)); 6. 7. 6.
cultivation,
45°
bt Ne sagt -tree,
épmvddros (2) 0 aypios, Attic thyme,
Thymus atticus
6. 7. 2. produces seeds, unlike
é.(1); brought from Hymettus;
sometimes quite like Ovpos :
6. 7. 5. has various forms.
épvaiov, Sisymbrium polyceratium
8. 1. 4. sown later than cereals
and pulses, a ‘summer crop’;
8. 3. 1. leaf; 8. 3. 3. flower;
8. 6. 1. rain not beneficial after
sowing; 8. 7. 3.
eaten green by animals: de-
scribed.
peaey (cf épvaiBav, épva.Bwodys
2.), wheat-rust, Puccinia
Prewece
8. 10. 1. a pest common to all
crops (cereals, pulses etc.).
érupddpus (= nuepis (2) 3. 8. 2.=Spis
7 jpepos), true oak, Quercus
Robur
3.8.2. one of the five kinds of
oak (Mt. Ida): = fpepis: fruit;
3. 8. 7. one of the four Mace-
donian kinds: has sweet acorns.
EvBotkdy, see xapva 7 EvBoiky.
eens rocket, Eruca sativa
6. 6. root woody; 7. 1. 2-3.
earh of sowing and germina-
tion; 7. 2. 8. root described;
7.4.1, only one kind; 7. 4, 2.
leaf of a kind of padavis comp.;
7.5. 5. seed keeps well; 9.11.6.
leaf of orpvxvds 6 pavixds COMP.
evOvdotos (Sp33), see Spis (4).
EHuonymus
3. 18. Pn. 13. described].
epyepov (= omddak (?)), meadow
saffron, Colchicum parnassicum
9. 16. 6. a poison which has an
antidote: described: effects.
Ceca, rice-wheat, Triticum dicoceum
2. 4. 1. seed, ‘unless bruised, pro-
duces wupos; 4. 4. 10. épugov ©
eh 8. 1. 1. in list of dbrealas .
8. 2. sown early; 8. 8. 3.
aid tidy only plants which can
change into teeiiese eae 7
different (cf. 2. 4. 1.); 8.9
exhausts the evil: ‘reason : ices
rich soil: ¢. and tidy the cereals
most like TUpoOs
doubtful if |
INDEX OF PLANTS |
Suyia, maple, Acer campestre
3. 1. a mountain tree: name
for mountain form of -cdévéap-
vos; 3.4. 2. time of budding;
3. 1. slow growing (2)
3. 11. 1-2. described; 5.
time of cutting timber ; 5. 1. z
o.; 5. 8. 3. character of wood ;
5. 7. 6. uses of wood.
Gwornp, see bdxos (1) To mAarvdvAAor.,
ndvocpov, (= pivOy), green mint,
Mentha viridis
7. 7.1. a Adyavor.
i erg Heliotropium villosum
7. 3. 1. length of flowering season
of Sktpov comp.; 7. 8. 1. stem
‘on the ground’; 7.9.2. long
in flower; 7. 10. 5. evergreen ;
he BOw Le flowering depends on
the heavenly bodies.
nuepts (1), gall-oak, Quercus infec-
na
rid
3.8.2. one of the five ‘Idaean’
kinds of oak: fruit; 3. 8. 4.
habit and timber; 3. 8. 6. galls,
npepts (2), (so- -called by, some) (=
Spus H hmepos = Etupddpvs 3.8.2.),
true oak, Quercus Robur
3. 8. 2. bears sweet fruit.
nmepoxadrg€s, Martagon lily, Lilium
artagon
6. 1. 1. in list of under-shrubs (see
note); 6. 6. 11. grown from
seed: a coronary plant.
jHecoviov, milt-waste, <Asplenium
. Ceterach
9. 18. 7. properties of leaf: de-
scribed: habitat: mules fond
of it.
jpaxArcia (=pyxwv » ‘Hpaxdreia), Si-
lene venosa
9.15. 5. an Arcadian drug.
NpakArcwTKH (kapva), see Kapia 7
“HpaxAcwteky,
Hpryépwv, groundsel, Senecio vulgaris
“ . & Adyxavov: classed as
‘ chicory-like from its leaves:
7. 7. 4. prolonged flowering-
time; 7.10.2. flowers in winter.
npvyyov, eryngo, Eryngiwm cam-
pestre
6. 1. 3. has spines on the leaves:
a wild under-shrub.
Gaia, Thapsia garganica
9. 8. 3. most powerful juice from
root ; 9. 8. 5. superstition as tc
method of eo he 9. 9. 1. root
and juice used; 9.9. 5. medi-
cinal use; 9. 9. 6. described ;
9.11. 2. leaf of mdvaxes 76 *Ao-
kAnriecov comp.; 9. 20. 3. medi-
cinal use: grows specially in
Attica: properties; effect on
foreign and native cattle.
@épyos, lupin, Lupinus alba
1. 3. 6. refuses cultivation ; 1.7.3.
seed roots through "under-
growth; 3. 2. 1. fruits better in
wild state ; 4, 7. 5. fruit of
an unnamed Arabian tree (see
App. (13)) comp.; 4. 7. 6. fruit
of an unnamed Persian tree
(see App. (13)) comp.; 4. 7. 7.
fruit of a tree of the island of
Tylos (see App. (13)) comp.;
8. 1. 3. sown early; 8. 2. 1.
germination described ; 8. 5. 2.
seeds in compartments ; 8.5. 4,
attachment of seed; 8. 7. 3.
not eaten green by any animal;
8. 11. 2. seed keeps well: like a
wild plant; 8. 11. 6. seed keeps
specially well in hill country ;
8. 11. 8. peculiarities about
sowing seed.
OnAvyovov (= appevdyovov), dog-mer-
cury, Mercurialis perennis
9,18. 5. properties: described.
O@nAvkpavea, cornel, Cornus san-
guinea
1.8. 2. has less knots than xpavea ;
3.3. 1. tree of mountain and
plain; 3. 4. 2. time of budding;
3. 4.3. time of fruiting; 3. 4. 6,
fruit inedible; 3. 12. 1-2. de-
scribed; 5. 4. 1. less fruitful
than xpave.a,
OyAVrrepis, bracken, Pteris aquilina
9. 18. 8. properties : distinguished
from rrepis.
OnrAdpovoy (= axdvcTov = puddovoy =
axoprios (3) 9. 18. 2.), wolf’s
bane, Aconitum Anthora
9, 18. 2. properties: habit: fatal
to the scorpion,
Ojceov, Corydalis densiflora
7, 12. 3. root bitter: medicinal
use.
451
ea 2
INDEX OF PLANTS
Opadrados, joint-fir, Ephedra campy-
lopoda
8. 6. 4. very shallow-rooting:
many roots; 4.1.3. likes shade
Opidaxivn (properly, but not always,
distinguished from @ptéaé), wild
lettuce, Lactuca scariola
1. 10. time of leaf-growth:
stem presently spinous; 1.12.2.
taste of sap; 7. 1. 2-3. time of
sowing and. of ake
7. 3.2. seeds; 7.4. 1. several
kinds; 7. 4. Be do. ‘viz. Aevkn,
TAatvKavAOS, oaTpoyyvAcKavics,
Aakxwvixy: differences; 7. 5. 4.
pests; 7. 6. 2. wild form dis-
tinguished : medicinal use;
9. 8. 2. juice of stalk collected,
with a piece of wool ; 9.11.10.
leaf of AiBaywris n deapros comp.
to 0. n muxpa..
Opidaé, lettuce, Lactuca sativa
7,2. 4. grows again when stem is
cut: effect on flavour; 7. 2. 9.
root described; 7. 5. 3. bears
transplanting.
@pvadXis, Plantago crassifolia
aa Al. 12. flowers more or less ina
* spike.
Opiov, (a grass), Imperata arundi-
Nacea
4,11. 12. foliage of some xcdAapor
comp.
Covaper eat} (= aotpuxveds 6 pavikds
), thorn-apple, Datura
Sheiothan
O@via (@vera), Odorous cedar, Juni-
perus foetidissima
1. 9. 3. evergreen; 3. 4. 2. time of
budding; 3. 4. 6. time of fruit-
ing; 4.1. 3. grows on hill-tops.
(@d.0, ? a madrepore
4.7.1. grows in Atlantic: turns
to stone).
thm (OyuBpov), savory, Satureia
3.1. 1) a typical under-shrub ;
BS. 1. taste of fruit; 1. 12. 2.
Haste of sap; 6.1. 4.a ” spineless
wild under-shrub; 6. 2. 3. seed
conspicuous : not, like @vx0s,
particular as to situation; 6.7.5.
a wild form of épmzvAAos comp.;
7. 1. 2-3. time of sowing and of
germination; 7. 1. 6. germins-
452
tion; 7. 5. 5. seed keeps well;
7.6.1 ia form distinguished.
Ovuov (1) (@¥uos), Cretan thyme,
Tans capitata
1, 12. 2. taste of sap; 3.1.3. re-
Nae gee itself without seed;
6. 2. 3. two forms, black and
white seed inconspicuous ;
6. 2. 4. requires sea-breezes.
(‘ hice (2), ? a madrepore
4.7.2. a marine plant which turns
to stone: described).
@vov (6va), thyine-wood, Callitris
quadrivalvis
5. 3. 7. described: character and
use of wood; 5.4.2. wood proof
against decay.
iagcwwvy, bindweed, Convolvulus
sepium
ete g 2. flower consists of one
ea
ixun, ? duckweed, Lemna minor
4. 10. 1-2. in list of plants of Lake
Copais ; 4.10.4. requires further
investigation
igia (1), oak-mistletoe, Loranthus
europaeus
3.7.6. grows on oak and other
trees; 3.16. 1. grows On mpivos.
i€ia (2) (= aKxav0a (9) = dxavos =
igivn=xXayatdéwv 6 AcvKds), pine-
thistle, Atractylis gummifera
ori. Cret tan: produces a gum.
tfbry fue (axavOcKn) pacrixy 6.4. 9.,
9.1.2.) (= dkav6a (9) = dnavos
= iéta (2) = xaparéwy 6 AcevKés),
payee Atractylis gummi-
6. 4. 3. a ‘thistle-like’ plant;
6. 4. 4. time of growing; 6. 4. 9.
described; 9. 1. 2. produces a
gum called pacrixn.
tov (=iwvia = tov 7d Acvxér), gilli-
flower, Maithiola % wre
1, 9. 4. evergreen; 1. 3. pro-
pagation; 4. 7. "4. S edtont and
Scent of unnamed Arabian
tree (see App. (12a)) comp. ;
6. 1. 1. in list of under-shrubs;
6. 6. i. a cultivated under-
shrub: a coronary plant; sweet-
scented ; 6.6.5. sweetest-scented
at Cyrene; 6. 6. 11. grows from
—_—_--
‘atte ees
INDEX OF PLANTS
seed; woody; 6.8. 5. position
and climate important for frag-
rance: flowers very early in
Egypt; 6. 8. 6. on mountains
blooms well, but has inferior
scent; 7. 6. 4. wild form quite
distinct, alike only i in leaf.
tov To AevKéy (=Aevxkédiov (1) =iwvia 7
Aevxy), gilliflower, Matthiola in-
cana
3. 18. 13. flower of evervvpos
comp.; 4. 7. 8. flower of an
Arabian tree (see App. (15))
comp; 6 8. several colour
forms; 6. 6. 7. distinguished
from (i. 7d pédAav; 6. 8. 1-2.
flowering-time; 6. 8. 5. “plant
lives three years at most: de-
generates with age: 1 Ge am B
leaves * on the stem.’
lov Td pédAay (=iwvia H pédAava),
violet, Viola odorata
1.13.2. has a ‘twofold’ flower;
63 6.35 only one form ; 6. 6. 7.
distinguished from ¢. 7d Aevk6v;
6. 8. 1-2. a coronary plant:
flowering time.
imvov, ? marestail, Hippuris vulgaris
4.10. 1-2. in list of plants of Lake
Copais; 4.10.4. requires further
investigation.
immopdpaboy (=payidapts), Prangos
Serulacea
6. 1. 4. a spineless wild under-
shrub: belongs to ‘ ferula-like’
plants.
immogéAcvov, Alexanders, Smyrnium
Olusatrum
1. 9. 4. evergreen; 2. 2.1. propa-
gation; 7.2. 6. root of tevrAcoy
comp.; 7. 2. 8. root; 7. 6. 3.
comp. with édctooéAuvov : medi-
cinal use; 9, 1. 3. root produces
a gum: which is like opupve. ;
9. 1. 4. propagated from a
Sdxpvov: a popular error about
é. and opupva; 9.15.1. grows
in Arcadia.
immopacs, see TLO0jaddos.
immédhews, spurge, Luphorbia acan-
thathamnos
6. 5. 1. in list of spinous plants
which have leaves as well as
spines; 6. 5. 2. has no spines op
the leaves.
tps, iris, Iris pallida, ete.
. 7. 2. root fragrant; 4, 6. 2.
"grows best in Illyria on shores of
Adriatic; 6. 8. 3. a coronary
plant: flowering time; 7.13.1.
leaves described; 7. 138. 2.
flower-stem not the only stem:
stem comp. with agdddedos:
9.7.3. in list of a apamara 5 9.7.4.
only European apwpa: best in
Illyria: preparation; 9. 9. 2.
perfume.
igxatmos, Andropogon Ischaemum
9.15. 3. Thracian : properties.
loxds (= a amos (2) 9. 9. 5. = padhavos
n dpeta), spurge, Euphorbia
. pios.
itéa, Willow, Salix spp.
1. 4. 2. lives near water; 1. 4. 3.
‘amphibious’; 1. 5. 1. crooked
and low; 1. 5. 4. wood light;
3. ii, ‘propagation ; es ees
seems to have no fruit, yet re-
produces itself: instance ; 8.1.3.
sheds its fruit unripened : 3.3.1,
tree of mountain and plain;
3.3.4. a question if it bears fruit;
3. 4. 2. time of budding; 3. 6. L
quick or slow grower?; 3.13. 7.
described: kinds (see below):
called in Arcadia éAikyn 3 3.14. 4.
leaf of xoAvréa comp.; 4. 1. 1.
likes wet ground; 4. 5. 7. com-
mon some Mediterranean
- regions; 4. 8. 1. grows partially
in water; 4. 10. 1. in list of
plants of Lake Copais; 4. 10. 6.
grows both on land and in
water; 4. 13. 2. shorter-lived
by water; 4. 16. 2. grows again
after being cut or blown down;
4. 16. 3. instance of a tree which
survived the lopping of its
' branches; 5. 3. 4. character of
wood; 5. 7. 7. uses of wood;
5. 9. 4. wood makes an evil
smoke when burnt for charcoal
itéa 7 yp Neva white willow, Salix
al
8.13. 7. described.
iréa ) pédava, Salix amplexicaulis
8. 13. 7. described.
ipvov, spike-lavender, Lavandula
Spica
6. 6. 11. a coronary plant: grown
453
INDEX OF PLANTS
from seed; 6. 8. 3. flowering
time.
ber ? cork-oak, Quercus Suber (G.
from Plin. 16. 98. Hesych. has
ys = Kiooos)
3. 4. 2. time of budding.
iwvia (Stor g.0. = twvia H AcvKH =
idv ro Aevkoy = AcvKdiov (1)),
gilliflower, Matthiola incana.
twvia % AevKH (= iwvia = lov g.v.),
‘gilliflower, Maitthiola incana.
iwvia } péAacva (= lov Td péAaveg.v.),
violet, Viola odorata.
kaxtos (1), cardoon, Cynara Cardun-
culus
6. 4. 10-11. a ‘ thistle-like’
Bene: described: peculiar to
ic
ean 2) artichoke, Cynara Scoly-
6. “L a has erect ‘stalk’ called
mwrépvé : described ; edible ; base
of receptacle called cxadias.
KaAajos, reed
1. 5. 2. bark fibrous: bark in one
layer; 1. 5. 3. stem jointed;
1.6.2. core membranous; 1. 6. 7
root jointed; 1.6.10. roots large
and numerous; 1. 8. 3. joints
regular ; 1.8.5. ‘joints dittonous
ae knots’ : 1.9. 4. evergreen;
. 10. 5. leaves end in a point;
farther described ; 1.10.9. eaves
made of fibre: leaf-stalk made
of fibre; 2. 2. 1. (a kind of)
propagation ; 4.8.1. in list of
Ta Aoxpaedyn; 4. 8. 7. KUapyos Oo
Aiyirruos comp.; 4. 8. 8. thick-
ness of root of xvapyos 6 Aiyir-
ros comp.; 4. 9.1. class of rivers
in which x. grows; 4.9.3. has
*side-growths’; 4. 10. 1. in list
of plants of Lake Copais; 4.10.6.
grows both on land ‘and in
water; 4.10.7. effect of drought ;
4. 11. 1. distinguished from «x.
6 avAnrixds (see below): a stout
and a slender form (0 Repass
and 6 7Adkimos) (see below);
4.11. 10-13. other forms; 6. 2.8.
setting of leaves of vap@né and
vapOnkta. comp.; 9.16.1. dixrapvor
kept ¢ év KOAGKY
Kadamos 0 avdnriKds (=k. 0 Aakwrixds
454
=k, o ov pryyias rat °. fea
=k. 0 xapaxias = d6vat, pole-
reed, Arundo Donaz
4. 10. 1. in list of plants of Lake
Copais; 4.10. 6. grows only in
water; 4. 11. 1. distinguished
from the ordinary form of «.;
4.11.2. not true that it takes
nine years to grow; . 12.3,
conditions of growth; 4.11. 4.
described by contrast with other
kdAapor; 4. 11. 4-7. manufac-
ture of the mouthpieces of
pipes; 4. 11. 8-9. distribution
in region of Lake Copais.
Kaédapos 0 i Ammophila arun-
dinac
4. 11. 13. the ‘male kind’ of «x.
emiyevos, 80 called by some,
kddapos (émtyeos), bush-grass, Cala-
mogrostis Epigeios
4.11.13. pone oe growth comp.
to ay Yypwoor
Kkddapos 0 evans, sweet flag, Acorus
Calamus
4. 8. 3. grows in a Syrian lake;
9.7.1. habitat (east of Lebanon):
described : fragrance; 9.7.3. in
list of apapara.,
KdAawos 0 “Ivdixds, bamboo, Bambusa
arundinacea
4. 11. 13. described.
kadhamos 6 “Ivéuxds (‘male’), Male
bamboo, Dendrocalamus striectus
4.11. 13. distinguished as solid.
KaAamos 0 Aakwrikds (=K6 avAntiKds
=k. 0 cupryyias te i Mascred
= Kk. 0 xapaxias = ddvaé), pole-
reed, Arundo Donax
4.11. iz. colour.
KddAamos 0 mAdKimOSs, spear- 9
Phragmites communis
4, Roe * — reed; compared
Xapaxias: grows on
floating islands of Lake Copais.
KaAamos 6 oupryyias (= ='K, ‘6 avAnTLKoS
=k. 6 Aakwrixds dark kK. tripe aca
= Kk. 0 xapakias = ddv » pole-
reed, Arundo Donax
4.11. 10 described.
Kadapos 6 TogiKds (Kpyrixés) (=n 6
avdnrikds = kK. 6 Aakwrikos = k. 6
ovpryyias = K. 6 xapaxias = 86-
vaé), pole-reed, Arundo Donax
4,11. 11. described,
INDEX OF PLANTS
Rada WLOS O Xapakias (= K. 6 AaxwyiKds
etc.), pole-reed, Arundo Donax
4, 11. ae teat form: described:
grows in reed-beds of Lake
Copais.
xaAapos (Other kinds)
4.11. 10. briefly described.
eenerss caper, Capparis spinosa
1. 3. 6. refuses cultivation; 3.2.1.
‘fruits better in wild state;
4.2.6. fruit of BdAavos comp.:
6. 1. 3. has spines on the shoots ;
6. 4. 1. has spines on leaves as
well as cn stem; 6. 5. 2. de-.
scribed; 7. 8. 1. stem on the
ground‘; 7. 10. 1. grows and
flowers entirely in summer.
capdapov, cress, Lepidium sativum
1, 12. 1. taste of fruit; 7.1. 2-3.
time of sowing and germina-
tion; 7. 1. 6. germination;
7.4.1. only one kind; 7.5. 5
seed keeps well. ;
kapdduwyov, cardamom, Elettaria
Cardamomum
9.7.2. an apwpa, Median or In-
dian; 9. 7.3. in list of apwmare.
Kapva (fruit képvov), hazel, Corylus
avellana
1. 12. 1. taste of fruit; 3. 2. 3.
evidence that it is really wild ;
3. 3. 1. a mountain tree; 3. 4. 2.
time of budding; 3. 4. "4. time
of fruiting; 4.5. 4. abundant
on Tmolus and Mysian Olym-
pus; 8. 2. 2. germination de-
scribed.
kapva 7 EvBoixy, sweet chestnut, Cas-
tanea vesca var. (improved form)
1. 11.3. seed in a leathery shell;
4.5.4, eae a an
Magnesia; 5.
against tae: 5. 4. 4. wood
does not decay in water (?)
5. 6. 1. wood makes a noise
when about to split: instance;
5.7.7. uses of rack does not
rapidly decay; 5. 9.2 charcoal
of this wood used in iron-mines.
capva % ‘HpaxAcwttxy (‘Hpaxdewris)
(fruit xdpvov), filbert, Corylus
avellana vars.
1. 3. 3. effect of not pruning;
1.10. 6. leaves notched ; 1.11.1.
geed immediately witht enve-
. 2. wood proof’
lope; 1.11. 3. seed in a woody
shell’; 3. 3. 8. doubt whether it
has a ee a A spr i8: 3. 5. 5-6.
catkins ; . 2. formation of
buds; 36 e. " deep-rooting ac-
cording to Arcadians: etc.;
3. 7. 3. catkins; 3. 15. 1-2.
described : kinds.
Bf i Ilepoixn, walnut, Juglans
3: 6. 3. Y fontantion of buds; 3.14.4.
leaf of onuvda comp.
kacia, Cassia, Cinnamomum iners
4. 4. 14. in list ~ oriental aroma-
tic plants; 9. 4. 2. Arabian;
9. 5. 1. and 8. described:
method of collection; 9. 7. 2.
Arabian; 9. 7. 3. in list of apu-
Mata,
ciulbaeh bet Tordylium apulum
7.7.1. @ Adxavoy.
neyxpos, millet, Panicum miliaceum
1. 11. 2. seeds in a husk ; 4. 4. 10.
pirodcnnes of Spugoy sana Be
4.8.10. fruit of Awrds (2) comp.;
4. 10. 3. size of seeds of oaidy
comp.; 8.1. 1. in list of ‘sum-
mer crops’ distinct from cereals
and pulses; 8.1.4. sown later
than cereals and pulses; 8. 2. 6.
time of maturing seed; 8. 3. 2.
stem; 8. 3. 3. flower; 8.
seed abundant; Sake
little water : comp. with péAc-
vos; 8. 9. 3. reasons why it
might have been expected to
exhaust the soil: contrasted
with pulses as to ‘lightness’;
8.11.1. seed keeps well; 8.11. 6.
do. specially in hill- country ;
9. 18. 6. fruit of kparavywv comp.
cedpis, juniper, Juniperus communis
1. 9. 4. evergreen: a dwarf kind
(cf. xédpos 3. 13, 7.); 1. 10. 6.
leaf spinous at tip; 4 Se
taste of fruit.
kéSpos (1) (= ofvxedpos S IR: 8.)
prickly cedar, Juniperus Ozy-
cedrus
1. 5. 3. wood not fleshy ; 1. 10. 6.
leaf spinous at tip; 3. 6. 5.
shallow-rooting according to
Areadians; 3.10.2. pidos comp.;
3. 12. 3-4. described: two kinds,
H Avxin and 7H PowwiKy (2? Porr-
455
INDEX OF PLANTS
xuxyn) (see Kxédpos (3));
guished from -apxev@os 5
has a dwarf form (?xedpis, cf.
1. 9. 4.); 4. 3. 3. size of fruit of
madtoupos o “Avyimtios comp
4.5.2. grows on Thracian and
Phrygian mountains; 4. 16.
some think topping fatal; 5.3. 7
images made from the ‘wood;
5. 4. 2. wood proof against de-
cay; 5.9. 8. wood exudes mois-
ture : hence ‘sweating’ statues;
9.1.2. sap gummy.
xédpos (2), Syrian cedar, Juniperus
excelsa
8.2. 6. characteristic of mountains
of Cilicia and Syria ; 4
grows in Syria and is used for
ships; 5. 1-2. use of wood
in ship- pbuilding ; 5. 7. 4. use of
wood in house-building ; 5.8.1.
roy ag fine in some regions
eg
KéSpos (3). , Powvexiey (= dpxevOos),
distin-
hy
Phoenician cedar, Juniperus
phoenicea
8.12.38. see xéSpos (1); 9. 2.3. said
to be burnt for pitch i in Syria.
eos £7 nH Avxin
8.-12. 3..a kind so distinguished
by ees from xéSpos (3).
xevtavpiov, centaury, Centaurea sa-
lonitana
1. 12. 1. taste of fruit; 3. 3. 6.
only bears fruit in hill country;
4.5.1. seeks cold regions; 7.9.5.
leaves and stems bitter, yet
wholesome ; 9. 1. 1. juice blood-
red; 9. 11. 6. juice mixed with
aorTpvxvos 6 pavikds to make a
potion.
xevravpis, feverwort, Erythraea Cen:
taurium
9. 8. 7. superstition as to gather-
ing; 9. 14. 1. how long drug
will keep.
KevtTpow.vppivy (=pvaxavOos),butcher’s
broom, Ruscus aculeatus
3.17. 4. bears fruit, on its leaves.
kepdis (= padavos H aypia 9. 15. 5.),
charlock, Raphanus Raphanis-
trum.
Képacos (= “naxden)s bird-cherry, Pru-
NUS &
3.13. 1- 3. scone 4.15.1. bark
456
can we stripped; 9. 1. 2. sap
umm
KEepavviov, ’ thanderceentile, Tuber
aestivum
1. 6. 5. has no roots.
kepxis (1), Judas-tree, Cercis Sili-
quastrum
1, 11. 2. seeds in a pod.
kepxis (2), aspen Pavan tremula
3. 14. 3. described.
kepwvia (=ovKy i 7 Aiyurria 1, 11. 2.),
carob, Pastas Siliqua
1. 11. 2. seeds in a pod; 1. 13. 2.
bears on stem and branches ;
4, 2. 4. described.
KyAaotpos (xjAagzpov), holly, Ilex
Aquifolium
1.3. 6. refuses cultivation; 1. 9.3.
evergreen; 3.3.1. tree of moun-
tain and plain; 3. 3. 3. ever-
green; 3. 4. 5-6. time of fruit-
ing; said to lose fruit in winter ;
4. 3. grows in very cold
positions; 5.6.2. colour of wood
of gudrten, comp.; 5. 7. 7. wood
used for walking-sticks.
kidépwpov, cinnamon, Cinnamomum
assia
4.4.14. in list of oriental aromatic
plants; 9.4.2. Arabian ; 9.5.1—2.
two Kinds, white and black,
described : habitat: method of
collection: a story; 9.7.2. in
list of apdpara.
kia@os, rock-rose, Cistus spp.
1... 4 * spineless wild under-
‘shrub; 2. 2. described : tivo
forms ie below).
kta8os 6 appyv, Cistus villosus
6. 2. i. descri
kiaGos 6 OnAVS. Cistus salvifolius
6.2.1. described.
KUTTOs, ivy, Hedera Helix
1. 3. 2. a shrub which becomes
tree-like; 1. 9. 4. evergreen;
1. 10. 1. leaves change shape
with age of plant; 1. 10.7. long
leaf-stalk; 1. 13. 1. flower
‘downy’; 1.13. 4. attachment
of flower: 3.4.6. time of fruit-
ing: 3. 10. 5. fruit and leaf
of ¢iAvpa comp.; 3. 14. 2. eo
of xepxis (2) comp.; 3. 18.
kinds distinguished (see below):
3. 18. 7. distinguished from
INDEX OF PLANTS
ecé; 3. 18. 9-10. described:
habit etc.; 3. 18. 11. cluster of .
berries of cuidaé (2) comp.: de-
scribed; 4. 4. 1. distribution in
Asia; 4. 16. 5. overgrowth of x.
dangerous to trees; 5. 3. 4.
character of wood; 5.9.6. wood
said to make best fire-sticks ;
5. 9. 7. the stationary fire-stick
should be made of x. or a@pa-
yévn; 9. 18. 6. leaf of epevOcdarvov
comp.
KUTTOS o eAr€, see EAE
KUTTOS O Avett white-berried ivy,
a Helix
3.18. 6. pa ; several kinds:
one=xkopupBias, one=«K. 6 “Axap-
vixds; 3.°18. 9. roots; 3.18. 10.
fruit; 9.18. 5. properties of fruit.
KitTos © péAas, black-berried ivy,
Hedera Helix
3. 18. 6. several kinds; 3. 18. 9.
roots; 3. 18. 10. fruit.
Ktxoprov (xcxd6pn), chicory, Cichorium
ntybus
1. 10. . attachment of leaves;
Ts bahay & Adxavov 5 a class of
piants called ‘ chicory-like’ from
their leaves; 7. 7. 3. season of
growing; 7. 8. 3. leaves ‘ on the
ground’ and ‘on the stem’; etc.;
7.9. 2. long in flower; 7. 10. 3.
flowers borne in succession ;
7.11. 8. root, inflorescence oa
seed-vessel described ; 9.12, 4
MIKO n fords comp. to x. 7d
iteete 9. 16. 4. leaf of axévirov
edpOpa, alder, Alnus glutinosa
14.3. ‘amphibious’ ; 3.3.1. tree
‘of mountain and plain; 3. 3. 6.
does not always fruit; 3. 4. 2.
time of budding; 3. 4. 4, time
of fruiting; 3.6.1. slow grow-
ing (?)5 3. 6. 5. roots slender
and ‘plain,’ according to Arca
dians; 3. 3. described ;
3.15. 1. leaf of Kapva 1) “HpaxAew-
muky comp.; 4.8.1. grows par-
tially in water.
mgr sc is (?), Acer Pseudo-platanus
8.11. 1. a form of odbévdapuvos.
kAvpevov, honeysuckle, Lonicera
etrusca
9. 8. 5. superstition as to time of
cutting; 9. 18. 6-7. properties
of fruit.
xvéwaov (berry Kvidcos
Daphne Gnidium
6. 1. 4. a spineless wild under-
7
KOKKOS),
shrub; 9, 20. 2. berry de-
scribed ; medicinal use and pro-
perties.
Kvéwpos ) ee ci Daphne oleoides
6. distinguished from xk. 6
uides' use of root.
npgupes 0 péAas, Thymelaea hirsuta
. 10. 4. leaves fleshy; 6, 2. 2. see
kK. 0 AcvKds,
KyyKos (= K. 0 jmepos = Kpdxos 6 axay-
Owdns), saflower, Carthamus tinc-
torius etc. (see below)
. 13. 3. flowers attached above
“each seed; 6.1.3. a wild under-
shrub: has spines on the leaves;
6. 4. 3. a ‘thistle-like’ plant:
6. 4. 4. a side-growths; 6. 4. 5.
three forms distinguished and
described, one cultivated (sce
below) ; 6. 6. 6. seed of podov
comp.
ya n aypia, Carthamus leucocaulos
6. 4. 5. distinguished from x, 7
jmepos
KvKos 7 éypia (erépa), Cnicus bene-
dictus
6. 4. 5. described.
KvjKos } jpepos, Carthamus tinctorius
6. . distinguished from wild
8.
Kvidios Kéxkos, see kvéwpov
_ KotE (= xovxiddopov), doum-palm,
Hyphaene thebaica
1. 10. 5. reedy leaves; 2.6.10. a
shrubby palm: Ethiopian.
koxkvyéa, wig-tree, Rhus Cotinus
3. 16. 6. described.
Ronee (fruit coxxvuyAcy), plum-
tree, Prunus domestica
1. 10. 10. fruit made of flesh and
fibre; 1. 11. 1. seed enveloped
in flesh and stone; 1.12.1. taste
of fruit; 1.13.1. flower ‘ leafy’;
1, 13.3. flower above fruit- -Case ;
3. 6. 4. very shallow-rooting :
few roots; 3. 6. 5. deep-rooting
according to Idaeans; etc.;
4, 2. 3. size of fruit of cu«y 7
Kumpia comp.; 4.2.5, fruit-stone
of repoéa comp,
457
INDEX OF PLANTS
koxxupnréa ( Aiyvrria) (sebesten),
Cordia Myzxa
4, 2. 10. described.
KoAouTia (1) (xoAovtéa 3. 17. 2.: cf.
3.17.3. n.), Cytisus aeolicus
1. 11. 2. tree of Lie islands:
seeds in a pod; 3. 17. 2. de-
scribed.
ee (2), Salix cinerea
7.3. Idaean: described
Bie ss gourd, Cucurbita maxima
1.11. 4, seeds in a row: 1. 12. 2.
taste of sap; 1. 13. 3. flower
attached above fruit: 2. 7. 5.
use of dust; 7. 1. 2-3. time of
sowing and of germination ;
7.1.6. germination; 7.2.9. rcot
described ; 7. 4.1. several kinds;
7.5.5. seed does not keep well.
xodutéa, bladder-senna, Colutea ar-
borescens
B. 14. “te aie ao 16s.)
Komapos (fruit pewatkvaAov
ag Arinntenk Arbutus Unedo ‘
5 ae 7A bark readily drops off;
1. 9. 3. evergreen; 3. 16. 4. de-
scribed ; 3: Ai 6. leaf of xox-
kvyéa comp.; 5.9. 1. wood makes
good charcoal.
Koun = Tpayora@ywv 7. 7.1. @.v.
Kovuca, Inula sp
6. l.4.a spinatoks wild under-
shrub; 6. 2. 5. two kinds de-
scribed and compared (‘ male’
and ‘female’) (see below);
7. 10. 1. grows and flowers
entirely in summer,
kévuca 7» appnv, Inula viscosa
6.
Kévuca q OjAca, Inula graveolens
2. 5.
seated. coriander, Coriandrum
sativum .
1.11.2. seeds naked; 7. 1. 2-3.
time of sowing and germination;
1. 6. germination; 7. 2. 8.
root ‘described; 7. 3. 2. seeds
described; 7. 4. 1. only one
kind; 7. 5. 4. effect of hot
weather; 7. 5. 5, seed keeps well.
xopup Blas, see KiTTds O AevUKds.
xopxopos, blue pimpernel, Anagallis
caerulea
7.7.2. a Adxavov: proverbial for
bitterness,
458.
kopwvorovs, hartshorn, Plantago
Coronopus
7. 8.3. leaves ‘on the ground.’
ner Saussurea Lappa
9. 7. 8. in list of é apwopara
KOtLvos (? = aypiédatos), wild olive,
Olea Oleaster
1. 4. 1. more fruitful than éAda ;
1. 8.1. many knots; 1. 8. 2.
more knots than aAda3 178.3.
knots Pe oat knots opposite ;
1. 8. liable to excrescences ;
1.14. Ms wild form of éAda ; 2.2. 11.
cannot be made into éAda by
cultivation: effect of transplant-
ing and removing top-growth;
2.3. 1. occasionally changes to
éAda spontaneously; 3. 2.
produces more fruit’ than ee
but ripens less; 3. 6. 2. knots
opposite ; 3. 15. 6. size of fruit
of kpdravyos comp.; 4. 4, 11.
Indian olive between «x. and
éAda; 4. 13. 1. longer-lived than
eAda; 4. 13.2. story of a very
old «. at Olympia; 4. 14. 12.
suffers less than éAda from
special winds; 5. 2. 4. story of
a tree at Megara; 5. 8. 3. char-
acter of wood; 5. 4. 2. wood
proof against decay; 5. 4. 4.
wood vot eaten by teredon;
5. 7. ‘ses of wood for car-
per’ ols.
KOUKLEC = «oté), doum-palm,
Ai mene thebaica
2. 6. 9. (not named) described;
4, 2. 7. describe
kpavea (fruit Kpéveov 4, 4. 5),
cornelian cherry, Corneis
mas
1.6.1. core hard and close; 1.8.2.
has more knots than @ndAv-
kpavea; 3. 2. 1. fruit sweeter
and better ripened in wild than
in cultivated form; 3. 8. 1. tree
of mountain and plain; 3. 4. 2,
time of pipes 3. 4. 3. time
of fruiting; 3.6 xn slow-grow-
ing (?); 3. 12. 1-2. described ;
4. 4. 5. fruit of an unnamed
Indian tree (see App. (6)) comp.;
5. 4. 1. more fruitful than @yAv-
kpavea; 5, 6. 4. wood very
strong.
> 4
.
:
INDEX OF. PLANTS
Kpatatyovos, willow-weed, Polygo-
num Persicaria
9. 18. 6. hits ee oer
Kparar ‘os ATALYOV
Crataonie He linerohti
3. 15. 6. described: perhaps a
wild form of peoriAn.
kpyntis, ox-tongue, Helminthia echi-
oeides
7.8. 3. leaves on the stalk.
«xp.6y, barley, Hordeum sativum
-6 5. roots numerous; 1. 6. 6.
do.; 1. 11. 5. each seed separ-
ately attached :
turn sometimes into wheat;
2. 4. 1. wild «. turns into culti-
vated with cultivation ; 4. 4. 9.
India has a corresponding cereal
and a wild form of x.; 8.1.1.
in list of cereals; 8. 1. 3. sown
early, before mupés; 8. 1. 5-6.
time of germination = Hellas
(and in Egypt ?); 8. 1. ger-
mination described ; - Sees
single leaf first appears: roots
described; 8. 2. 6. time of ma-
turing seed; 8. 2. 7. time of
harvest in Hellas and in Egypt;
8. 2. 9. crop very early in island
of Chalkia ; 8.3.2. stem ; 8.4.1-2.
comp. in detail with other
cereals: kinds’ distinguished
(see below); 8.6.1. conditions for
sowing ; 8. 6. 4. suitable soil;
8. 6. 5-6. rain hurtful when x.
is in flower: and when itis ripe;
8. 7. 1. said to change into atpa
under certain conditions ; 8.7.5.
in many places comes up again
next year; etc.; 8.8. 2. favour-
able localities ; 8.8.3. aiyidwyp (2)
grows specially among «.; 8.9.1.
exhausts the soil, but less
than wvpdés: reason; 8. 10. 2.
wheat-rust; 8. 10. 3. effects
of weather ; ; ‘8. 11. 1. seed
keeps less well than updos;
8.11.3. grain stored without
drying; 8. 11.7. at Babylon
grain jumps on the Nar scr cl
floor: reason ; 9. 11. 9. riO¥-
paddAos 6 pupTiTys gathered at
time of barley-harvest ; 9. 12.
4. uijKwv 7 pods grows in fields
of «,
Fy
2. 2.9. said to:
KpiOat ai aypiac (Indian), Sorghum
halepense
4. 4, 9. can be used for bread.
KpiOai ai AxiAdrctar, barley, Hordeum
sativum var.
8. 4. 2. ear close to leaf; 8. 10. 2.
specially liable to wheat-rust.
KpiOat ai “Ivéixai, barley, Hordeum
sativum var.
8 4. 2. , branching.
KpiOav yévus tpiunvov, barley, Hor-
deum sativum var.
8. 1. 4. sown late.
Kpivov (= xp.vwvia, ef. Aeiprov (1)),
lily, Lilium candidum etc.
1. 13.2. has a ‘twofold’ flower ;
2.2.1. propagation from exuda-
tion; etc.; 4.8. 6. an unnamed
Egyptian ” plant (see App. (18))
comp.; 4.8.9. petals of flower of
Awtds (2) comp.; 6. 6.3. several
colour forms; 76. 6. 8. do.; a
coronary plant: described : pro-
pagation ; 6. 6. 9. leaves of
vapxicoos (1) comp.; 6. 8. 3.
flowering time; 9. 1. 4. ef.
Kpivoy To rophupody, Turk’s cap lily,
Lilium chalcedonicum
6. 6. 3. (see xpivov),
Kptot, see épéBivOos,
Kpoxos, crocus, Crocus spp. etc. (see
below)
1. 6. 6. root fleshy; 1. 6. 7. do.
4,7. 6... Piveilarge fleshy root ;
7.7.1. leaf of Tpayorwyov COMP.;
7. 4. flowering time Short:
three kinds mentioned, evuopos,
AevKs, akavOwdys (see below).
7.9.4. root acorn-shaped ; 7.10 2.
flowers in winter; 7.13.1. leaves
described; 7. 13. 2. no stem
except flower-stem.
KpoKos 0 aKxavOadns (= KVIjKOs = kK. i
npepos), Safflower, Carthamus
tinctorius
7. 7.4. (see xpdxos).
Kpokos 6 evoouos, saffron crocus,
Crocus sativus
4.3.1. abundant in Cyrenaica ;
6. 5. sweetest-scented at
Cyrene ; 6. 6. 10. a coronary
cer described : propagation ;
6. 8. 3. flowering time: a wild
(scentless) and a cultivated
459
INDEX OF PLANTS
kind; 7.7.4. see npoxos; 9.7. 3.
in list of apipara,
Kpdxos 6 AeuKds, CFOCUS, crocus can-
cellatus
7.7.4: 7.10. 2. (see xpdxos).
Kpoxvoyytecovy, Onion, Allium Cepa
var.
4. 6. 2. root of diKxos 7d wAarv
comp.
Kpomvov, Onion, Alliwm Cepa
1. 5. 2. ‘ bark’ in layers; 1. 6. 7.
root in scales; 1. 6. 9. no side
roots; 1. 10. 7. attachment of
leaves; 1.10.8. leaves hollow;
7. 1. 7. stem single; 7. 2. 1.
propagation ; 7. 2. 3. growth of
y7jOvov and mpdcov comp.: off-
sets specially numerous; 7. 3. 4.
seed borne at top; 7. 4. 7-10.
kinds distinguished, dpéd.or,
Kyiéstov, ZapoSpaxioy, oynravov,
aoxiarov, “Agkadwvov: cultiva-
tion and special points of cx.0-
tov (see below), *AckadAdvov :
further local varieties; 7. 4. 12
formation of roots of oxdpodov
contrasted ; 7.5.1. likes water;
7 5. 2. said to dislike rain-
water; 7. 8. 2. stem smooth,
not branched; 7. 9. 4. cf. 1.6.7;
7.18.4. grows in colonies be-
cause of offsets; 9. 15. 7. root of
p@Av COMP.
Kpopvov To cxtorov, shallot, Allium
Cepa var.
7. 4. 7-10. distinguished from
other varieties of xpoyxvoy: cul-
tivation.
xpérwv, castor-oil plant, Ricinus
communis
1.10. 1. leaves change shape with
age of plant; 3.18. 7. do.
kvapuos, bean, Vicia Faba
3. 13. 3. size of fruit of xépacos
comp.; 3.15.3. fruit of répuivlos
comp.; 3.17.6 size of berry of
adpumedos (2) comp.; 4. 3. 1. size
of fruit of Awrds (4) comp.;
7. 8. 1. length of flowering
of @x.ov comp.; 8. 1. 1. in
list of pulses; 8. 1. 3-4, sown
early, but can be sown late;
8. 1. 5. time of germination:
very slow; 8. 2. 1. germination
described; 8. 2. 3, comes up
460
kuvoppodov, dog-rose, Rosa canina
with several leaves: roots and
side-growths contrasted with
other pulses; 8. 2. 5. flowering
time; 8. 2. 6. time of maturing
seed; 8.3.1. leaf; 8.3.2. stem;
8. 5. 1. more than one kind:
white form sweetest; 8. 5. 4.
attachment of seed; 8.6.1, rain
not beneficial after sowing;
8. 6. 5. likes water when in
flower, but not later; 8. 7. 2.
makes ground fertile for épé-
B.vOos; 8. 8. 6. causes etc. of
x. becoming ‘ cookable’ or ‘ un-
cookable’; 8.9.1. improves the
soil (cf. 8. 7. 2.); 8. 10. 5. in-
fested by ives; 8. 11. 1. seed
does not keep; 8. 11. 3. seed
keeps well in some localities.
Kvapos (0 Atyirrios), Nelumbium spe-
cwsum
4. 8. 7-8 described; 4. 8. 9. stalk
leaves and growth of fruit of
Awrds (2) comp.
kvdovios (fruit pyAov cvddrov) (=
aotpovdiov (1)), quince, Cydonia
vulgaris
2. 2. 5. produced from seed of
otpovGiov; 4.8.11. size of root
Of Awrds (2) comp. to pyAoy
Kvdwvvov,
ug,
7.18. 9. (in defective sentence):
belongs to 7a BoABwody.
kukAdpvos, cyclamen, Cyclamen
graecum
root and juice used; 9. 9. 3. use
in medicine and as charm;
9. 18. 2. leaf of oxopmios (38)
comp.
7.9.4. root has ‘bark’; 9.9.1.
;
kv¥pvovy, cummin, Cuminum Cymi-
num
1.11. 2. seeds naked; 7. 3. 2-3.
about sowing; 7. 4. 1. several
kinds; 8. 3.5. seed very abun-
dant and small; 8. 6. 1 rain
not beneficial after sowing;
8. 8. 5. a plant parasitic on
root (see App. (25)); 8.10.1.
diseases; 9. 8. 8. cf. 7. 3. 2-3.
;
seeds described: popular belief
:
. 4. 8. an unnamed Indian tree
(cotton plant) comp.
ry
INDEX OF PLANTS
xuvoaBaros, Wild rose, Rosa semper-
virens
3. 18. 4. described; 9. 8. 5. super-
stition as to method of cutting.
xkivew, rib-grass, Plantago lanceo-
ata
7.7.3. time of growing: 7.11.2. (?)
flowers in a spike.
KUTAPLTTOS, cypress,
sempervirens
1. 5. 1. erect and tall; 1. 5. 3.
wood not fleshy ; 1.6. 4, shallow
rooting; 1. 6. 5. roots not
Cupressus
branching; 1. 8. 2. ‘ male’ has
more knots than ‘female’
1. 9. 1. growth chiefly upwards;
1. 9. 3. evergreen; 1. 10.
leaves fleshy; 2 2. Seopa.
gation; 2.2.6. seed of ‘female’
produces ‘ male’ trees; 2. 7. 1.
dislikes manure and. water ;
3.1. 6. comes up spontaneously
in Crete; 3. 2.3. evidence that
it is really wild (at least ‘ male’
form); 3. 2. 6. characteristic of
the Cretan Ida; 3.12 4. bark
of xédpos (1) comp.; 5 4.1.3. grows
very high on Cretan mountains ;
3. 1. grows in Cyrenaica
4,5. 2. abounds ia Crete, Lycia,
Rhodes; 4. 18. 12. beer (Bputés)
made from x. in Egypt; 4,16.1.
some think topping fatal; 5.3.7.
Ovov COMD).: gio ats made from
the wood; 5. 1. the ‘ mae
form the more ‘Feuittal, 5, 4, 2.
wood proof against decay: an
instance: takes a fine polish ;
5. 7. 4. use of wood in house-
building.
KUTeELpor, Conerah rotundus
9. 7.3. in list of apiuara,
kvrevpos, galingale, Cyperus longus
1.5. 3.. stem very smooth; 1.6.8.
a stout root and also’ fibrous
roots; 1.8.1, no knots; 1.10. 5.
leaves end in a point : further
described; 4. 8. 1. in list of ra
Aoxpadyn; 4. 8. 12. leaves of
padwabadAn comp.; 4.110. 1. in
list of aes of Lake Repele
4, 10. described; 4. 6.
grows both on land ae in
water: grows on the float-
ing islands of Lake Copais
4.11.12. foliage of some kéAapur
comp.
KUTLVOS, See poa.
Kvttcos (1), laburnum, Laburnum
vulgare
1. 6.1. core hard and close; 4. 4. 6.
habit of é8¢vy comp.; 5. 3. 1.
wood of the core very close
and heavy.
KUTLcos (2), tree-medick, Medicago
arborea
4, 16. 5. dangerous to trees.
kouaKcov, Ailanthus malabarica
9 2. an Arabian dpwyua (i.e,
imported through Arabia :
mixed with other apipara :
{name also given to fruit of a
different plant].
xovecov, hemlock, Conium macu-
tum
1.5. 3. alai fleshy ; 6.2.9. belongs
to ‘ferula-like’ plants: has a
hollow stem; 7. 6. 4. leaf of
opetogéAtvoy comp.; 9.8.3. most
powerful juice from root;
9.15.8. localities; 9.16. 8. medi-
cal experience ; 9. 16. 9. treat-
ment in Keos; 9. 20. 1. wémepe
an antidote to k.
Kkwvdpopos, see [revKn H] Kwvddhopos
Ad6upos, Lathyrus sativus
tS Re ga os ee 2 a 7 stem ;
8. 10. 5. infested by * worms.’
Aaxdpy (Adkapa) (= Képacos ? Mace-
donian name), bird-cherry, Pru-
nus avium
3. 3. 1. a tree of mountain and
plain; 3. 6. 1. slow-growing (?).
Aamaéos (Adrabor), monk’s rhubarb,
Rumex Patientia
1. 6. 6. root single; 7. 1. 2, time
of sowing; 7. 2. 7-8. root
described; 7. 4. 1. only one
kind; 7. 6. 1. wild form distin-
guished (see below); 9. 11. 1.
leaf of mdvaxes Td Xeipwverov
comp.
Admabov To aypiov, dock, Rumex con-
glomeratus
17 "6. 1. distinguished from A. rd
nPLEPOV 5 . & Adxavov; needs
cooking.
461
INDEX OF PLANTS
Aeimwvia, '(? = oxddvpos 6. 4. 3.),
golden thistle, Scolymus his-
panicus
6. 4. 3. a thistle-like’ plant:
leaves spinous.
Aciptov (1) (=x«pivoy q.v.) Madonna
lily, Lilium candidum |
6. flower of axry has the
Siekiy scent of A.; 3. 18. 11.
scent of flower of oputdaé (2)
pa 9.16.6.(?) leaf of ébjpepov
com
Aeiptov X», narcissus,
spp. (see below)
1. 18. 2. flower consists of one
‘leaf’ only partly divided.
Aefpiov, polyanthus narcissus, Nar-
cissus Tazetta
6.8.1. flowering time; 7.13. 4.
grown from seed.
Aetprov (7d Erepov 6.8.3.) (= vapKiagos
(1) 6.6.9.), narcissus, Narcissus
serotinus
6. 6. 9. a coronary plant: de-
scribed ; flowering time.
A€uva, water chickweed, Callitriche
verna
4, 10.1. in list of plants of Lake
pais,
iepeerdl ee thistle, Silybum
6. ew 3. a a‘ thistle-like ’ plant.
Aevxn, wtscles Populus alba
1. 10. 1. leaves change shape with
age of tree: leaves inverted
in summer; 3. 1. 1. propaga-
tion; 3. 3. 1. tree rg moun-
tain’ and plain ; 3. 2. time
of budding 3. 6. é quick-
arora 3 14, 2. hie a
Aig hg ay BOM es se aed 4,
jikes wet ground ; 4. 2. 3
stem of cvxy 7 Kumpia comp.;
4.8.1. grows partially in water;
4, 8. 2. scarce on Nile; 4. 10. 2.
flower of éAaiayvos comp
4.13. 2. shorter-lived by Suter:
4, 16. 3. instance of a_ tree
which grew again after falling
down; 5. 9. 4. wood makes an
evil smoke when burnt for char-
Narcissus
coal.
Aeuxdiov (1) (= lov 7d AcvKdy = iwvia
m Acvxy), gilliflower, Matthiola
UMmecana
462
AcuKéiov (2 snowdrop, Galanthus
nivalis
7. 13. 9. (in defective sentence)
belongs to ra BoABwdn.
AtcBavwrtis
9.9 5. medicinal ee 9.11.10-11.
two kinds (see belo
a wc ek N akapTos, Taco graeca
11. 10-11. described: medi-
gan use: habitat.
AiBavwris yn Kapminos, (fruit xaxpv
ecokia cretica
9. 11. 10. described : medicinal
use: habitat : prevents moth in
clothes.
A.Bavwros, (guM AiBavos,
cense: also A.Bavwrds 9. 4. 4-9.
etc.), frankincense-tree, " Bos-
weilia Carteri
4. 4,14. in list of oriental apjpara;
9. 1. 6. time of tapping; 9. 4. 1.
collection of gum; Be Be
Arabian: described : habitat ;
9.4.3. another account; 9.4. 4-10,
accounts of travellers ; 9.11.3
scent of mavaxes Td "HpdxAevov
comp.; 9.11.10. scent of root
of AtBavetis 7] KapTipos comp.;
9. 20. 1. an antidote to xwveor,
Aivor, flax, Linum percents
3. 18. 3. seeds oily; 8.7.1. said
to change into aipa.
Atvov mipivov
9. 18.
6. growth of xparaiyovos
pigs *
comp.
Awéonaprov, Spanish broom, Spar-
tium junceum
1. 5. 2. bark in layers.
Avxvis, rose-campion, Lychnis coron-
aria ;
6. 8. 3. a coronary plant: flower-
ing time.
(AwTés)
7. 15. 3. many plants called by
this name which have nothing
in common but the name.
Awtos (1), nettle-tree, Celtis aus- —
tralis
1, 5.3. wood not fleshy; 1. 6.1
core hard and close; 1. 8. 2:
few knots; 4. 2. 5. colour of
wood of nepoéa comp.; 4. 2.9.
wood of olive of Thebaid comp.;
Nea
tree (2? KoxxupndAéda Alyvrria)
wood of an unnamed —
aes
INDEX OF PLANTS
comp.; 5. 3. 1. wood very close
and heavy; 5. 3. 7. images
made from the wood; 5. 4. 2.
wood proof against’ oy: :
turns black when old;
core not obvious but pees
5. 5. 6. treatment of core for
making door-hinges ;
grows in some places exception-
Awtds (2) (aquatic) (root Kdpcrov),
Nile water-lily, Nymphaea stel-
lata
4. 8. 9-11. described.
Awrds (3) (herb), trefoil, Trifolium
fragiferum
. 8. 3. leaves ‘on the stem’;
"7, 18. 5. seed sometimes takes
two years to germinate.
Awtés (4) (Libyan tree), Zizyphus
Lotus
4 3.1. common in Libya; 4.3.1-2.
described; 4. 3. 4. further de-
scribed.
Awrés (5) (aromatic) (=
Fy td sage graeca
9. 7. 3. in list of apépara,
eALAwTos),
Ses (= immopapabov), Prangos
ferulacea
1. 6.12. root most characteristic
part; 6. 3. 7. distinct from
aidgiov: described: distribu-
tion.
[6, 3. 4. name also given to seed
of ciAdvor].
padovais (=vundaia 9.13.1.), yellow
water-lily. Nuphar luteum
wardxn ee mallow, Lavatera ar-
ve 3.4 2. a herb which becomes
tree-like under cultivation;
1. 9. 2.do.; 4. 15. 1. outer bark
can be stripped; 9. 18. 1. leaf
ae and taste of stem of aA@aia
sala 2), cheese-flower, Malva
silvestris
Ae ae a Adxavov 5 needs cooking;
7. 8. 1. stem ‘on the ground’
padaxn (3) 7 aypia (= addaia 9.15.5.),
pe gh mallow, Althaea offict-
nalis
5. 8. 1..
padwwabddrddAn (= pvao.ov), Cyperus
esculentus
4. 8. 12. described.
pavépayédpas (1), mandrake, &andra-
gora officinarum
9. 8. 8. superstition as to gather-
ing; 9. 9. 1. root and juice
used : medicinal use of leaf and
root.
mavipayopas (2), ? deadly night-
shade, Atropa Belladonna
6. 2. 9. belongs to ‘ ferula-like’
plants: has hollow stem: fruit
described.
Mapabor, fennel, Foeniculum vulgare
1. 11. 2. seeds naked; 1. 12. 2.
taste of sap; 4. 6. 3. piKxos To
rTprxopvdAdov comp.; 6.1. 4. aspine-
less wild under-shrub: be ongs
to ‘ferula-like’ plants; 6. 2. 9.
do.: has a fibrous stem; 7. 3. 2.
seeds described ; 9. 9. 6. leaf of
Gavia comp.
paomerov, See aidgvov
ite eT (= cxotvos 6 Kapmripnos
pa IS eg Luni: Schoenus
nigricans
pabieeret (ueAdurupos), Neslia
pan
8. 4. 6. infests Tupos O SiKkedds:
contrasted with aipa; 8. 8. 3.
(weAdptrupos 6 Tlovrtxos), speci-
ally affects crops of zrupés.
pedia, Se ee Fraxinus Ornus
3. 3. 1. tree of mountain and
pindic: 3. 4. 4. time of ne
3. 6.1. slow growing (?); 3.6 5.
roots numerous matted and
run deep, according to Arca-
dians; 38. 11. 3-4. described:
two kinds, see Bovpércos 3 3.17.1.
leaf of hedrAds comp.; 4 5. 8.
grows in Pontus; 4 8. 2.
common on Nile; 5. 1. 2. time
of cutting timber: 5. 6. 4. wood
‘moist’: used for elastic bed-
steads; 5.7.3. wood used for
bent-wood work: use in ship-
building; 5. 7.8. uses of wood
for carpenter’s tools,
age (= Awrds (5)), Trigonella
vir a5. 3. one of the many diverse
plants called Awrés.
méAcvos, (in other authors pedcvy:
463
INDEX OF PLANTS
see 8. 1. 1. n.), Italian millet,
Setaria italica
8. 1. 4. sown later than cereals
and pulses; 8. 2 time of
maturing seed; 8. 3. 2. stem;
8. 3. 3. flower; 8. 7. 3. needs
little water: comp with xéyxpos.
pedccooddvaddoyv, balm, Melissa offici-
nalis
6. 1. 4. a spineless wild under-
shrub.
pemackvaor, See Kduapos
peoviAn (fruit péomaAov) (= pw. 7
caravetos), medlar, Mespilus
germanica
8. 12. 5-6. described: three kinds
(Idaean account, see below);
8. 18. 1. leaf of xépacos comp.;
8. 15. 6. leaf, bark and taste of
fruit of xpararyos comp.; 3.17.5.
flower of ouxy 7 “Idata comp.
also taste of fruit; 4.2.10, fruit
of xoxxupyAéa comp.; 4 8. 12.
padivadadAdAn comp.; 4. 14. 10.
fruit gets worm-eaten.
peoriaAn n avOnSovoeidys, hawthorn,
Crataegus Oxyacantha
8. 12. 5. described.
peotriAn » avO7ydwv, oriental thorn,
Crataegus orientaliss
8. 12. 5. described.
peomiAn } gardavecos, Medlar, Mes-
pilus germanica
8. 12. 5. described.
Mydixy (moe), lucerne,
sativa
8. 7.7. destroyed by sheep sleep-
ing on it.
ujkeov, poppy etc., Papaver spp. etc.
(see below)
1. 9. 4, evergreen; 1. 11. 2. seeds
inavessel; 4.8. 7. size of flower
of Kv¥ayos 0 Aiyimtios cOomp.;
4. 8. 10. size of ‘ head’ of Awrds
(2) comp.; 4.10.3. iby comp. (?);
9.8.2. juice of ‘head’ collected ;
9, 12. 3-5. kinds (see below)
having nothing in common but
the name; 9. medical
experience; 9. 20. 1. seeds of
one kind of wérepc comp.
pyKkov 7 ‘“Hpaxdeia (= “Hpakdcia),
Silene venosa
9, 12. 5. described: medicinal
use,
464
Medicago
Mikev 7 Keparirts, horned poppy
Glaucium flavum var. Serpierit ’
9.12.3. described : medicinal use;
habitat.
LiKkav 7 pédava, Papaver Rhoeas
9.11.9. mixed with rr@vuaddAos 6
pupritns to make a medicine.
pijxov (4% doddys), Opium poppy,
Papaver somniferum
1. 12, 2. juice.
Bikwv 7 pods, Papaver hybridum
9. 12. 4. described: edible: habi-
tat: medicinal use.
Mykwviov (= riOvpuadrdAos 9. 8. 2.),
spurge, Euphorbia Peplus
9. 8. 2. collection of juice.
uyrca_ (fruit pyjAov), apple, Pyrus
Malus
1. 3. 3. a tree whose stem is not
single; 1. 5. 2. bark smooth:
bark readily drops off; 1. 6. 1.
core fleshy; 1. 6. 3. few roots;
1. 6. 4. shallow rooting; 1. 8. 4.
knots peculiar; 1. 9. 1. trunk
divides low down; i. 10. 4.
(?) leaves fleshy; 1. 10. 5.
leaves oblong; 1. 11. 4. seeds
all together in a single case;
1. 11. 5. seeds in a membrane;
1. 12. 1. taste of fruit; 1. 12. 2.
taste of sap; 1. 13. 1. flower
‘leafy’; 1.13. 3. flower above
fruit-case; 1. 14. 1. bears on
last year’s wood: some kinds
bear also on new wood; 1.14. 4.
many cultivated forms; 2. 1. 2.
propagation; 2. 2. 4. degene-
rates from seed; 2. 2. 5. seed
produces wild form; 2. 5; 3.
grafting; 2.5.6. trees should be
planted fairly close together;
2. 6. 6. some dates round like
pda; 2. 8. 1. apt to shed im-
mature fruit; 3. 3. 1. tree of
mountain and plain; 3.3.2. has
better fruit and timber in low-
lands; 3. 4. 2. time of budding;
3. 4. 4. time of fruiting; 3.11.5.
mountain and lowland forms
compared; 4. 5. 3. abundant in
Pontus; 4.5.4. grows on Mount
Tmolus and Mysian Olympus;
4.7.7. size of fruit of dévdpov ro
€p.opopov comp.; 4. 10. 2. leaf of
éAaiayvos comp. (?); 4. 10. 3,
ee
INDEX OF PLANTS
size of flower of oidy comp.;
4. 13. 2. short-lived, especially
certain kinds; 13. 3.- after
decaying shoots again from
same stock; 4. 14. 2. apt to get
worm- -eaten ; 4, 14. 10 fruit
gets worm-eaten ; 4, 14. 12. un-
injured by special winds ; 4.16.1.
survives splitting of stem; 5.3.3.
character of wood; 5. 4. 1. the
less fruitful trees produce more
solid wood; 6. 4. 9 ‘head’ of
i€(vn comp. ‘to penaAov.
pnréa 7 yAvxeta, Pyrus Malus var.?
4, 2. specially short-lived ;
4.14. 7. has specially weak con-
stitution; a form of Be eapery 5
9. 11. 5. leaf of oOTpUXVOS O UT-
vadys comp.
pyréa 7 caprvn, Pyrus Malus var.?
2. 1. 3. propagation; 4. 7. 7. size
of cotton-bearing vessel comp.;
4 18. 2. specially short-lived ;
4. 14. 7. has weak constitution ;
(cf. u. yAuketa).
pnréa 7 o€eta, Pyrus Malus var.?
4,.13. 2. comparatively long-lived.
pnréa H Leparky (Mndixy) citron, Cit-
rus Medica
1. 11. 4. seeds in a row; 1. 13. 4.
only pistillate flower fruitful ;
4, 4. 2. peculiar to Media and
Persia : described.
penaov To Kvdwvov, see Kuédaveos
BHNA@Opoy (= ses (4)), bryony,
Bryonia cret
3.18.11. fruit of of opidak (2) comp.;
6. 1. 4. a spineless wild under-
shrub.
minasies, Limnanthemum nymphoi-
Ss
4. 10. 1-2. in list of plants of
Lake Copais; 4. 10. 4. requires
further investigation.
pidag (= opidraé (2)), smilax, Smilax
aspera
1. 10. 5. leaf described; 1.10. 6.
leaf with spinous projections;
6. 8. 3. flower used in garlands.
pidos, yew, Taxus baccata
1, 9.) 3. evergreens: 3..8..1. a
mountain tree; 3. 3. 3. ever-
green; 3. 4.2. time of budding;
3. 4. 5. time of flowering and
fruiting; 3. 4. 6. time of fruit-
THEOPH. VOL, II.
ing; 3. 6. 1. slow growing (?)
3. 10. 2. described ; 4.1.3. lik
shade; 5. 7. 6. uses of wood.
piven (uivda) (= 7édvdcpov), green
mint, Mentha viridis
2. 4. 1. o.ovpBprov turns into p.
unless often transplanted ; 6.7.2.
said by some to have no fruit.
pvaoiov (= padtvabaddAn), Cyperus
esculentus
4, 8. 2. used for food in Egypt;
4. 8. 6. described.
pudcavbos (= xKevtpouvppivy), but-
cher’s broom, Ruseus aculeatus
6. 5. 1. in list of spinous plants
which have leaves as well as
spines.
puns, Mushroom etc., Fungus
1. 1. 11. has not all the ‘ parts’ of
a plant; 1. 5. 3. stem very
smooth; 1. 6. 5. no roots;
3. 7. 6. grows on roots of trees.
[4. 7. 2. marine growths which
turn to stone];
[4. 14. 3. name given to a disease
of éAda].
pudpovor (= axdvtov= OndAvpovov =
oxoprios (3)), wolt’s bane, Aconi-
tum Anthora
6. 1. 4. a spineless wild under-
shrub: belongs to ‘ ferula-like’
plants; 6. 2. 9. do. has a
fibrous stem.
pupixyn (1), tamarisk, Tamarix te-
trandra
1. 4. 3. ‘amphibious’; 1. 9. 3.
evergreen; 1. 10. 4. leaves
fleshy; 3.3. 2 rag of mountain
and plain; . 3. evergreen 3
3. 16. 4. ek ae Komapos COMP.};
4, , 6. (?) leaf of Badavos comp.;
4, ae leaf of dpis (7) comp ;
6. 241 - leaf of kvéwpos 0 péAdas
comp.; 6. 4. 8. flower of xapa-
Aێwv comp
acc A Os ternal: Tamari« artic-
5. 4. = esti wood very strong.
puppivn (wdppivos, uuvpros) (fruit pvp-
tov), myrtle, Myrtus communis
1. 3. 3. effect of not pruning;
1. 9. 3. evergreen; 1. 10. 2
leaves close-set and opposite;
1. 10. 4. leaves narrow; 1.10.8.
465
Ho
INDEX OF PLANTS
leaves regular; 1. 12. 1. taste
of fruit; 1. 13. 3. flower above
fruit-case; 1. 14. 1. bears on
last year’s wood: flowers borne
on new wood not fertile ; 1.14.4.
many cultivated forms; 2. 1. 4.
propagation ; 2. 2. 6. sometimes
improves from seed; 2. 5. 6.
propagation: trees should be
planted close together; 2. 7 2.
needs much pruning; 2. 7. 3.
requires pungent manure and
much water; 3.6 2. formation
of buds; 3. 12. 4. fruit of «édpos
(1)comp.; 3.15. 5. leaf of rv€os
comp.; 8. 16. 4. flower of «é6-
papos comp.; 4. 2. 6. (?) leaf of
Bddavos comp.; 4. 3. 1. arrange-
ment of fruit of Awrds (4) comp.;
4.5.3. does. not thrive in cold
regions; 4. 5. 4. grows in Pro-
pontis; 5. 8. 3. grows in low-
land parts of Latium: and on
Circeian promontory (a dwarf
kind); 6. 8. 5. very fragrant
in Egypt; 9. 11. 9. leaf of rvév-
padAos 0 puptitys Comp.
podv, moly, Allium nigrum
. 15. 7. localities in Arcadia:
said to be like the ». of Homer :
described: use as charm.
vaipov ?
9. 7. 3. in list of apépara.,
vanv, white mustard, Brassica alba
1. 12. 1. taste of fruit; 7.1. 2-3;
time of sowing and of germina-
tion; 7. 8. 2. seeds described ;
7. 5. 5. seed keeps well.
vapédov, spikenard, Nardostachys Ja-
tamansi
9.7.2. an Indian dpwpa; 9. 7. 3.
in list of apépara; 9.7.4. an
unnamed Thracian plant (see
App. (25)) comp.
vapOnkia (=vapOné see 6.2.7.), ferula,
Ferula communis
6.1.4. spineless: belongs to ‘ferula-
like, plants; 6. 2. 7. perhaps
differs only in size from vap@yé ;
6.2.8. described.
vapené (= vapOnxta see 6. 2. 7.), ferula,
Ferula communis
1.2.7. fiesh turns to wood ; 1.6.1.
core fleshy; 1. 6.2. core mem-
466
branous; 6.2.7. perhaps differs
only in size from vap@nxia;
6.2. 8. described; 6. 3. 1. stalk
of ciAdvov comp.; 9. 9. 6. stem
of dawia comp.; 9. 10.1. leaf of
both €AA€fopa comp. by some;
9. 16. 2. Sikrapvov kept év vap-
Oke.
vapxioaos (1) (= Aeiprov (2) 6. 6. 9.),
narcissus, Narcissus serotinus
6.6.9. a coronary plant: described;
7.13.1. leaves described; 7.13.2.
no stem except the flower-stem ;
7. 13. 5-7. stem appears before
leaves, viz. flower-stem: se-
quence described and comp.
with oxidAa.
vapxiooos (2), pheasant’s eye nar-
cissus, Narcissus poeticus
6. 8. 1. flowering time.
vapT T.
9. 7. 3. in list of apomara.
(vnrevOés) =pjkwv y b7wHdys, Opium
poppy, Papaver somniferum.
9. 15. 1. mythical: supposed
effects.
vuppaia (=padwrais 9.13.1.), yellow
water-lily, Nuphar luteum
9. 13. 1. fragrant: habitat and
localities : leaf described : medi-
cinal use: called padwvais in
Boeotia.
éipis, gladwyn, Iris foetidissima
9.8.7. superstition as to gathering.
Eipiov (= Ethos 7.13.1. = bacyavor),
corn-flag, Gladiolus segetum
6. 8. 1. flowering time; 7. 13. 2.
flower-stem not the only stem.
Eipos (= éihrov 7. 13. 1.= hacyavov),
corn-flag, Gladiolus segetum.
éyxvyn, wild pear, Pyrus communis
var. Pyraster -
2. 5. 6. trees should be planted
rather far apart.
&y {oin), sorb, Sorbus domestica
2.2 10. becomes sterile in a warm
place; 2. 7. 7. ‘correcting’ the
tree; 3.2.1. fruit sweeter and
better ripened in wild than in
cultivated form ; 3. 5. 5. winter-
buds; 8.6. 5. roots shallow but
strong: thick according to Ar-
cadians; 8 11. 3. leaf of pedta
ag ee 2
INDEX OF PLANTS
comp.; 38. 12. 6-9. described ;
3. 15. 4. leaf of TépurvOos COMP.
olvav9y (1), drop-wort, Spiraea Fili-
pendula
6. 6. 11. a coronary plant: grown
from seed; 6. 8. 1-2. fiowering
time: flower described.
oivavOy (2) » aypia, wild vine, Vitis
silvestris
5::9.'6. abpayery comp
oigos (=ayvos), withy, Tr itex Agnus-
castus
3. 18. 1-2. has two forms, ‘ white’
and ‘black’; 6. 2 2. used for
tying-up.
oAdaxXoLVOs, S€@ GxXOLVOS 0 OA.
oAvpa, (cultural variety of Gecd), rice-
wheat, Triticum dicoccum
8. 1. 3. sown early; 8. 4. 1. comp.
in detail with other cereals;
8. 9 2. does not exhaust the
soil much: reason.
dvoOjpas (= ddadvy 7 aypia), oleander,
Nerium Oleander
9. 19. 1. effect on ‘mind’: de-
scribed.
ovorvéos, Onopordon illyricum
6. 4. 3. a ‘ thistle-like ’ plant.
bree bugloss, Echium diffusum
. 3. flowers borne in succes-
fe.
ovevis, rest-harrow, Ononis anti-
quorum
6. 1. 3. has leaves as well as
spines: a wild under-shrub;
6. 5. 1. in list of spinous plants
which have leaves as well as
spines; 6. 5. 3-4. described:
troublesome to farmers.
vévaxavOos, cotoneaster, Cotoneaster
Pyracan
1. 9. 3. evergreen; 3. 3.1. tree of
mountain and plain; 3. 3. 3.
evergreen; 3. 4. 2. time of bud-
ding; 3.4. 4. time of fruiting;
4.4.2. thorns of pydéa y Heparky
rot 6.8 3. fruit used in gar-
Bin (in), beech, Fagus silvatica
doubt whether it has a
pe a oad 6. 5. roots few
slender and ‘ plain’ according to
Arcadians: shallow - rooting;
3. 10. 1. described ;) 3. 11. 5.
mountain and lowland forms
compared; 5.1. 2. time of cut-
ting timber; 5.1.4. do.; 5.4. 4.
wood does not decay in water ;
5. 6. 4. wood ‘ moist ’: used ior
elastic bedsteads; 5.7.2. wood
used for keel etc.of small vessels;
5. 7. 6. other uses of wood;
5. 8. 3. grows very fine in low-
land part of Latium.
oévKedpos (= Kédpos (1) 3. 12. 3.),
prickly cedar, Juniperus Oxy-
cedrus
3. 12. 3. some, who call apxevOos a
xéSpos, distinguish xéSpos (1) as
o€dKedpos.
oriTiov,
13. 9. (in defective sentence)
“belongs to ra BorABwsdy.
omroBarcaporv, see Badoapov.
opecocéAcvoyv, parsley, Petroselinum
sativum
7. 6. 3-4. distinguished from other
forms of oéArvov : medicinal use.
ere wych-elm, Ulmus mon-
tan
3.14. L. distinguished from mTeAéa,
dpiyavov (optyavos) (= 6. 7 méAawva),
marjoram, Origanum viride etc.
1.9. 4. evergreen (partly); 1.12.1.
taste of fruit; 6. 1. 4. a spine-
less wild under-shrub; 6. 2. 3.
two forms, ‘ black’ and ‘ white’
(see below): seed conspicucus:
not, like @vu0s, particular as to
situation ; 7. 1. 3. time of ger-
mination ; 7. 1. 6. germination ;
7. 2. 1. propagation; 7. 6 1.
wild form distinguished.
bptyavos 7 Aevxy, Marjoram, Ori-
ganum heracieoticum
6. 2. 3. distinguished from 6. 7
peAacva.
optyavos 9 péAawva (= dptyavov), mar-
joram, Origanum viride
GID. 3. distinguished from 06. 7
AevK7.
dpuvov, Salvia Horminum
8. 4. sown later than cereals
and pulses; 8. 7. 3. doubtful if
eaten green by animals: de-
say sown at same time as
on op
bpopiyxn, " dodder; Cuscuta europaea
8. 4. grows specially among
sere reason: anapivy comp.
467
HH
INDEX OF PLANTS
dpoBos, bitter vetch, Ervwm Ervilia
2. 4, 2. more digestible if sown in
spring; 7.5. 4. used to prevent
sara in padavis; 7.6.3. size of
uit of immogéAvwov comp.: 8.1.4.
sown both early and late ; 8.2.5.
flowering time; 8. 3. 2. stem;
5. 1. more than one kind:
white form sweetest; 8. 5. 2.
seeds not in compartments ;
8. 5. 3. shape of pod; 8. 8. 4.
opoBayxn grows specially among
6. 8. 10. 1. a pest; 8. 11. 2.
seed keeps well; 8. 11. 6. do.
specially in hill- country ; ; 9.20.1.
shape of one kind of eémepu
(fruit) comp.
éptv& (=aredéhovpos according to
some, 7.11. 2.), plantain, Plan-
tago Lagopus.
ee rice, Oryza sativa
4. 4. 10. described.
PXts, (1) (néyas), orchis, Orchis pap-
ilionacea
9.18.3. properties: leaf and stalk.
opxis (2) (ucxpds), orchis, Orchis
longicruris
9.18.3. nhogeutine’ leaf and stalk.
botpva (ooTpvis) (dorTpvis = doTpus
3.10.3.), hop-hornbeam, Ostrya
carpinifolia
1. 8. 2. ‘male’ has more knots
than ‘female’; 3.3.1. tree of
mountain and plain; 3. 6. 1.
slow-growing (?); 3. 10. 3. de-
scribed.
doTtpus (= dorpva 3.10.3.), hop-horn-
beam, Ostrya carpinifolia
3.10 3. described.
oviyyov, Colocasia antiquorum
1.1.7. ‘fruit’ underground; 1. . 9.
grows underground; 1. 6.
described.
mddos (?=mndds (?)), Prunus Mahaleb
4.1.3. likes shade.
Tavovia (= ce 9. 8. 6.), peony,
Paeonia officinalis
9. 8. 6, superstition as to time of
digging
madioupos i), Christ’s thorn, Pali-
ya australis
1. 3. 1. atypical ‘shrub‘; 1. 3. 2.
Eicohee tree-like; 1.5. 3. thorns
on wood; 1, 10. 6. leaf with
468
spinous projections; 1. 10. 7.
stem presently spinous; 3. 3. 1.
tree of mountain and plain ;
3. 4. 2. time of budding; 3.4. 4.
time of fruiting; 3. 11. 2. fruit
of opévoanvos comp.; 3. 18. 3.
kinds: described; 4. 8. 1. to
—_ extent grows in marshes ;
4.12.4. to some extent aquatic;
6.1.3. has spines on the shoots.
tmadtoupos (2) (6 Aiyvaruos), Zizyphus
Spina-Christi
. 1-2. common in Libya
4.3.3. described : distinguished
from 7. of Hellas.
TavaKea (= mavaxes TO Hod ihstaels
Opopanax hispidus
9. 15. 7. localities.
mavaxes (ro Zvpiov ? 9.7.2: 9.10.1.),
(juice xaABavn(?) 9.7.2: 9.9.2.,
see note), all-heal, Ferulago
galbanifera
- 1. 2, in list of Smeg whose
* juice is a gum; 9. 7. 2. Syrian:
XaABavy made from a.3 9. 7. 3.
in list of appara; 9. 3. 1. root
fruit and juice used ; 9. 9. 2.
uses for medicine and. perfume;
9. 11. 1. kinds (see below);
9.11. 4. two further kinds, one
fine-leaved, the other not:
medicinal use.
mavakes TO “Aokdntieov, Ferula no-~
dosa
9. 8. 7. superstition as to gather-
ing; 9. 11, 1. described: medi-
cinal use.
mévakes TO “HpdkAccov (= Tavdxe.a),
Opopanax hispidus
9. 11. 1. in list. of kinds of 7-.;
9. 11. 3. described: medicinal
use.
mavakes TO Xetpwvevov, elecampane,
Inula Helenium
1. described: habitat:
“medicinal use.
nmavrdéovea, star-thistle, Centaurea
Calcitrapa
6. 5. 1. in list of spinous plants
which have leaves as well as
spines.
mamupos (stalk mémupos), papyrus,
Cyperus Papyrus
4. 8. 2. useful for food in Egypt;
4. 8. 3-4. described: uses;
INDEX OF PLANTS
4. 8. 5. stem of ope comp
6. 3. 1. belongs to ‘ forula-like /
plants.
map@éviov, bachelor’s buttons, Pyre-
Seid Parthenium
. @ Adxavov: needs cooking
eavh pullin Lycoperdon Bovista
1. 6. 5. no roots.
meAexivos, axe-weed, Securigera Coro-
nilla
8. 8. 3. grows specially among
addéxyn : name explained.
mevrametés (=mevradvaAdoy 9.13. 5.),
cinquefoil, Potentilla reptans
9. 13. 5. described.
mevTaduAXrov ay torts 9. 13. 5.),
cinquefoil, Pot ptans.
aay 244 pepper, Piper nigrum
20.1, a fruit: two forms: de-
ected properties: antidote
to kaiverov; 9. 20. 2. size of
Kvidvos KdKkos COMP
mepdixcov, ‘ partridge-plant,” Polygo-
num maritimum
1. 6. 11. large fleshy roots.
mepiTtos (2? otpvxvos 6 mepittés) (=
oTpixvos 6 pavkds 9. 11. 6.),
thorn-apple, DaturaStramonium.
mepaéa (=répovov), Mimusops Schim-
pert
8. 3.5. not fruitful everywhere;
4. 2. 1. peculiar to Egypt;
4.2.5. deseribed; 4. 2. 8. com-
mon in Thebaid.
trépovov (= wepoéa), Mimusops Schim-
peri
2. 2. 10. effects of climate.
mevkédavov, sulphur-wort, Peuceda-
num officinale
9. 14. 1. how long drug will keep;
9. 15. 1. grows in Arcadia;
9. 20. 2. properties of root: use
in medicine: grows in Arcadia.
mrevkn, fir, Pinus spp.
1. 3. 6. refuses cultivation; 1.5.1.
erect and tall; 1.5.4. wood has
many knots; 1.6.1. core woody ;
1. 6. 3. root single; 1. 6.5. roots
not branching; t 8. 1. many
knots; 1. 9. 3. evergreen (the
wild and one cultivated kind);
1. 10. 4. leaves like teeth of
comb (?); 1.10.6. leaf spinous at
tip; 12. 1. taste of fruit;
1. 12. ra taste of sap; 2.2. 2
propagated only by seed; 2.5. 2.
instance of very long roots;
8. 1. 2. grows only from seed:
8. 2. 3. evidence that it is really
wild; 3. 3. 1, a mountain tree;
3. 3. 3. evergreen; 3.3.8. doubt
whether it has a flower; 3. 4. 5.
time of budding and fruiting
3. 4. 6. time of fruiting; 3.5.1
oo of budding; 3. 5.3. do.;
38. 5. 5. winter-buds; 3. 5. 6.
cone; 3. 6. 1. quick’ growing:
even ‘young tree fruits; 3. 6. 4.
not deep-rooting ; 3. 7. 1. dies if
topped; 3. 7. 3. produces a
‘tuft’ (kdrrapos); 8. 9. 1-8.
kinds according to various
authorities (see ogee distinc-
tion from witvs; 3. 9. 4. timber,
foliage; 3. 9. ’b. furt ther dis-
tinction from mitvs: the disease
‘ pitch-glut’ ; 3.9.7. comparison
with éAdtn; 3. 9. 8. do.: core
and callus; 4. 1. 1. likes sun;
rH Mae 11) shade has inferior
timber; 4.5.1. in list of North-
ern trees ; 4.5.3. does not grow
in Pontus: 4. 15. 3. effects of
stripping bark at various sea-
sons; 4. 16. 1. topping fatal;
4,16. 1-2. not injured by cutting
for tar; 4. 16. 4. said to perish
if entirely deprived of its heart-
wood; 5. 1. 2. time of cutting
timber; 5.1. 4. do.; 5.1. 9-10.
methods of cleaving; 5. 4. 2.
wood (when resinous) proof
against decay; 5. 4. 4. more
eaten by teredon than €dAdarn:
5. 4. 8. effect of salt water on
different parts; 5. 5. 1. knotty
par of wood hard to work;
6. 1. wood good for struts :
pipaciaes under pressure ; 5.6.2.
takes glue best of all woods ;
5. 7. 1-2. uses of wood in ship-
building; 5. 7. 4-5. uses in
house- building and crafts ; 5.8.1.
grows to great size in Latium,
but finer still in Corsica; 5.8. 3.
grows in hill-country of Latium ;
5. 9. 3. charcoal of this wood
preferred by smiths to that of
dps ; 9.1.2. sap gummy; 9.1.6.
time of tapping; 9. 2. 1. pro-
469
INDEX OF PLANTS
ductive of resin (Anrivy); 9.2. 2;
quality of resin ; 9. 2.3-4. Mace-
donians only burn the ‘ male’
for pitch (irra), and the roots
of the ‘female’; aspect etc. re-
quired for production of good
pitch; 9. 2. 5. Idaean account
different (see mw. 4 “Idatia and
m. ) wapadia); 9. 2. 6. filling
up the holes; 9, 2.7. do. Idaean
account; 9. "2. 8. further rules
for collecting pitch : age of tree;
etc.; 9. 3. 1-3. method of pre-
paring pitch; 9. 1. 4. does not
grow in Syria.
eee 5 axapros (= 7. 7 O7jAeva = 7. 7
a Corsican pine, Pinus
Lar
3. 9. 2. déactibed: 3. 9. 4. one of
three wild kinds (Idaean ac-
count).
meven i akaptos (“ male’), Corsican
pine, Pinus Laricio
3. 9. 2. comp. with ‘female.’
mevkn i) Gxapwos (‘female’), Aleppo
pine, Pinus halepensis
3.9. 2. comp. with * male.’
ae. ”, aponv (= 1. 7 mapadia = = witus
.9.5.), Aleppo pine, Pinus
lnhoperts
8. 9. 3. timber: produces ocuvxy
(Mt. Ida); 3. 9. 4. one of three
wild kinds (Idaean account).
wevKy 7 Hmepos (= [1. 7] Kwvddopos),
stone pine, Pinus Pinea
3. 9. 1. distinguished from other
kinds; 3. 9. 4. Arcadians say it
is a sirvs: timber, foliage,
resin.
mevky 7 OjArcva (= 7. 7 Gkaptos = 7.7)
*Idaia), Corsican pine, Pinus
Laricio
3. 9. 3. timber: contains aiyis;
8.9. 4. one of three wild kinds
(Idaean acconnt).
Tevky 7 ldaia (= 7. akapmTos = 7. yf
O@yjAcca), Corsican pine, Pinus
Laricio
8. 9. 1-2, described ; 9. 2.5. Tdaean
account of pitch (rirra).
[mevien x] Kwvddopos (= m. 7 Huepos),
stone pine, Pinus pinea
2.2.6. seeds true; 3.9.4. foliage:
pitch (witra): Arcadians Say it
is a mitus,
470
TevKn 7 Tapadia (= mr.) appyv = nitus
in 3.9.5), Aleppo pine, Pinus
halepensis
3. 9. 1. described; 9. 2. 5. Idaean
account of pitch (mitra).
piste (wnyaviov), rue, Ruta graveo-
ens
1. 3. 1. a typical under-shrub ;
1.3.4. becomes tree-like ; 1.9.4.
evergreen; 1. 10. 4. leaves
fleshy; 2. 1. 3. propagation ;
6. 1. 1. may be classed as an
under-shrub; 6. 5. 3. leaf of
odvevis comp.; 6. 7. 3. strong
plants of aBpdrovov comp.; 7.2.1.
propagation: seed slow to ger-
minate; 7. 4. 1. only one kind;
7.5.1. dislikes manure; 7.6.1.
wild form distinguished ; 9. 4, 2.
colour of leaf of AtBavwrds
comp.; 9.5.1 leaf of Badcapoy |
comp.; 9. 9. sos. leaf of icxas
(dmrvos (2)) co
andes (?) (2? = ieee 4, 1. 3.), Prunus
Mahaleb
5. 7. 6. uses of wood.
muxpis, Urospermum picroeides
7. 11. 4. inedible: flowers in
spring, but also throughout
winter and summer.
mtdos, Polyporus igniarius (2)
3. 4. produced by Sdpus; de-
Serlbed.
TLdos, pea, Pisum sativum
8.1.1. in list of pulses; 8. 1.4
sown late; 8. 2. 3. comes Ld
with several leaves; 8. 3.
leaf; 8. 3. 2. stem; 8. 5. Fy
seeds not in compartments ;
8. 503. shape of pod ; 8. 10. 5.
infested by ‘ worms.
mitus (= witvs 7 aypia = mrevKy n
appnv in 3. 9. 5. = weven 7 Tapa.-
Ata in 8. 9. 5.), Aleppo pine,
Pinus halepensis
6. 1. core woody; 1. 10. 4:
‘leaves like teeth of comb;
1. 10. 6. leaf spinous at tip;
1.12.1. taste of fruit; 2 2.2
propagated only by seed ; 3.1.2.
do.; 3. 3. 3. evergreen ; 3.3. 8.
doubt whether it has a flower
(k¥rrapos); 3.4 5. time of bud-
ding and fruiting ; 3.5.5. winter-
buds; 3. 6. 1. slow growing (?):
eS
INDEX OF PLANTS
even young tree fruits; 3.9 4-8.
meven and mitus; 3 9. 6. dis-
tinction from zevecn; 3. 11. 1.
bark of cpévdanvos comp.; 3.17.1.
bark of ¢eAAos comp.; 4. 5. 3.
does not grow in Pontus:
4. 14. 8. if topped, becomes
barren, but is not destroyed;
4.16. 1. topping fatal; 5. 1.2
time of cutting timber; bs 1. rs
do.; 5. 1. 5-6. timber comp.
with edam™; 5 7. 1. used in
Cyprus for ship- building instead
of wevxn; 5. 7. 3. wood used for
bent-wood work in triremes;
5. 7. 5. use of wood in ship-
building and _ house-building :
soon rots; 5. 7.8. use of wood
for carpenter’s tools; 5. 9. 2.
charcoal of this wood used in
silver mines ; 9.1.2. sap gummy ;
ee a 2 production of resin
(enrivyn); 9. 2. 2. quality of
resin ; 9.2.3. said to be burnt
for ‘piteh (wirta) i in Syria.
mitus H aypia (= mitvs = mevKyn 1
appnv=revKy 7) wapadiain 3.9.5.)
Pinus halepensis (mountain
form)
1. 9. 3 evergreen; 3. 3. 1. a
mcuntain tree (Macedonian).
mitus i b¥epoto.ds, Pinus brutia
2. 2. 6. seeds come true.
mAdtavos, plane, Platanus orientalis
1. 4. 2. lives near: water; 1. 6. 3.
roots many and long; 1 7.1.
example of long roots; 1.8. 5.
diseased formation (xpady) ;
1. 9. 5. evergreen eas ee ha
1.10. 4. leaves broad; 0. 7.
attachment of leafatatk: 8 1. cs
propagation; 3.1 3. produces
seed and seedlings ; 3.3. 3. ever-
green in some places ; Sone 2;
time of budding; 3. 6.1. quick
growing; 3.11 1. leat of odbev-
Savos comp.; 3. 11. 4. has a
sort of winter-bud like that
of pedia; 4. 5. 6. found at
only one place on Adriatic
coast: rare in Italy; 4. 5. 7.
common in some Mediterranean
regions; 4.7. 4. size of unnamed
Arabian tree (see App. 12a) -
comp,; 4. 8. 1. grows partially
in water; not common on Nile;
4.13. 2: trees said to have been
planted by Agamemnon; 4.15.2.
bark cracks; 4. 16. 2: grows
again after being cut or blown
down: instances; 5.3. 4. char-—
acter of wood; 5. 7. 3. wood
used for bent-wood work: soon
decays ; 5. 9. 4. wood makes an
evil smoke when burnt for char-
coal; 9. 11. 6.‘ head’ of otpvx-
vos 0 pavixds comp. to fruit of 7.
mraripvddos (Spts) see dpis (6).
76a, grass
7. 8. 3. leaves ‘ on the ground.”
Toa Mydixy, see Mydcxy.
mé600s (1), larkpur, Delphinium
orientale
6. 8. 3. a coronary plant : flowers
in summer: flower like taxcvGos.
7600s (2) (= aopdédcdos), asphodel,
Asphedelus ramosus
. 8.3. a coronary plant: flowers
in summer: flower white: used
in connexion with funerals.
méAcov, hulwort, Teuwerium Polium
1. 10. 4. leaves fleshy: prevents
moth in clothes; 2. 8. 3. used
for caprification; 7 10. 5. ever-
green.
ToAvaKxavOos, Carduus acanthoides
6. 4. 3. a ‘ thistle-like’ plant.
wodurédiov, polypody, Polypodium
vulgare
9.13. 6. peculiar shape: described:
named from cuttle-fish (soAv-
mous), and used as charm to
prevent polyp (zoAvrovs) ? other
medicinal use: habitat; 9.20.4.
comes up after rain: “has no
seed.
mpao.ov, Marrubium spp.
6. 1. 4. a spineless wild under-
shrub; 6. 2. 5. two kinds;
see below.
mpacvov (1), horehound, Marrubium
peregrinum
6. 2. 5. leaf described: used by
druggists.
mpacvov (2), horehound, Marrubiwm
vulgare
6. 2. gt leaf described.
mpagov (1), leek, Allium Porrum
2-3. time of sowing and of
“germination; 7. 1. 6. germina-
471
INDEX OF PLANTS
tion; 7. 1. 7. bears fruit in
second year: stem single;
7. 2. 2 3. root makes offsets;
7.3. 4. seed borne at top: me-
thod of sowing ; 7. 4. 10. coat
often like yjrecov; 7. 4. 11. size
of ‘head’ of one year old oxo-
peter comp.; 7.5. 3. improved
pt transplanting ; 7.5.4. pests;
5. 5. seed keeps well; 7. 8. 2.
LAA smooth, not branched ;
9. 10. 1. leaf of €AA€Bopos g
Aevxes comp. by some.
aphoes (2) (= pated 4. 6. 2. = hodxos
)): grass-wrack, Posidonia
oceanica
produces itself: instance; 3.1.3.
do.: proof; 3. 3. 1. tree of
mountain and plain: 3.3.4. a
question if it bears fruit; 3.4.2.
time of budding; 3. 6. 1. quick
growing; 3. 7. 8. eepeees a
Botpus and jeaf-galls; 3 Pes ta
mountain and lowland forms
comp.; 3. 14. 1. description:
kinds; 3. 15. 4. leaf-galls of
tTépu.vOos Comp.; 3. 17. 3. leaf of
Idaean rodouria. comp.; 3. 17. 5.
leaf of cuxy 7 Idaia perm 3.18.5.
leaf of povs comp.; 4. 2. 3. leaf
of ovxy 7 Kumpia comp.; 4. 5. 3.
grows in Pontus; 4. 5. "7. com-
mon in some Mediterranean
regions; 4. 9. 2. ane of tpi-
Bodos (3) comp.; 15. 2. sur- .
vives stripping of feels ap Was
time of cutting timber; 5. 3. 4.
character of wood; 5. 3. 5. :
method of making door-hinges
of the wood; 5. 4. 3. wood does
4. 6. 2. = gHornp,
mpacov (3)(=didKos (23). riband-weed,
Laminaria saccharina
4.6.4. carried by current from
Attantic into Mediterranean :
described ; 4.7.1. refers to 4 6.4.
mptvos, kermes-oak, Quercus coccifera
1. 6. 1. core hard and close ; 1.6.2.
core large and conspicuous;
9. 3. evergreen; 1. 10. 6.
leaves with spinous projections ;
3. 3. 1. a mountain tree; 3.3.3.
evergreen; 3. 3. 6. does not al-
ways fruit: 3. 4. 1. takes a year
to ripen fruit; ge 4.4-6; time
of fruiting; 3. 6. 4. deep root-
ing; 3. 7. 3. produces a searlet
‘berry’; 3. 16. 1. described ;
3. 16. 2. optdaé (1) comp. ;
3. 16. 3. heAAddpus Spds and z.
comp.; 3. 16. 4. leaf of KOmapos
comp.; 4. 3. 1, leaf of Awrds (4)
comp.; effect of stripping bark
in winter; 5. 4. 8. wood of
mupixyn (2) comp. for strength;
5. 5. 4. core not obvious, but
exists; 5. 7. 6. uses of wood;
5.9.7. wood used for fire-sticks:
9. 4. 3. leaf of cpvpva comp. by
not decay if exposed to air;
5. 6. 4. wood strong: used for
door-hinges; 5. 7. 3. wood used
for bent-wood work: use in
shipbuilding; 5. 7. 6. other
uses of wood; 5. 7. 8. uses of
wood for carpenter’s tools;
9.1.2. sap gummy: gum con-
tained in the ‘bag’; 9. 4. 3.
leaf of opvpva comp. (by some).
mrepis, fern, Nephrodium Filiz-mas
1. 10. 5. frond described ; 4.2.11.
leaf of an unnamed Memphian
shrub (see App. (2)) comp.; 8.7.7.
destroyed by manure or by
sheep sleeping on it; 9. 13. 6.
leaf of roAv7éé.0ov comp. to 7. 7
peyddAn; 9. 18. 8. distinguished
from @yAvmrepis; 9. 20. 5. root
only of use: medicinal use:
time of gathering.
some de ot box, Buxus sempervirens
mpovprn (= orodias), bullace, Prunus . 5.4. wood heavy; 1. 5. 5. do.
ansititia “pecause of close grain; 1. 6. 2.
9.1. 2. sap gummy. core not conspicuous; 1.8. 2.
mredéa, elm, Ulmus glabra few knots; 1. 9. 3. evergreen;
1 eased formation (kpady) ; 3. 3. 1. a mountain tree; 3.3.3.
ue 10. 1. leaves inverted in sum-
mer; 1. 10. 6. leaves notched;
3. 1. 1. propagation; 3. 1. 2
seems to have no fruit yet re-
472
evergreen ; 3.4 6. time of fruit-
ing: fruit inedible ; 3. 6.1. slow
orn (?); 3.15. 5. described ;
4. 4.1. hard to grow in Baby-
INDEX OF PLANTS
lon; 4. 5. 1. in list of Northern
trees; 5.3.1. wood very close
and heavy; 5. 3. 7. images
made from the wood; 5. 4.1.
wood hard and heavy; 5. 4. 2.
wood proof against decay;
5.4. 5. pees not attacked by
oKwAré 5 5. 2. core not ob-
vious : wherefore wood not apt
to ‘draw’; 5. 5. 4. core not
obvious Dut exists ; 5. 7. 7. uses
of wood: that grown on Mount
Olympus useless; 5. 7. 8. uses
of wood for carpenter’ s tools;
9. 20. 4. wood of éBevos comp.
meets, wheat. Triticum vulgare
1.5.2. ‘bark’ fibrous; 1.6.5. roots
numerous; 1.6. 6. "do.; a2 1..2.
seeds in a husk; 1 11.5. each
seed separately attached ; 2.2.9.
said to turn sometimes into
«py; 2.4.1. turns into apa: wild
x. turns into cultivated with
cultivation ; 4.4.9. mvpot grow in
India; 4. 10. 3. taste of seeds of
cidy comp.; 7.11.2. inflorescence
and general appearance of oreA€-
gdovpos comp.; 8. 1. 1. in list of
cereals; 8. 1. 8 sown early, but
after pdr, § 1. 4. one kind
sown late; ’g. e 5. time of ger-
mination; 8. 2. 1. germination
described ; 8. 2. 3. single leaf
first appears: roots described ;
8. 2. 6. time of maturing seed;
8. 2. 7. time of harvest in Hellas
and in Egypt; 8. 3. 2. stem;
8. 4. 1-2. compared in detail
with other cereals; 8. 4. 3-5.
kinds distinguished, local and
other (see below); 8. 6. 1. con-
ditions for sowing; 8. 6. 4. suit-
able soil; 8. 6. 5-6. rain hurtful
when vr. is in flower: and when
it is ripe, is less so than to
kph; 8. 7. 1. said to change
into aipa adie certain condi-
tions; 8. 7. 4. effect of cutting
down or grazing young crop in
Thessaly andin Babylon; 8.7.5.
in many places comes up again
next year; etc.; 8.8.2. favourable
localities; 8. 8. 3. degenerates
into aipa,—or else aipa is
specially apt to grow among 7,;
8.9.1. exhausts the soil most of
cereals; 8. 10. 1. a pest of 7.;
8. 10. 2. wheat-rust; 8. 10. 3.
effects of weather ; 8.10.4. effects
of ‘ worms’ in various localities ;
8. 11. 1. seed keeps better than
xploy; 8. 11. 3. grain stored
without drying; 8. 11. 7. effect
of mixing earth with the grain
in some places: at Babylon
grain jumps on the threshing-
floor: reason.
mupos © Alyvmrios, Triticum vulgare
var.
8. 4. 3. in list of varieties of 7.;
8. 4. 6. escapes apa.
mupos 0 ’AAcEdvdpetos, Triticum vul-
gare var.
8. 4. 3. in list of varieties.
mupos 6 “Acavpios, Triticum vulgare
var.
8. 4. 3. in list of varieties.
mupos 6 Bowtios, Triticum vulgare
var. ;
8. 4, 5. heaviest grain.
“yen 7 Opdxios, Triticum vulgare
8. ‘L 3. grain has many coats.
mupos © Kaxpudias
8. 4. 3. ick stem.
Tupos 0 KpiOavias
8. 2. 3} branching.
8. 4. 8. grain not long in husk
thick stem.
mupos 6 TlovtiKés
8. 4. 3.—4. lightest grain; 8. 4. 5.
variation in grain; 8.4. 6. escapes
aipa,
‘
reo 6 ovravias
8. 4. 5. heaviest grain of
‘kinds imported to Hellas ; 8.4.6.
fairly free from aipa, especially
that of Akragas: infested with
_beAdprrupov.
poe © orde
8. 4. 3. in Yee of varieties, see note
paves, buckthorn, Rhamnus spp.
1. 5, 3. stem fleshy ; 1. 9. 4. ever-
green; 3. 18. iD cluster of ber-
473
INDEX OF PLANTS
ries of optdat (2) comp.; 5. 9. 7.
wood used for fire-sticks, es-
pecially for the stationary piece.
er ti stapes buckthorn, Rhamnus
3. 8. 2. distinguished from p. 7
KéAava,
pauvos H pédawva, buckthorn, Rham-
nus oleoides
3. 18. 2. distinguished from p. 7
AevKy.
parerts, radish, Raphanus sativus
2. flesh of root turns to
“wood : 1. 6. 6. root fleshy;
1. 6. 7. root of ‘ bark’ and flesh ;
7.1. 2-3. time of sowing and of
germination; 7.1.5. do.; 7.1.7.
germination : 7. 2. 5. survives
and increases in size under a
heap of soil; 7. 2. 5-6. root de-
scribed; 7. 2. 8.-do.3 75.3: 2.
seeds described; 7. 3. 4. seed
borne at side; 7. 4. 1-2. several
kinds (described) Kopuv6ia,
KAewvaia, Aetobagia, (or Opaxia),
apwpéa (see below), Bowria, and
one with leaf like ev¢wmov ; 7.4.3.
effects of weather; 7. 5. 3. im-
proved by transplanting : 7.5.4.
pests; 7. 6. 2. root of wild yoy-
yuAts comp.; 7. 6. 3, root of
immooéALvov comp.; 4 7.8. 2. stem
branched; 9. 9. 1. method of
cutting root of poardpaydpas- (1)
comp.; 9.12.1. method of cut-
ting up Xapathkéwy 6 AevKds for
medicinal use comp.
papavis 7 duwpéa, horse-radish (?)
. 4, 2. in list of varieties of A p.
pa pavos, cabbage, Brassica cretica
3. 4, becomes tree-like; 1. 6. 6.
“root single; 1. 9. 4. evergreen ;
0. 4. leaves fleshy ; 1. 14. 2.
bead fruit on top and at side;
4.4.12. sizeof an unnamed Asian
shrub (see App. (10)) comp.;
4.16.6. spoils flavour of grape :
vine-shoot turns away from p;
whence use of B. as cure for
effects of wine; 6. 1. 2. may be
classed as an Tied arab :
7. 1. 2-8. time of sowing and of
germination; 7. 2. 1. propaga-
tion; 7, 2. 4. grows again when
stem is cut; effect on flavour ;
474
7. 4. 1. several kinds; 7. 4. 4.
three kinds distinguished, ovaAd-
gvaros, AcrdpurXAos, aypia (see
below); 7. 5. 8. bears trans-
planting; 7.5.4. pests; 7.6.1-2.
wild form distinguished, 2
papavos 7 aypia (=Keodis 9.15. 5.),
charlock, Raphanus Raphanis-
trum
7.4. 4, see padavos; 7. 6. 1-2. see
padavos; 9. 15. 5. Arcadian : a
drug: also called Kepais.
papavos H dpeia (= amos (2)=ioxas),
spurge, Euphorbia Apios
9. 12. 1. used to kill a pig, mixed
with xoporréiav 6 Aeukés.
pod (pod), (flower xvrivos), pome-
granate, Punica Granatum
1. 3. 3. a tree ope has not how-
ever a single stem; 1. 5. 1.
crooked and low; 1. 6. 1. core
fleshy ; 1. 6. 3. few roots ; 1.6. 4.
shallow rooting; 1. 6. 5. roots
branching upwards; 1. 9. 1.
much branched; 1. 10. 4. leaves
narrow; 1. 10. 10. fruit made of
fibre and skin; 1. 11. 4. seeds
all together in a single case;
1. 11. 5. each fruit separately
attached (?); 1. 11. 6. arrange-
ment of stones: 1. 12. 1. taste
of fruit: 1. 13. 1. flower red;
1.13.3. flower above fruit-case ;
1. 13. 4. some kinds sterile;
1.13.5. flower described ; 1.14.1.
bears on last year’s wood;
1.14. 4. many cultivated forms ;
2.1. 2-3. propagation ; 2. 2. 4.
degenerates from seed ; 2. 2. 5.
do. details;
places improves from seed;
2. 9. effects of cultivation ;
eiiia-wet tee Sie 222212
effect of good cultivation ; 2315
sometimes changes character ;
2; 3. 2. ref. to 2. 2. 7.4 2, 3.3.
sometimes bears fruit on the
stem; 2. 5. 5. propagation;
2. 5. 6. trees should be planted
close together; 2. 6. 8. size of
fruit of a kind of dowré (1)
comp.; 2. 6. 12. cuttings set up-
side down; 2.7.1. water-loving ;
2.7.3. requires pungent manure
and much water; 2. 8. 1. apt to
2. 2. 7. in some ~
INDEX OF PLANTS
shed immature fruit; 3. 5. 4.
autumn budding; 3. 6. 2. for-
mation of buds; 3. 18. 4. fruit
and growth of cvvéa0Baros comp.;
3.18.13.size and leaf of evwivupos
comp.; 4.3.3.stones eaten with
fruit; 4. 5. 3. grows well in
Pontus with shelter; 4. 5. 4.
grows on Mt. Tmolus and
Mysian Olympus; 4. 10. 3.
flower of oién comp.: seeds of
aiéy contrasted ; 4. 13. 2. short-
lived, especially the stoneless
form (see below); 4.13.3. after
decaying shoots again from
same stock; 4. 14. 10. fruit gets
worm-eaten; 4. 14. 12. unin-
jured by special winds; 4.16.1.
survives splitting of stem ; 6.1.3.
has spines on the shoots; 7.13.4.
fruit kept by inserting stalk
in bulb of oxidAdAa; 9. 5. 2. size
of BdAgapov comp.
poa 7% amvpnvos, Punica Granatum
var.
4. 13. 2. specially short-lived.
podwvia (flower podov, fruit pyAov
e 6. 6.), rose, Rosa centifolia
etc.
1; 9. 4. evergreen; 1.13. 1. colour
alluded to; 1.13. 2. has a ‘two-
fold’ flower; 1. 13. 3. flower
above fruit-case; 1.13.5. flower
of pod comp.; 2. 2.1. propaga-
tion ; 4. 8. 7. colour of flower of
Kvamos 0 Aiytmrvos = ae ¥ 4.10.3.
sepals of ody comp.; 6.1. 1. in
list of under-shrubs; 6.1.3. has
spines on the shoots; 6. 6. 4-6.
a cultivated under-shrub: a
coronary plant: many kinds:
localities : propagation and cul-
tivation ; 6.8.2. flowering time ;
6. 8. 5. bush lives five years
and then degenerates unless
pruned: position and climate
important for fragrance: flowers
very early in Egypt; 6. 8. 6.
blooms well on mountains,
but has inferior scent; 9. 19. 1.
colour of flower of dvo@jpas
comp.
pésov 7d aypiov, wild rose, Rosa
dumetorum
6, 2. 1. flower Of ki¢@os comp.
povs (drug pois 3.18. 5.), sumach
Rhus Coriaria
3. 18. 1. has more than one form
(see below) ; 3. 18. 5. ‘male’
and ‘ female’ forms: described :
used for dyeing: produces a
drug called pods.
povs 7 AevKy
3.18. 2. "distingnished from p. 7
ohana
pods 7 7 péAava
er on distinguished from p. 7
Pie ee : slobe- thistle, Echinops spin-
osus
6. 4. 4. a ‘thistle-like ’
plant :
branches from the top.
odpe (stalk odpr), Cyperus auricomus
4. 8. 2. useful for food in Egypt ;
4, 8. 5. described.
nae, celery, Apium graveolens
2.2. takes two years to mature;
ss 6. 6. root single, but with
large side-growths ; 1. 9.4. ever-
green (partly); 1. 10. 7. time of
leaf-growth ; 1. 12. 2. taste of
sap; 2. 4. 3. effect of trampling
and rolling in seed; 6. 3. 1. leaf
of ciAdvov comp.; 7. 1. 2-3. time
of sowing and germination ;
7. 1. 6. germination; 7. 1. 7.
bears fruit in second year;
7. 2. 2. root makes offsets;
7.2. 5. root described ; 7. 2. 8.
do.; 7. 3. 4-5. methods of sow-
ing and transplanting; 7. 4. 6.
kinds distinguished; 7. 5. 38.
bears transplanting ; 7.6.3. wild
forms (immogéAuvov, éAstoréAwor,
operoaéAcvov) distinguished.
aoédtvov Td Edevov (= EAELoTEALVoOL),
marsh celery, Apium graveo-
lens
4. 8. 1. in list of marsh plants;
9.11. 1. leaf of AcBavwris 7 Kap-
Tios COMP.
céoekt, hartwort, Tordylium offi-
cinale
9. 15. 5. an Areadian drug.
onpvsa (?), Judas-tree, Cercis Sili-
quastrum
3. 14. «4. described; 5. 7. 7. (?)
wood used for walking-sticks.
475
INDEX OF PLANTS
ojoopov (seed ayjoayn), sesame, planting; 7. 5. 5. seed does not
Sesamum indicum keep well; 7. 5. 6. seed not
1.11.2. seed- vessel ; 3.13.6. seeds liable to pests ; 7.13. 1. leaf of
apov comp.
of berry of a EKTH comp.; 3.18.13. :
a © dyptos, (drug éAaryjpiov
fruit of evdvvyos comp.; 4.8.14.
size of fruit of an unnamed
Egyptian plant (see App. (20))
comp.; 6. 5.3. seed of a kind of
7piBodos comp.; 8. 1.1. in list of
‘summer crops’ distinct from
cereals and pulses; 8. 1.4. sown
later than cereals and pulses ;
8 2. 6.time of maturing seed;
8.3.1. leaf; 8.3.2. stem; 8.3.3.
flower; 8. 3. 4. seed abundant ;
8. 5.1. a white kind, which is
the sweetest; 8. 5. 2) seeds in
compartments; 8. 6. 1. rain
not beneficial’ after sowing ;
8.453: not eaten green by any
animal: Epvoijpov comp.: sown
at same time as dpucvov; 8.9.3
exhausts the soil; 9. 9. 2. fruit
Of €AA€Bopos comp.; 9. 14. 4. do.
avn, , Waterlily, Nymphaea alba
10. 1-2. in list of plants of
Lake Copais; 4. 10. 3-4. de-
scribed : size of fruit of Bovromos
comp. (to seed of a.) ; 10. 6.
grows only in water; 4. 10. 7.
part used for food.
ouKva., bottle-gourd, Lagenaria vul-
garis
1. 11. 4. seeds in a row; 1.13. 3.
flower attached above fruit ;
7.2.9. root described ; 7. 3. 5.
takes shape of vessel in which
it is grown.
gixvos (cixvoy), cucumber, Cucumis
Sativus
1. 10. 10. fruit made of flesh and
fibre; 1. 12. 2. taste of sap;
1. 13. 3. flower attached above
fruit; 1. 13. 4. some flowers
sterile; 2. 7. 5. use of dust;
7. 1. 2-3. time of sowing and
germination ; 7. 1. 6. germina-
tion; 7. 2. 9. root described ;
7. 3. 1. long in flower; flower
described; 7. 3. 5. ar of
soaking seed in milk; 7. 4. 1.
several kinds; 7. 4. 6. do. a
AakwviKds, oxvradlas, Bowdreos 5
7. 5. 2. said to dislike rain-
water; 7. 5 3. bears trans-
476
ovoupiyxov,
9. 4.), squirting cucumber,
Ecballium Hlaterium
4. 5. 1. in list of Northern plants ;
7. 6. 4. quite distinct from cul-
tivated c.; 7. 8. 1. stem ‘on the
ground’ ; 9. 9. 4. medicinal use:
éAatiptov made from seed ;
9. 4. 1-2. how long drug wi
keep: conditions; 9. 15. 6.
grows in Arcadia.
atddiov (leaf zdorerov 6. 3.1), (seed
PvAdov, payvdapis 6. 3. 4), sil-
phium, Ferula tingitana
1. 6. 12. root most Recep sn
part; 3. 1. 6. comes up spo
taneously ; 3. 2. 1. fruits better
in wild state ; 4. 3. 1. grows in
Cyrenaica ; 4, 3. ie considera-
tion postponed ; 6. 3. 1-2. de-
scribed: belongs to ‘ferula-
like’ plants: rules as to cutting
and treatment; 6. 3. 3. distri-
bution; 6. 3. 4-6. another ac-
count, inconsistent in some
points ; 6.5.2. grows in mountain
country ; 7.3. 2. seeds of adpa-
gdaévs comp.; 9.1. 3. stem and
root produce a gum; 9. 1.4.
gum pungent; 9. 1. 7. time of
tapping: details about juices
of stem and root.
whip seer bergamot-mint, Mentha
aquat
5, 1. (2) a a typical ‘ bree ser'cn
binds propagation ; 2. 4
turns into pivén, unless often
transplanted ; 6. 1. 1. in list of
under-shrubs; 6. 6. 2. a culti-
vated under-shrub ; a coronary
plant: the whole plant scented ;
6. 6. 3. woody: only one form ;
6. 7. 2. said by some to have no
fruit: but the wild form cer-
tainly seeds; 6. 7. 4. roots de-
scribed; 6. 7. 6. cultivation ;
9. 16. 3. leaf of Sixrapvov (Zrepov)
comp.
Barbary nut, Iris
Sisyrinchium
1. 10. 7. attachment of leaves;
a ——————
INDEX OF PLANTS
7.13.9 (in defective sentence)
belongs to 7a BoABwdy: peculiar
growth of root: upper part
edible.
okadias, See kaxros (2).
oKoppovia, scammony, Convolvulus
Scammonia
4, 5. 1. seeks cold regions; 9.1.3.
root produces a gum; 9. 1. 4.
gum has medicinal properties ;
9. 9. 1. root and juice used;
9. 20. 5. juice only used.
oxavdré, wild chervil, Scandix Pec-
ten-Veneris
7.7.1. a Adxavoy ; a class of plants
called oxavdexud ; ; 7.8.1. stem
‘en the ground.’
~~ oKiAda, squill, Urginea maritima
. 6. 7.\xoot in scales; 1. 6. 8.
root fleshy and park-like : root
not tapering; 1. 6. 9. no side
roots; 1. 10. 7. no leaf-stalk:
attachment of leaves; 2. 5. 5.
cuttings of cux«y etc. set in the
bulb. of o.; 7. 2.2. root makes
ofisets ; 7. 4. 12. formation of
roots of xpéuvov comp.; 7. 9. 4.,
cf. 1.6.7.5 7.12.1. root edible (of
the kind called n ’Emipevideros)
(see below); 7.13.1. leaves de-
scribed: 7. 13. 2. flower-stem
not the only stem; 7. 13. 3.
‘successive ” flowering of aodd-
SeAos comp.; 7. 13. 4. very
tenacious of life: hence various
uses: use aS a Charm; 7.13.5-7.
stem appears before leaves:
sequence described and comp.
with that of vdpKirgos (1);
9. 18. 3. leaf of épxes comp.
oxidda 7 Emipevidecos, French spar-
row-grass, Ornithogalum pyren-
aicum
7. 12. 1. see above.
oKddupos (=? Acipwrvia 6.4.3.), golden
thistle, Scolymus hispanicus
6. 4. 3. a ‘thistle-like’ plant:
leaves spinous; 6. 4. 4. time of
flowering; 6. 4.. 7, ‘described ;
7. 4. 5. leaf of Opidaxivn H axes
vexy comp.; 7. 10. 1. grows and
flowers entirely in summer;
7. 15. 1. flowering depends on
the heavenly bodies; 9. 12. 1.
leaf Of xapatAdwy 6 AcvKds COMP.;
9.13. 4. an unnamed plant of
Tegea comp.
oxodorevdpov, hart’s tongue, Scolo-
pendrium vulgare
9. 18. 7. leaf of jurdviov comp.
oxdépodov (axdpdov), garlic, Allium
sativum
1. 6. 9. no side-roots; 1. 10. 7.
attachment of leaves; 7. 1. 7.
stem single; 7. 2. 1. propaga-
tion; 7. 2. 3. offsets specially
numerous ; 7. 4. 1. several
kinds ; 7.4.7. do.; 7. 4.11. do.;
€.g. 70 "Kvmpuov : cultivation etc.; a
7. 4. 12. formation of roots of
kpouvov contrasted; 7. 8. 2.
stem smooth, not branched;
7.13. 4. grows in colonies be-
cause of offsets; 9.8. 6. eaten
as precaution by diggers of
€AA€Bopos.
oxoprios (1), Genista acanthoclada
6. has spines for leaves;
6. 4. 1. one of very few plants
which are altogether spinous;
6. 4. 2. described.
oxoprios (2), leopard’s bane, Doro-
nicum cordatum
9.13.6. peculiar shape, resembles
scorpion, and is useful against
its sting.
oxoprios (3) (2? cxopriov) (= axovitov
= Onrv jhovov 9.18.2.—pvddovor),
wolt’s bane, Aconitum Anthora
9. 18. 2. properties : : habitat :
fatal to scorpion.
oKvOixy (= yAvKeta, sc. piga 9.13.2.),
liquorice, Glycyrrhiza glabra
9. 18. 2. fragrant : grows on Lake
Maiotis: medicinal use: use
against thirst.
aye (1), holm-oak, Quercus Ilex
3. 1 6.2. described
aperaents < (2) (2) (= pidaé), smilax, Smi-
Ax a
3. 18. T-12. described; -7. 8, 1.
stem clasping.
ophvpva (gum opvpva 9.1. 2. )s myrrh,
Balsamodendron M yrrha
4.4.12. gum ofan Arian axavda (see
App. (9))comp.; 4. 4. 14. in list
of Oriental apjpara; 9.1. 2. ie
gummy (called ouvpva) ; 9.1.6
time of tapping; 9. 4. 1 . collec-
477
INDEX OF PLANTS
tion of gum; 9. 4. 2. Arabian:
habitat; 9. 4. 3. described (two
accounts) ; 9. 4. 4-10. accounts
of travellers ; 9. 7. 3. in list of
apomara.
odyxos, Sow-thistle, Sonchus Nymani
4.6.10. growth of dotmé (2) comp.;
6. 4. 3. a ‘ thistle-like’ plant,
but has not the characteristic
‘head’ of such plants; 6. 4. 5.
stalk of a kind of axavos comp.;
6. 4. 8. root.
onadaé (?) (= édyjpepov), Meadow
saffron, Colchicum parnassicum
16.11. large fleshy roots.
oretpaia, privet, Ligustrum vulgare
1.14. 2. bears fruit at top; 6.1. 4.
a spineless wild under-shrub.
(oroyyia, sponge
4. 6.5. found on North Coast of
“Crete ; 4. 6. 10. distinguished
from ‘ * plants. *)
orod.as (= mpovprvy), bullace, Prunus
insititia
3. 6.4. very shallow rooting: few
roots.
aredchoupos (= apvdyhwooor 7,11. 2.
according to some) (= oprv&
7. 11. 2. according to some),
plantain, Plantago Lagopus
atopy (= déews 6. 1. 3.), Poterium
spinosum
1. 10. 4. leaves fleshy; 6. 1. 3.
has leaves as well as spines: i.
wild under-shrub; 6. 5. 1.
list of such plants ; 6. 5. 2. ‘sacs
no spines on the leaves.
aotpov@iov (1) = (xvdHrvios), quince,
Cydonia vulgaris
2. 2. 5. seed produces xvdevios.
orpovbiov (2)(= oTpovGos), Soap-wort,
Saponaria officinalis
6. 4. 3. a ‘ thistle-like’ plant, but
has not the characteristic ‘head’
of such plants; 6. 8.3. a coro-
nary plant: flowering time:
scentless.
oTpovéos (= otpovbiov (2)), soap-wort,
Saponaria officinal is
9. 12. 5. leaf of pyjKxwv H “Hpaxdrcia
comp.
OTPUXVOS
. 15. 4. several plants called by
‘this name, which have nothing
in common but the name : three
478
mentioned (see seed de 9.11. 5-6.
kinds (see below) ; 9. 15. 5. two
kinds grow in Arcadia.
ore os 6 edwédimos, garden night-
ade, Solanum nigrum
3. 18.11. fruit of opida€ (2) comp.;
7. 7. 2. a@ Adxavov: can be
eaten raw; 7. 15. 4. more or
less cultivated : has berries.
oTpUXVOS O pavixds (= Opsopos 9.11 6,
= mepittés 9.11.6) thorn-apple.
Datura Stramonium
7.15. 4. causes madness, or, in a
large dose, death; 9. 11. 6. de-
scribed : medicinal use; 9.19.1.
effect on ‘ mind.’
oTpuxvos 0 Urvedns, Withania somni-
era
fi
7. 15. 4. induces sleep; 9. 11. 5.
Hee. : medicinal use : habi-
at.
arvpaé, storax, Storax officinalis
9. 7. 3. in list of apépara,
ovxap.ivos, Mulberry, Morus nigra
1. 6.1. core hard and close: 1. 9.7.
time of leafing; 1. 10. 10.
fruit made of fibre and skin;
1. 12. 1. taste of fruit; 1.13. 1.
flower ‘downy’; 1.13. "4. attach-
ment of flower; 5. 3. 4. charac-
ter of wood; 5. 4. 2. do.: wood
little liable to decay: turns
black when old; 5. 6. 2. wood
tough and easy to bend:
uses; 5. 7. 3. wood used for
bent-wood work: use in ship-
building.
cuKépivos 7 Atyvrtia,
Ficus Sycamorus
1. 1. 7. position of fruit; 1. 13.2.
bears on stem; 4. 1. 5. barren
in uncongenial climate ; 4.2.1—2.
peculiar to Egypt: described 3
4. 2. 4. kepwria distinguished.
ovxy (1) (fruit cdxor), fig, Ficus
Carica
1.3. 1.-a‘typical ‘ tree®s"1. 3.5,
evergreen at Elephantine; 1.5.1.
crooked and low; 1. 5. 2. bark
smooth: bark in one layer;
1. 5. 3. wood fleshy; 1. 5. 3.
wood not fibrous; 1. 6. 1. core
fleshy; 1. 6. 3. eer many and
long; 1. 6. 4. roots crooked;
1.7 2. roots very long; 1. 8. 1.
sycamore,
INDEX OF PLANTS
no knots ; 1.8. 2. has less knots
than epiveds 5 1. 8. 5. young
branches ‘roughest’ ; 1.9.7. time
of shedding leaves; 1. 10. 4.
leaves broad; 1. 10. 5. leaf
divided : etc.; 1. 10. 8. leaves
made of ‘ bark’ and flesh; 1. 11.
4. seeds all together in a single
case; 1. 11. 6. arrangement of
seeds; 1. 12. 1. taste of fruit;
1. 12. 2. taste of sap; 1.14.1
bears on new shoots: some-
times also on old wood (?);
1. 14. 4. cultivated form of
épiveds ? Many cultivated wae
2. 1. 2. propagation; 2. 2.
degenerates from seed : bias I
2. 12, cannot be made
out of épiveds by cultivation ;
2. 3. 1. sometimes changes to
épiveds Spontaneously; 2. 3. 3.
sometimes bears fruit from be-
hind the leaves: other anoma-
lies; 2. 5. 3. grafting; 2. 5. 4;
propagation ; 2. 5. 5. cuttings
set in a bulb of oxiAAn; 2. 5. 6.
easily propagated : trees should
be planted far apart; 2. 5. 7.
low ground suitable; 2. 6. 6.
dates said to vary as much
as figs in colour etc.; 2. 6. 12.
cuttings set upside down;
2. 7. 1. effects of watering;
2. 7. 5. use of dust; 2. 7. 6.
root-pruning etc.; 2. 8 1. apt to
shed immature fruit: caprifica-
tion; 2.8.2—-4. do. and pseudo-
caprification ; 3. 3. 8. sheds
épiva ; 3. 4. 2. time of budding;
3.5.4. autumn budding; 3.6.2.
formation of buds; 3. 7. 38
produces épuvd and sdvvOc;
[8. 17. 4. a local Idaean kind
(see below); 3.17. 5. do. de-
seribed ;] 4. 2. 3. taste of fruit of
o. ) Kunpia comp.; 4. 4. 4. fruit
of 7 ovKy “Ivduxy comp.; 4. 5. 3.
grows well in Pontus with shel-
ter; 4. 7. 7. size of marine trees
of island ot Tylos comp.; 4.13.1.
shorter - lived than épiveds;
4.18.2. short-lived ; 4.14. 2. apt
to get worm- -eaten : young
plants liable to “sunscorch’ ;
. 14. 3. destroyed by ‘ worms’
which breed in it: gets scab
in some regions; 4. 14. 4-5.
other diseases; 4. 14. 8. effects
on fruit of rain and drought;
4. 14. 10. infested by knips;
4. 14. 12. suffers most from
special winds; 4. 15. 2. survives
stripping of bark for some time ;
4. 15. 2. instance of bark grow-
ing again; 4. 16. 1. survives
splitting of stem; 5. 8. 3. char-
acter of wood; 5. 6. 1. wood
strong only against a vertical
strain; 5. 9. 5. wood makes
pungent smoke; 5. 9. 6. wood
good for kindling furnaces;
7. 13. 2. root of agdddedos eaten
with figs.
cuxy (2) 4 Aiyutria (= Kepwvia
1.11.2.), carob, Ceratonia Siliqua
ovky (3) 7 “Idaia (fruit cdKxov), Ame-
lanchier vulgaris
3. 17. 4-5. described.
ovxy (4) 7 “Ivitey, banyan, Ficus
bengalensis
1. 7.3. roots again from branches 3
4. 4. 4-5. described.
aukyn (5) 7 Kvapia, sycamore, Ficus
Sycamorus var.
4, 2. 3. described.
ouvxy (6) 7 Aaxwyixy, Ficus Carica
var.
2. 7. 1. water-loving; 2. 8. 1.
caprification not used.
ovK7y (7) i *ApaBuxy), Ficus Carica
var.
4.7.8. an evergreen Arabian kind.
(cu (8) (? an alcyonidian polyp)
4.6. 2. peculiar to certain waters ;
4. 6. 9. described).
7 sage, Salvia calycina
4. a spineless wild under-
Telaruats 6. 2. 5. like cultivated
éAchiobakos : leaf of one kind of
mpao.ov COMp.
odévdanvos, Maple, Acer monspes-
sulanum
8. 3. 1. a tree of mountain and
lain; 3. 3. 8 doubt whether it
as a flower; 3. 4. 4. time of
fruiting ; 3. 6. 1. slow-grow-
ing (?); 3. 6. 5. roots shallow
Hei few according to eee
3. 1-2. described ; a i;
ine of cutting timber ; Sis ri
479
INDEX OF PLANTS
do.; 5. 8. 3. character of tim-
her.3).5z, 72:6. uses of wood.
axivos (fruit oxivis 9.4,7.), mastich,
Pistacia Lentiscus
9.1. 2. produces a gum;-9. 4. 7.
ABaywrds comp. by some.
oxotvos (1), rush, Juncus spp. ete.
1.5. 3. not jointed ; 1. 8.1. no
knots; 4. 8. 1. in list of ta
Aoxuwdn 3 ; 4. 12. 1-3. kinds dis-
tinguished.
axotvos (2) (6 evwdns ?), ginger-grass,
q ambepes on Schoenanthus
9.7.1. habitat (E. of Tehanga) °
‘described : fragrance ; 9. 7.
in list of apwpara,
oXotvos (3) 0 Kdpmimos, (= wedayKpa-
oe 4. cy a ), bog-rush, Schoenws
4, 1. 13. “described.
axotvos (4) 6 odAdaxo.vos,
Holoschoenus
4. 12.2. described; 9 12. 1. used
for stringing pieces of xapardéwr
6 Acuxds.
roles (5) 0 ofvs, Juncus acutus
2 12. 1-2. described.
oxoivos (6)
4.7. 3. stone ‘
Sea.’)
Scirpus
in ‘ Red
oxXotvor’
TéppvOos (repéBvG0s), terebinth, Pis-
tacia Terebinthus
1, 9. 3. evergreen (wild form);
3. 2. 6. characteristic of Syria;
3. 3. 1. a mountain tree; 3. 3.3.
evergreen ; 3. 4, 2. time "of bud-
ding; 3. 4.4, time of fruiting ;
3. 15. 3-4. described ; 4. 4. 7. 7.
7 “Ivéuxy comp.; 4. 16. 1-2. not
injured by cutting for resin;
5.3.2. character of wood: uses;
5 fruit and resin ‘useful,
wood not used in crafts; 9.1. 2:
sap gummy; 9. 1. 6. time of
tapping; 9. 2. 1. method of
tapping ; 9. 2. 2. produces best
resin (pyrivn); 9, 2.2. said to
be burnt for pitch (irra) in
Syria: cf. 3. 2. 4,
method of preparing pitch in
Syria; 9. 4. 7. ouvpva comp. by
some; 9. 4. 8.some say cpuvpva
= ee "9. 5. 1. fruit of BadAcapov
comp,
480
Terpayentt, Euonymus latifolius
2. time of panes 3. 4. 6;
time of fruitin
tetpadré, yellow staan. Cen-
taurea solstitialis
6. 4. 4. a ‘thistle-like’ plant:
time of growing.
TEVTALs (= TEvVTAOV)
. 2. a Adxavoyv; needs cooking.
redTAov (revTALov) (= TedrALs, beet,
Beta maritima
1. 3. 2. becomes large in cultiva-
tion; 1.5.3. stem fleshy; 1.6.6.
root single, be with large side-
SPO WES Seid . 6. 7. root fleshy ;
di; G. Asi flaoks & 2; 1. 10. 4.
leaves fleshy ; 7. 1. 2°3. time of
sowing and germination ; isisOe
do.; 7. 1. 6. germination ; 7.2.2
root makes offsets; 7. 5. 5-6.
root described; 7. 2.7. root of
AdraGov comp.; 7. 2. 8. root;
7. 8. 2. seeds; 7. 4. 1. several
kinds; 7. 4. 4. two kinds, 7d
Aeukév (SuxeAckdv) and 7d pedav3
7.5. 5. seed keeps well.
THALs (= BovKépas), fenugreek, T'rigo-
nella Foenum-graecum
3.17. 2. leaf of coAovtéa (KoAoiTia
(1) comp.
TLOvpadrAos (produces immodaés ?
9. 15. 6. see note) (= unxwriov
9. 8. 2.), spurge, Huphorbia
Peplus etc.
9. 8. 2. juice of stalk, how col-
lected; 9. 11.1. several kinds ;
9.11. 5. do.; leaf of orpixvos 6
brvedns comp.; . 9.11. 7-9. kinds
(see below); 9. 15. 6. Arcadian :
localities.
TiOspmadros O appHy, Euphorbia Sib-
thorpir
9. 11. 8. described: medicinal
use.
TLOspadrAos O puptitns (fruit Kapvov
9.11 9.), Huphorbia Myrsinites
9.11. 9. described: habitat : time
of gathering : medicinal use.
TLOvpahrAos 0 mapddos, Sea-Spurge,
Euphorbia Paralias
9. 11. 7. described:
use,
tidy, one-seeded wheat, Triticum
monococcum
1. 6. 5. roots numerous;
medicinal —
2. 4. In
S|
a Oe ee ee a
INDEX OF PLANTS
seed, unless bruised, produces
mupos 3 8. 1. 1. in list of oa apm
8. 1. 3. sown early; 8. 2.1. ger-
mination described; 8. 2. 6.
time of ripening seed; 8. 4. 1.
comp. in detail with other
cereals; 8.8.3.7. and Gera only
plants which can change into
something quite different (cf.
2. 4. 1.); 8.9 2. exhausts the
soil less than any other cereal:
reason: likes light soil: 7. and
Gevd the cereals most like
mupos
tibvor, autumn squill, Scilla autwm-
nalis
7. 13. 7. flower appears before
leaves and stem.
tpaydxavOa, (1), tragacanth, Astra-
galus creticus
9. 1. 3. produces a gum: now
known to grow not only in
Crete (see r. (2)); 9. 8. 2: no
cutting needed to collect gum.
Tpayaxavéa (2), tragacanth, Astra-
galus Parnassi
9. 15. 8. abundant in Achaia and
not inferior to the r. of Crete.
Tpayorwmywv (= Kdéuyn 7.7.1.) goat’s
beard, T’ragopogon porrifolius
7. 7. 1. described : a Adxavor.
TpiBodros (1), caltrop, Tribulus ter-
restris
3. 1. 6 comes up spontaneously
in damp places; 6. 1. 3. has
leaves as well as spines: has
spines on the fruit-vessel:
6. 5. 3. distinguished from rpi-
Bodos (2); 7.8.1. stem ‘on the
ground’; 8. 7. 2. (as a weed)
destroyed by épéBuvos.
ar age (2), caltrop, Fagonia cretica
6. 1. 8. has leaves as wel as
spines; 6. 4. 1. do.; 6. 1. in
list of such plants ; 6. Ps 3. dis-
tinguished from rpiBodos (1);
grows near enclosures.
tpiBodos (3), water chestnut, Trapa
natans
4. 9. 1-3. described.
tpirdAcov (?), Aster Tripolium
9. 19. 2. use as charm.
Tpixouaves (2? = adiavrov 7d AcvKdv)
‘ft. 1., English maidenhair,
Asplenium Trichomanes
THEOPH. VOL. II.
Tn, bar vias Typha cageerar
5. 3. not jointed ; 1. 8. 1. no
On Sp 4,10. 1.in jist of plants
of Lake Copais; 4. 10. 5. de-
scribed; 4. 10. 6. grows both on
land and in water : some doubt
this; 4.10.7. part used for food.
vakivOos 7 aypia, Scilla bifolia
6. 8. 1- 2, flowering time.
ue n omapT, larkspur, Del-
phinium Ajacis
6. 8. 2. flowering time: flower of
600s (1) comp.
vdvor, truffle, Tuber cibarium
1. 11. has not all the ‘ parts’ of
a plant; 1.6.5. no roots; 1. 6.9.
underground.
vroxoipis, cat’s ear,
radicata
ixelan La & AdXavor ; ; classed as
‘chicory-like’ from its leaves;
7.11. 4. growth contrasted with
xovdpvaAda.
udeap, mistletoe, Viscum album
3. 16. 1. grows On zptvos.
Hypochoeris
paxés, lentil, Hrvum Lens
2. 4.2. seed sown in dung; 3.15.3.
fruit of tépprvO0s comp.; 3.17, 2.
size of fruit of KoAoria (1) comp.;
3. 18. 5. arrangement of fruit of
pods comp.; 4. 4.9. not found in
India; 4. 4. 10. a so-called ¢. in
India; 8. 1. 4. sown late; 8.3.2.
stem; 8. 3. 4. seed; 8. 5. 1.
several kinds; white form
sweetest; 8. 5. 2. seeds com-
paratively few ; 8. 5. 3. shape
of pod; . 3. a&pakos os
specially among ob. 8. 8.
also amapivyn; 8. 8. 6. causes nae
of od. becoming ‘cookable’ or
* uncookable.’
haioyavoy (= Fidrov = Ethos 7. 13. 1.),
corn-flag, Gladiolus segetwm
7. 12. 8. use of root in food: root
described; 7. 13. 1. leaves de-
scribed ; 7. 13. 4. grown from
seed.
aoxos, tree-moss, Usnea barbata
3. 8. 6. borne only on Wg ites 4 (1).
eddAddpus (= apia 3.16. 2.), holm-
On, Eppes Ilex var. amriforia
by °, 3. evergreen; 3. 3. 3,
aay
I
INDEX OF PLANTS
3. 16. 3. described: called apia
by Dorians.
perrAds, (2?= ios cf. Plin. 16. 98.),
cork-oak, Quercus Su
2.7. bark; 1. 5. 2..bark rough
and fleshy; 1. 5. 4. wood light;
3. 17. 1. grows in Tyrrhenia:
‘described; 4. 15. 1. is the
stronger for having its bark
ieee 5. 3. 6. wood of dotvé
(1) com
déws (= edhe 6. 1. 3.), Poterium
‘ hag ns a ), Val k,
myos pds y wypia), Va onia oa
Quercus rebel eee
3. 3. 1. a mountain tree; 3. 4. 2.
time of budding; 3. 6. 1. slow-
growing (?); 3. 8. 2. one of the
five ‘Idaean’ kinds of oak: de-
scribed : fruit; 3.8. 3—4. acorns;
3. 8. 4. timber; 3. 8. 7. one of
the four ‘Macedonian’ kinds of
oak; 4. 13. 2. ancient trees at
. 2. time of cutting
Pidvxn, p< a Rhamnus Alila-
ternus
OS ee evergreen ; 3. 3. 1. a moun-
tain tree; 3. 8. 3. evergreen ;
3. 4. 2. time of budding; 3. 4. 4.
time of fruiting ; 5. 6. 2. easiest
wood for turning.
didvaa (= idvpa 7H OyAeca), lime (or
silver lime), Tilia platyphyllos,
(or tomentosa)
1, 5. 2. bark thin: bark in layers ;
1.5.5. wood pliable; 1. 10. 1.
leaves inverted in summer;
“1. 12. 4 leaves, but not fruit,
eaten by animals ; 3 ae ae eae
mountain tree; 3. 4. 2. time of
budding; 3. 4. 6. time of fruit-
ing: fruit. inedible; 3. 5. 5-6.
winter-buds; 3. 10. 4-5. de-
scribed: ‘male’ and ‘female’
forms distinguished (see below);
8. 11. 1. bark of odévdapuvos
comp. 3. 13.1. bark of xépacos
comp. ; 8. 138. 3. grows where
Képagos grows; 3. 17. 5. leaf of
ovKy 7 Idaia comp.; 4.4. L. hard
to grow in Babylon; 4. 5.1. in
list of Northern trees ; . "8. 1.
grows partiallyin water 3 4.15.1.
outer bark can be stripped;
482
4. 15. 2. survives Se se .
bark for some time;
time of cutting timber ; b. 1, 4,
do.; 5. 3. 3. character of wood ;
5.
blunts tools; 5. 6. 2. wood so
and easy to work ; 5.7.5. various
5. 1. wood easy to ie
uses of wood and. bark ;. 5. 9. 7.8
wood used for fire-sticks.
pidvpa 7m appnv (= GuNue tt mock-
privet, Phillyrea m
‘
pidup
e, Tilia tomentosa
3. 10. “Ls. distingalined from ¢. 9
appyv. . ;
gtAvpéa, mock-privet, Phillyrea
media
1. 9. 3. evergreen; 3. 4. 6. (?)
time of fruiting.
sae (prctis), Erianthes Ravennae
in list of ta Ao ody; 4.10.1.
. jist of plants ot Lake Copais ;
4. 10. 4. described; 4. 10. 6.
grows both on land and in
water; grows on the floating
islands of Lake Copais; 4. 10. 7.
part used for food; 4. 11. 12.
foliage of some xéAapor Comp.
Adywov (= Gddé), wall-flower, Cheir-
anthus Cheirr
1-2, a coronary plant: ©
‘flowering time.
baAduos 7 wéAava, Mullein, Verbascum
sinuatum
9. de ° leaf of ujKwv 7 Kepatitis
$ase vi = = pAdy.vov),
Cheiranthus Cheirt
6. 6. 2. a cultivated under-shrub ;
a coronary plant: scentless ;
6. 6. 11. grown from seed.
she ele (1), date-palm, Phoenix dacty-
afera
Ar Qiots
wall-flower,
‘flesh’ turns to wood;
1. 4. 3. (?) tolerant of sea-water:
1. 5. 1. few branches; 1. 5. 2
rough bark; 1. 5. 3 wood
fibrous; 1. 6.2. core not dis-
tinguishable ; :
chiefly upwards ; 1. 9. 3. ever-
green; 1. 10. 5. reedy leaves;
1.11.1. seed immediately within
envelope: envelope not single;
3. 10. 4%, distinguished trom aoa
:
a Birea (= diAvpa), silver- 7
1. 9. 1. growth >
4
.
INDEX OF PLANTS
1. 11. 3. seed solid and | ‘dry’
throughout; 1. 13. 5. ‘male’
only flowers ; 1.14.2. bears fruit
at top;. 2. 2. 2. propagation ;
2. 2. 6. seeds come true; 2. 2.8.
effect of locality ; 2.2. 10. effects
of climate ; 2. 6. .¥ propagation
from fruit ; 2. 6. 2. propagation
from ‘ head’; 2. 6. 3. cultiva-
tion; 2. 6. 4. ‘do.; 2. 6. 5. culti-
vation in Syria; 2. 6. 8. various
kinds; [2. 6. 9. branching kind:
see Koux.ddopor] ; [2. 6 10.
shrubby kind: see xoié]; 2.6.12.
cuttings set upside down ;
2. 8. 1. apt to shed immature
fruit; 2. 4. artificial fertilisa-
tion; 3. 3.5. not fruitful wher-
ever it grows; 3. 13. 7. dwarf
form (? $ 0 xaparppipys); 4.1.5.
Cf. 2: 2. 103 4.2.7. KovKudpopov
comp.; * 3.1. grows in parts of
Libya; 4. 3. 5. grows well in
waterless Libya: salt in soil,
water supply; 4.3.7. kept alive
by dew in dry regions; 4. 4. 3.
sown in pots; 4.4.13. dangerous
to eat unripe dates (in Ged-
rosia); 4. 7. 8. occurs on the
island of Tylos ; 4.18. 2. story
of the very old ¢. on Delos;
4. 14. 8. if topped, becomes
barren, but is not destroyed :
4, 15. 2. survives stripping of
bark; 5. 8. 6. character of
wood : used for images; 5. 6. 1.
wood strong: behaviour under
pressure: 5, 9. 4. wood makes a
very evil smoke when burnt for
charcoal ; 6. 4. 11. seed-vessel
of xdak«ros (1), when eixipped of
seeds, comp. to ‘brain’ of ¢.;
9. 4. 4. mats in Arabia made of
leaves of 9.
rt (2), Nannorhops ritchiana
4.4.8, Bac rian.
otvee (3), 0 xaparpprpys, dwarf palm,
Se ig ee aot humilis
2. 6. 11. described; 3. 13. 7. (?).
dotnet (4), Cailophyllis laciniata
6.2. peculiar to certain waters ;
ae 6. 10. described.
dovos (=arpaxrvaAts 6. 4. 6.), distaff-
thistle, Carthamus lanatus
6. 4, 6. reason for name
saa (1) To TAaTIpvAdOV (= SHoTHP
. = mpagov (2)), grass-
pea Posidonia oceanica
46-2. occurs generally in Greek
waters : root described.
dvKos (2) Cavpacrdy rd Méye@os, ri-
band-weed, (= mpdcov (8)),
Laminaria’ saccharina
4,6. 4. described: grows in Atlan-
tic: washed into ray Wiha
eee refers to 4. 6. 4
bdxos (3) 7d wévTLov
4.6.4. collected by sponge-fishers.
dixos (4) 7d tpixdhvAdrov, Cystoseira
foeniculosa
4, 6. 3. described.
ddxos (5), litmus, Roccella tinctoria
6. 5. Cretan: dye described.
dvxos (6), grass-wrack, Cymodocea
nodosa (and Zostera marina)
4. 6. 6. described: comp. to
aypworis,
XoABavy, see mavakes (TO SVpror).
Py ae Carlina corymbosa
4. 3. a ‘ thistle-like’ plant.
XaxLaiBocros (= faros), Rubus ulmi-
folius
3. 18. 4. described.
setae ean periwinkle, Vinca her-
3. is. 43. leaf of evaévupos comp.
xapaidpus, germander, Z'eucriuns
hamaedrys
9. 9. 5. medicinal use: described.
xXapatdkéwv, Chamaeleon
6. 4. 3. a ‘thistle-like’ plant, but
inoves, not spinous (see n. on
6. 4, 8.); 6.4.8. flower turns into
‘down’; 9. 12. 1-2, kinds (see
below).
Xemathéwy O AcvKds (= axavOa (9)
9.12.1. = axavos = igia (2) =
iéivm), pine-thistle, Atraciylis
gummifera
9.12.1. described : medicinal use:
fatal to dogs and pigs: how
administered: grows every-
where.
Xapatrkéwy Oo pédas,
corymbosum
9, 12. 2. described: medicinal
use: habitat: fatal to dogs;
9. 14. 1. how long drug will
keep.
Cardopatium
4486
112
INDEX OF PLANTS
xeAdéviov, greater celandine, Cheli-
donium maius
7. 15. 1. flowering depends on the
heavenly bodies.
xovdpvaAra, Chondrilla juncea
{Ce Pe AdxXavor : classed as
‘chicory-like’ from its leaves;
7. 11. 4. growth of wtzoxorpis
contrasted.
Wevdodixranvov, Ballota acetabulosa
9.16.2.comp with dixrayvor as to
appearance and properties : said
by some to be only a degene-
rate form of Sixrayvov: method
of keeping.
wart basil, Ocymum ee dF
: 6-7. root woody; 1. 10. 7.
time of leaf-growth; 7. 1. 2-3.
time of sowing and germina-
tion; 7.2.1. propagation; 7.2.4.
grows again when stem is cut;
- 7,2. 7-8. root described; 7.3. i
long in flower; 7. 3. 2-3 seeds
described; 7. "3. 4. seed very
abundant: seed borne at top;
7. 4. 1. only one kind;
- watered at mid-day; 7. 5. Ae
effect of hot weather; 7. 5, 5.
seed does not keep well; 7.7.2.
leaf of xépxopos comp.; 7. 9. 2.
flowers borne in succession, “ef.
7.3.1.5 9.18.5. leaf of appevd-
yovov and of O@nAvyovoy comp.
&xpo;, Lathyrus Ochrus
8. 1. 3. sown early; 8.3.1. leaf;
8.3.2. stem ; 8. 10. 5. infested
by ‘ worms.’
APPENDIX OF UNNAMED PLANTS
The following plants (arranged in the order of mention) which are
described or indicated, but not named, in the Enquiry, seem possi
to identify :—
1. (Ouovoy to apaxe), tine-tare, La-
thyrus tuberosus
1. 6. 12. root described.
2. (vAjpa dcov Te mepi Méwdiv), Mi-
mosa asperata
4. 2.11. described: ‘sensitive.’
3. (Sévdpov . . . weyaddxaprov), Jack-
fruit, Artocarpus integrifolia
4, 4. 5. used for food by Indian
sages.
4. (pvAdAov . . « Tols THY oTTpoVIaV
TTepoits omovov), banana, Musa
sapientum
4. 4. 5. described.
5. (kaprds akodtds eoSiduevos 88
puicts). mango, Mangifera in-
wea
4, 4. 5. fruit described: causes
dysentery.
« (kapmds dmoros Tots “ounces ju-
;. me Zizyphus Jujuba
484 u ;
7. (Gnovov repuivewm), pistachio-nut,
Pistacia vera
* % 4. 7, described. )
dmovov TH OWer Kal Td BovKepas),
Phaseolus Mungo
4, 9-10. called by Hellenes
axds, and similarly used.
9. (axavOa ed’ hs yivera Sax vov) (=
axavOa (4) 7 “Ivédixy), Balsamo-
dendron Mukul
4, 4, 12. grows in Aria: de-
scribed.
10. (vAnua HAckov pddavos), ASa-
foetida, Scorodosma foetidum
4, 4. 12. described: fatal to
horses.
11. (Guovov rH Sédvy PVAAOV €ExOY),
Nerium odorum
4, 4, 13. effect on animals.
12a. (dévdpa poe mangrove,
i gymnorhiza
4. 7. 4. described.
INDEX OF PLANTS
12b. (Sévdpov dvddrAov Exov Smorov TH
éadvy) mangrove, Rhizophora
mucronata
4, 7. 4. described (as if identical
with 12a.).
13. (kapmds duor0s Tots Oéppors), Aegi-
ceras MaiUs
4.7.5, 6, and 7. described.
14, (Sévdpa spo rH avdpaxdan (=
Séadvyn (6) = édAada (3)), white
mangrove, Avicennia officinalis
4, 7. 5. described.
15. (S€vépa 7d avOos ExovTa omovoy TO
Aevkotw) ( = (16)), tamarind,
Tamarindus indica
4. 7. 8. grows in the island of
Tylos.
16. (SévSpov modvdudAdrov) ( = (15)),
tamarind, Tamarindus indica
4. 7. 8. grows in the island of
Tylos: opening and closing of
flower.
17. (cvxyj ov dvdAdopootca), Ficus
laccifera
4. 7. 8. grows in the island of
Tylos.
18. (Sov0v Tots xpivots) Ottelia alis-
ides
mo
4. 8. 6. Egyptian marsh-plant:
bitat and leaves: medicinal
use,
19, (ev te yévos ev rats Atuvats),
Saccharum biflorum
4. 8. 13. use for fodder.
20. (yévos mapadhudpevov cv TH ate),
Corchorus trilocularis
4. 8. 14, treatment as fodder:
fruit described.
21. (Sévdpov), Sissoo-wood, Dalbergia
Sissoo
5. 8. 2. wood described: use for
making furniture.
22. (évAov), teak, Tectona grandis
5. 4. 7. wood stands sea-water well.
23. (SévSpov), calamander wood,
Diespyros quaesita
5. 4. 7. wood described.
24, (opovov aBpordve), Artemisia
camphorata
6.3.6. properties : effect on sheep.
25. (rd TH vapdm mpoceudhepH THY
oopnv ێxov), Valeriana Dios-
coridis
9. 7. 4.a Thracian dpepa,
26. (irodudpuevov evOis Ex THs pi¢ys
T® kupive), broom-rape, Oro-
banche versicolor
8. 8. 5. parasitic on xvptvov.
27. (piga Gavarnddpos), Somali arrow-
poison, Acokanthera Schimperi
9. 15. 2. Aethiopian: used for
poisoning arrows.
485
vip P12 Way TP re) Dol ee hee
ECAC H Nai Ayibtlealiaeg Se ra if
et site Ate 1s
hy nite i aha
wt ng o . ral pene mas = »,
io), hearer al = th Saal
oy
: Lh epi wns | ee
estos qytitecs Bot) it iss m3
Divine Wet e'? = mnacuaky rites (cheep \% we oF i Pe & dy ie A :
eM iPOOk «keeles tae” 2 Ligeia are Vidertt phat
aehyira as hae : per
Aer, ©
< Wy a se +
om.
Pet Uist A oe oh
| tan
nia hbue te rahe
ts “Ei
ot aires.
Sy Sh (yonhign, IR a
face AW Theres a “
hes 4G FONE. 5 COV RS ne,
KEY TO THE INDEX
I.—LIST OF PLANTS MENTIONED IN THE
ENQUIRY UNDER BOTANICAL NAMES
Abies cephalonica
—— pectinata
Acacia albida
—— arabica
— tortilis
Acantha arabica
Acer campestre
— creticum
— monspessulanum
—— pseudo-Platanus
nae Schim-
enutsabs Anthora
Acorus Calamus
Adiantum Capillus-
Vene
Aegiceras majus.
Aegilops ovata
Ailanthus malabarica
Ajuga Ira
Allium Cepa and vars.
—— nigrum
— Porrum
— sativum
Alnus glutinosa
Althaea officinalis
Amaranthus Blitum
Amelanchier vulgaris
Amomum subulatum
eAary (1)
édarn (2)
dxavba(1),etc.
dxav0a(1),etc.
axav0a (3)
axavOa (7)
Guyia
yActvos
ohévdapvos
KALVOTpOXOS
App. (27
aKOVLTOV, OnAV-
dovov, pud-
eee okop-
tios(3
KdAapos 6 Eve-
ons
a&diavtov, a. TO
péAay
App. (13)
aiyiAwy (2)
KOMLOKOV
eretivyn
yuOvov, yyret-
ov, Kpouvor,
K. TO oXLC-
TOV, Kpop.vo-
eB (1)
oKdpodov
KANO pa
adOata, padda-
Xn 7) aypia
BXirov
ovKy 7 Idaia
GjL/LOV
Anagallis caerulea
Anchusa tinctoria
Andropogon Ischae-
mum
Anemone blanda
—— coronaria
—— pavonina
—— spp.
Anethum graveolens
Anthemis chia
Antirrhinum Oron-
tium
Apium graveolens
Arbutus Andrachne
—— hybrida
— Unedo
Aristolochia rotunda
Artemisia Absinthium
—— arborescens
— camphorata
Artocarpus integri-
folia
Arum italicum
Arundo Donax
Asparagus acutifolius
Asphodelus ramosus
Asplenium Ceterach
— Trichomanes
KdpXopos
ayXouce.
ioXauj.os
a Vv ep avn v
opeta.
a. v) Actwvia
a. n Actmovia.
avOemov, a. TO
dvaAaAwdes
avTippivov
éXevlogéALvor,
oéALvor, o.
Td Edevov
avdpaxan
adapKy
KO}La.pos
apraToroxia.
ayyivOvov
aBpotovov
App. (24)
App. (3)
apov
dovag, KaAaLOS
& avAntiKds
etc.
aopdpayos
aapddedos, 16-
Gos (2)
TLLOVLOV
adtavTov 7d
Acuxév, Tpt-
Xomavées
487
KEY TO
Aster Amellus aoTépirKos
— Tripolium TpLTOALOV
Astragalus creticus TpayaxavOa (1)
—— Parnassi Tpaydxava (2)
Atractylis gummifera akxav@a (8),
&KaVvOS, gta
(2), ¢ cé VN)»
XOpOLACoV o
AevKos
Atriplex Halimus a@ALpLov
—— rosea, adpadatus
Atropa Belladonna mepnoyiors
Avena sativa pdmos
Avicennia officinalis Sadvy (6),
éAaa (3),
App. (14)
Balanites aegyptiaca Bddravos
Ballota acetabulosa Wevdodixkrap-
VvoV
— pseudo-Dictam- dixrapvor (ére-
nus v)
Balsamodendron Mu- dakrav@a_ (4),
kul pp. (9)
— Myrrha onvpva
—— Opobalsamum Badcapov
Bambusa arundinacea kddAasmos 6 *Iv-
duKds
Beta maritima TEvTAOV
Brassica alba vary
— cretica padavos
— Rapa yoyyvais
Bruguiera gymnorhiza App. (12a) |
Bryonia cretica apmredos 7 ay-
péa,u7jAwOpov
Buxus sempervirens mvéos
Calamintha incana éA€viov
Calamogrostis Epi- xddAapos (emi-
geios ‘yevos
Callitriche verna —
Callitris quadrivalvis 6vo
Callophyllis laciniata going (4)
Calycotome villosa aoradabos
Capparis spinosa KaTrTrapis
Cardopatium corym- yxapyarewv 06
bosum péAas
Carduus arvensis axavOa (2)
— acanthoides moAvaKavOos
Carex riparia BovTomos
Carlina corymbosa XaAKkevos
Carthamus lanatus arpaxtvaAis,
dovos
488
THE INDEX
Carthamus leucocaulos xvijKxos » aypia
—— tinctorius
Castanea vesca
—_ |+~—S—s ——. var.
Celtis australis
Centaurea calcitrapa
— salonitana
—— solstitialis
Ceratonia Siliqua
Cerris Siliquastrum
Chamaerops humilis
Cheiranthus Cheiri
Chelidonium majus
Chondrilla juncea
Cicer arietinum
Cichorium Intybus
Cinnamomum Cassia
—— iners
Cistus salvifolius
villosus
—_—
Citrus medica
Clematis vitalba
Cnicus Acarna
— benedictus
Colchicum parnassi-
cum
Colocasia antiquorum
Colutea arborescens
Conium maculatum
Convolvulus Scam-
monia
— sepium
Corchorus trilocularis
Cordia Myxa
Coriandrum sativum
Cornus Mas
—— sanguinea
Corydalis densiflora
Cotoneaster Pyra-
cantha
Corylus avellana
var.
Crataegus Heldreichii
— orientalis
KVnKOS, K. cu)
Kpo-=
Kos 0 akav-
666s
SiosBédavos
ge an Ev-
Boik
peste )
TavTadsovca
KEVTAUPLOV
TeTPaALE
kepwovia
kepxis (1) on-
iG
XeArddviov
xovdpvdAra
€péBivOos
KLXOpLov
KLVAILOLOV
kata
Kia8os 0 OnAUS
Kig8os, kK. 0
appyv
prea 7 Iepor-
Ky (Mydixy)
abpayévn
akopva.
KVHKOS 7) wypia.
(erépa)
edbymepov, ora=
Aag
ov iyyov
KodvTEéo.
KOVELOV
okKappovia
iacwovn
App. (20)
pate (n
Alyurria)
koptavvov
Kpavera
OnAvKpavera
Oynaevov
o€vaKxavOos
Kapva
kapva 7 “Hpa~
KewTLKy
Kpararyos
eoTiAn 7 ave
Ondov
KEY TO THE INDEX
Crataegus oxyacantha
Crepis Columnae
Crocus cancellatus
— sativus
—— spp.
Cucumis sativus
Cucurbita maxima
Cuminum Cyminum
Cupressus semper-
virens
Cuscuta europaea
Cyclamen graecum
Cydonia vulgaris
Cymbopogon Schoen-
anthus
Cymodocea nodosa
Cynara Cardunculus
— Scolymus
Cynodon Dactylon
Cyperus auricomus
— esculentus
—— longus
—— Papyrus
— rotundus
Cystoseira Abies ma-
rina
—— ericoides
— foeniculosa
Cytisus aeolicus
Dalbergia Sissoo
Daphne Gnidium
— oleoides
Datura Stramonium
Daucus Carota
Delphinium Ajacis
—— orientale
— Staphisagria
Dendrocalamus stric-
tus
Diospyros Ebenum
—— Melanoxylon
Dracunculus vulgaris
Drypis spinosa
Eecballium Elaterium
Echinops spinosus
Echium diffusum
peoTiAn 7 ave
O@nSovoeidys
amapyia
K. © Aeukés
K. 0 eVOoMOS
KpdéKos
atKvos
KOAOKUVTH
KULLVOV
KUTaptTTOS
opoBayxn
KUKAGpLLVOS
KvO@VLOV,
otpov@iov(1)
axotvos (2)
ddxos (6)
Kaxros (1)
Kaxtos (2)
aypworts
oape
padw.wabdrrdn,
pvaovov
KUTreLpos
TATUPOS
KUTELpov
eddy (3)
Spis (7)
dkos (4)
KoAouria (1)
App. (21)
KVEMpoV
Kvéwpos 6 Aev-
Kos
Opvopov, TepiT-
TOs, oOTpUx-
vos 0 LaviKds
SadxKov (1)
vadkivOos 7
orapTy
000s (1)
actapis
KdAapos 6 “Iv-
kos
éBévy (1)
€Bévy (2)
SpaxovTov
Spumris
oikvos 6 ayptos
<¢
UT POS
ovoxetrés
Elettaria Cardamo-
mum
Ephedra ‘campylo-
poda
FErianthus Ravennae
Erica arborea
Lruca sativa
Ervum Lens
Eryngium campestre
Erythraea Centat-
rium
Euonymus europaeus
— latifolius
Euphorbia antiquo-
rum
— Apios
—— Myrsinites
—— paralias
—— Peplus
—— Sibthorpii
—— spp.
Fagonia cretica
Fagus silvatica _
Ferula communis
—— nodosa
—- tingitana
Ferulago galbanifera
Ficus bengalensis
— Carica
— _— ——_ val.
— laccifera
—— Sycamorus
= a var.
Fraxinus excelsior
— Ornus
Fucus spiralis
Fungi
Galanthus nivalis
Galium Aparine
Genista acanthoclada
Kapdamomov
OpavTados
Aw
EpecKky
eVGwpLov
KOS
npvyyrov
KevTaupts
EVOVULOS
,
TE TPAYWVla
axavéa (5), (6)
amvos (2), io-
xas; padpavos
H Opeta
TiOvpadArAos 0
pupritys
TLbvpadhrAos 0
TapaArLos
PNKo@vioy, TLOV-
padAos
TLOGpaAdOS Ci)
appyv :
PyK@VLOY, UT
tmobéws, TL
Ovp.addAos
TpiBodos (2)
ogy
vapOnkia, vap-
Oné
TAVAKES To
*AokAntievov
aidduov
TAVOKES
nm ¢ 9 la
ovky 7 TvdtKy
ovky (1
ovK7 7
Buxy
App. (17)
ouKkap.ivos 7
Aiyurria
ovky n Kumpia
BovjséAcos
peAta
aptredAos (3)
puKns
*Apa-
Aevxotor (2)
amrapivyn
oxopmrios (1)
489
Gladiolus segetum
Glaucium flavum var
Serpierii
Glycyrrhiza glabra
Gossypium arboreum
*
Hedera Helix
Helichrysum siculum
Heliotropium villo-
sum
Helleborus
phyllus
Herniaria glabra
Hippuris vulgaris
Hordeum = sativum
and vars.
Hyphaene thebaica
cyclo-
lex Aquifolium
Imperata arundi-
nacea
Inula Helenium
—— graveolens
—— viscosa
—— spp.
Tris foetidissima
— pallida etc.
—— Sisyrinchium
Juglans regia
Juncus acutus
—— Spp.
Juniperus communis
— excelsa
—— foetidissima
—— phoenicea
— Oxycedrus
Laburnum vulgare
Lactuca graeca
—— sativa
— scariola
490
Eiduov, Eidos,
doyavov
LAKwVY q Kepa-
TiTLs
yAuketa (piga),
KVOLKH
(Sévdpov Td)
Ep.odopov
ede ; KUTTOS
EeLoXpugos
HALoTpPOTLov
eAd€Bopos,
é. 0 médas
eAAcBopivy
Urvov
Kp.On
KOtE, KovKLodo-
pov
KHAaoTpos
Opvov
TAVAKES TO
Xevpwverov
Kovuga 7 Oy-
Acta
ova ] appyy
Kovuga
Eipes
ipts
o.ruptyxtov
Kapva 7 Ilep-
oLKH
oxoivos 6 oEvs
apxevOos, Ké=
Spos (3)
Kédpos(1), o€v-
Kedpos
Kvticgos (1)
AtBavewtis
Opidaé
Opdakivy
KEY TO THE INDEX
Lagenaria vulgaris
Laminaria saccharina
Lapidium sativum
Lathyrus amphicar-
— sativus
— tuberosus
Laurus nobilis
Lavandula spica
Lavatera arborea
Lecokia cretica
Lemna minor
Ligustrum vulgare
Lilium candidum ete.
— chalcedonicum
—— Martagon
Limnanthemum nym-
phoides
Linum usitatissimum
Lolium temulentum
Lonicera etrusca
Loranthus europaeus
Lupinus alba
Lychnis coronaria
Lycoperdon Bovista
—— giganteum
Malabaila aurea
Malva silvestris
Mandragora offici-
narum
Mangifera indica
Marrubium peregri-
num
Matthiola incana
Matricaria Chamo-
a
Medicago arborea
—— sativa
Melissa officinalis
Mentha aquatica
— Pulegium
—— viridis
Mercurialis perennis
madaxn (1)
AiBavwtos 4H
KGpTLLos
ixpy
oTetpaia
Kpivoyv, Kpivw=
via, Acéprov(1)
Kpivov TO Top=
UpovV
HeepoKadrA€s
pjvav0os
Aivov
aipa
KAUPEVOV
iéia (1)
Gépmos
Avxvis
méGts
aoxLov
SadKov (2)
podrdxn (2)
heneerenee
(1)
App. (5)
TpacLov
tov To Aevkor,
iwvia (7 Aev=
Kn), AeuKOiov
1
avOenov To
abiddravOes
KvTigos (2)
(76a) 7 Mndixy
pedcoodpuaA-
Aov
ovovpBprov
BAnxXe
nOVOT HOV, jLiv=
appevoyovor,
OnAvyovev
KEY TO THE INDEX
Mespilus germanica
etc.
Mimosa asperata
Mimusops Schimperi
Musa sapientum
Muscari comosum etc.
Myrtus communis
Nannorhops ritchiana
Narcissus poeticus
—— serotinus
— Tazetta
—— spp.
Nardostachys Jata-
mansi
Nelumbium
sum
Nephrodium Filix-
specio-
mas
Nerium Oleander
— odorum
Neslia paniculata
Nuphar luteum
Nymphaea alba
— stellata
Ocymum basilicum
Olea cuspidata
—— europaea
— Oleaster
Ononis antiquorum
Onopordon illyricum
Opoponax hispidus
Orchis longicruris
—— papilionacea
Origanum Dictamnus
—— heracleoticum
——- Majorana
'— — viride etc.
Ornithogalum pyre-
naicum
— umbellatum
peorihy, peo-
Tidy n cata
VEélos
App. (2)
TEepoea,
GLtov
App. (4)
BodBos
muppivn
Tép=
dotveé (2)
vapkicaos (2)
Aetprov (2),
vapxiocos(1)
Asipvov (2)
Acipcov (2)
vapdov
Kvamos & Ai-
yuTrvos °
wrepis
dagdyy n aypta,
peAayrupoV
padwrvais, vup-
daia
aidy
Awtds (2)
TLWOS
ovevis
ovérveos
TWAavaKeLa, TaV-
akxes TO “Hp-
a&KAcLov
opxes
pxes
StkTapvov
dplyavos 7
AcvKy
apapaKov
dptyavos, dpi-
yavos ) pé-
Aaa
oKidAa 7’ Em-
pevideros
BodABivy
Orobanche cruenta
—— versicolor
Oryza sativa
Ostrya carpinifolia
Ottelia alismoides
Paeonia officinalis
Paliurus australis
Pancratium mariti-
mum
Panicum tmniliaceum
Papaver hybridum
hoeas
—— somniferum
—— spp.
Parietaria cretica
Petroselinum sativum
Peucedanum ofifici-
nale
Phillyrea media
Phoenix dactylifera
rae commu-
Pinus brutia
—— halepensis
—— Laricio
—— pinea
SSE 4°
Pimpinella Anisum
Piper nigrum
Pistacia Lentiscus
—— Terebinthus
—— vera
Pisum sativum
Plantago Coronopus
— crassifolia
—— Lagopus
— lanceolata
—— major
Platanus orientalis
Polygonum mariti-
mum
aipodwpov
App. (26)
opugov
oaTpva, OaTpUS
App. (18)
yAukvoidn,
Trawvia
madtoupos
BodABds 6 épid=
dopos
KéyXpos
PHKwVY 7) poras
Mykov n me
Aaa
pHKov (n OTa-
Sys), vyrev=
Oés
penKOV
> 4
adoivy
dpeconéAwvov
TEVKEOaVOV
didrvpéa
docvré (1)
Kdhawos 0 Xa-
paktas
mitus 7 pberpd-
Tovos
mitus 3; see also
under zitus
aypia
TevKN N akap=
0S,
OyjAcLa, 7. 7
*Idaia
wevKn % ipe-
pos, 7. 7) K@~
vodopos
TEVKY
avvncov
TETEpL
oXtvos
TépuvOos
App. (7)
Taos
Kopwvorrous
OpvadXis
optvé, oatedé=
dovpos
Kove
apvoyAworor
TAATAVOS
mepdtxov
491
KEY TO THE INDEX
Polygonum Persicaria
Polypodium vulgare
Polypogon mouspeli-
ensis
Polyporus igniarius
Populus nigra
— tremula
Portulaca oleracea
Potentilla reptans
Poterium spinosum
Prangos ferulacea
Prunus Amygdalus ~
— avium
— domestica
— insititia
—— Mahaleb
Pteris aquilina
Puccinia graminis
Punica Granatum
aaa — var
Pyrethrum Parthe-
nium
Pyrus amygdalifor-
mis
— communis
—— —— var. Pyraster
— Malus
——- —— vars.
Quercus Aegilops
—— Cerris
— coccifera
—— ilex typica
er eeeeet) VAL.
agrifolia
—— infectoria
—— lanuginosa
— Pseudo-Robur
—— Robur
—— Suber
492
Kpatatyovos
TOAUTOOLOV
adwméKxoupos
midos
avuyeltpos
aie (2)
avdpaxvy
TEVTATETES,
mevTadudAov
oro.By, pews
immopapabor,
payvdapts
apvydad7,
kKEépacos, Aa-
Képn
KoKKUMNAEA.
Lio mh oTro-
tas
mados (3ndds ?)
OnAvTTEpis
poa n amvpnvos
mapOéviov
aXpas
dirLos (1)
oyxXvn
BmAéo.
unréa q yAv-
keto, fe - 7
capuvy, fh. 7
feta
aypia,
nyos
aiyihwy (1),
aompis
mptvos
omidag (1)
Spis
evOddAotos
Spis, 9. 7 me-
pos, eTUMO-
Spus,, nuwepis
bedrAds, tWos (?)
Ranunculus Ficaria
Raphanus Raphani-
strum
— sativus
Rhamnus alaternus
—— graeca
—- oleoides
——— Spp.
Rhizophora mucro-
nata
Rhus Coriaria
— Cotinus
Ricinus communis
Rosa canina
—— centifolia var.
— dumetorum
—— sempervirens
Rubus ulmifolius
Roccella tinctoria
Rumex conglomera-
tus
—— Patientia
Ruscus aculeatus
— Hypophyllum
Ruta graveolens
Saccharum biflorum
Salix alba
—— amplexicaulis
—— cinerea
—— fragilis
—— Spp.
Salvia calycina
— Horminum
—— triloba
Sambucus nigra
Saponaria officinalis
Sargassum vulgare
Satureia Thymbra
Saussurea Lappa
Scandix australis
—— Pecten-Veneris
Schoenus Holoschoe-
nus
—— nigricans
Scilla autumnalis
—— bifolia
—— .
aia
_ Kepais, paba-
vos 7 ayplia
padavis
Prva
Pap.vos n AcuKy
pauvos H Mé=
Aawa
pauvos
App. (126)
pous
KOKKUYES.
KpOT@V
Kuvoppodov
podwvia
podsov 70 aypLov
kuvdaBatos
Paros, xXapat-
Batos
uxos (5)
AdmaGov 7 ay-
piov
Aamabos
KevTpow.uppivn,
pvaKavbos
Sadun 7 AAcE-
avépeta
Tiyyavov
App.(19)
ir€a. q AcuKy
itéa 7 peda,
koAouTia (2)
Oppcvov
edchiohakos
GKTEOS, AKTH
atpov@iov (2),
oTpovdos
Spvs (8)
Ovp.Bpa
KOoTOS
evOpvaKov
oKavdré
oxotvos & OAd-
oXOLVOS
MedayKpavis,
axotvos 0
(Kap ULos
Tidvov
vakww9os H ay-
pia
Scolopendrium vul-
gare :
Scolymus hispanicus
Scorodosma foetidum
Securigera Coronilla
Sedum anopetalum
Sempervivum ~ tec-
torum
Senecio vulgaris
Sesamum indicum
Setaria italica
Silene venosa
Silybum marianum
Smilax aspera
Smyrnium Olusatrum
Solanum nigrum
Sonchus Nymani
Sorbus domestica
Sorghum halepense
Spartium junceum
Spiraea filipendula
Storax officinalis
Tamarindus indica
Tamarix articulata
—— tetrandra
Taraxacum officinale
Taxus baccata
Tectona grandis
Teucrium Polium
Thapsia garganica
Thymelaea hirsuta
Thymbra capitata
Thymus atticus
— Sibthorpii
Tilia platyphyllos
— tomentosa
Tordylium apulum
—— officinale
Tragopogon porrifolius
oKodorévéptov
Aciwvia oKo-
Avpos
App. (10)
TeAEKLVOS
emitreTpov
aeiGwov
npryépwv
THTALOV
Aves pédu-
“Hpaxdela, pH
kwv 7 “Hpa-
KAcia
Aevkdxav0a
opirag (2)
immooeALvov.
aoTpuxvos 06
edadimos
ooyKos
oy
KpiOat ai aypiar
(indian)
Acvoorraptov
otvavOy (1)
jpag
oTu
App. (15) (16)
mupixy (2
pupixy (1)
pyiedy
aon. (22)
TOALOV
Gaia
re 32 Oo pé-
Binoy (1)
EpmudAdos (2)
epmvAdos (1)
pidrvpa.
bide. 6.5 Or
Aeva
KavKadis
oéoede
TpayoTaMywv
KEY TO THE INDEX
Trapa natans
Tribulus terrestris
Trifolium fragiferum
Trigonella Foenum-
graecum
— graeca
Triticum dicoccum-
— monococcum
—— vulgare
— — _ vars.
Tuber aestivum
—— cibarium
Typha angustata
Ulmus glabra
— montana
Ulva Lactuca
Urginea maritima
Urtica urens
Usnea barbata
Valeriana Dioscoridis
Veratrum album
Verbascum sinuatum
Vicia angustifolia
— Ervilia
— Faba
—— Sibthorpii
Vigna sinensis
Vinca herbacea
Viola odorata
Viscum album
Vitex Agnus-castus
Vitis vinifera
—— — var.
thiaca
—— silvestris
corin-
Zizyphus Jujuba
otus
— Spina-Christi
tpiBodos (3)
TpiBodos (1)
Awrtés (8)
Bovképas, TH-
Aus
KediAwTos,
Awrds (5)
Gerd, OAVPAa
Tidy
Tupos
Trupds
Kepavv.ov
vdvov
TUP
TTEAEA
> ,
opertTeAca.
dacKos
App. (25)
€AA€Bopos )
AevKos
Prspos H pé=
Aaa
Xapardahry
tov 7 BéAaY,
iwvia n mé-
, Aaa.
ap
&yvos, oloos
dumredos qd)
aurreAos (2)
oivaven n aypia
App. (6)
AwTds (4)
madioupos 6 Ai=
yurrvos
493
KEY TO THE INDEX
IJ.—LIST OF PLANTS MENTIONED IN THE
ENQUIRY UNDER POPULAR NAMES
Abele
Acacias
Alaternus
Alder
Alexanders
Alkanet
Allheal]
Almond
Andrachne
— ____. Anemones
Apples
Arbutus
— hybrid
Tisoe-nelson (So-
li)
ma
Artichoke
Asafoetida
Ashes
—— Asparagus
Aspen
Asphodel
Axe-weed
Bachelor’s buttons
Balm
—— Balsam of Mecca
Bamboos
Banyan
Barbary nut
Basil
Bay (sweet)
Bergamot-mint
Bindweed
Bird-cherry
Birth-wort
Bladder-senna
~——_/ Blite
494
AcvKN
ee (1), (3)
KAnOpa.
immooéAwvov
a&yxovee.
TAVAKES
apvydady
avdpaxdn
avenovy
pnréa
KOMapos
apapKy
App. (27)
Kkaxtos (2)
App. (10)
—"
BoupeAcos, e- he
Ata
aodapayos
kepkts (2)
agpddedos, 76-
os (2)
TEAEKLVOS
mapOév.ov
peAtoodpua-
Aov
Bdédoopov
KdAaLOS 6 *Iv-
duxds
avy H IvdiKy
ovouplyxLov
Kp.On
GK ULOV
Sagyn (1)
KVaKL0S
amapivy
TEVTAOY,
oiovpBpLov
iaciwvy sel
Képagos, Aa-
Kap
apirroAoxia
KoAvTéa.
|
BAirov
Bog-rush
Bottle-gourd
Box
_- Bracken
Brambles
Broadleaved oak
Broom-rapes
Brooms
Bryony
Buckthorns
Bugloss
Bullfist
Bulrush
Bush-grass
Butecher’s broom
Cabbage
Calamander-wood
alamint
Calavance
Caltrop
Caper
Cardamom
—— Nepaul
Cardoon
Carnation
Carob
Cassia
Castor-oil plant
Cat’s ear
Cedar, odorous
— prickly =>
—— Syrian
MeAayKpavis,
gxotves
KapTrl.os
oLKVGa
wvEos
OnAvTTEpis
Baros, xXapat-
Batos
Spits n wAaTi-
dbvAAos
aipodwpor,
App. (26)
AvvooTapTov,
oKopmios (1)
d&prehos H ay-
pia, pyAwO-
aus. prrdny
ovoxetrés
TéCus
iy > cA
KdAauos (émt-
yetos)
kevTpoxuppivn,
pudKavOos
padavos
App. (23)
éA€viov
d6ALxos
tpiBodos(1),(2)
KGTT Apts
Ka.pdap.wLov
G.0o440V
Kaxtos (1)
didcavOos
KEepwvia, TUK
57] Aiyurria
Kala
KpoTwv
peoXoeey
ee (1), o&v-
xedpos
xéSpos (2)
——
—
ey
Centaury
Chamaeleon
Chamomile, wild
Charlock
Chaste-tree
Cheese-flower
Chervi
— wild
Chestnuts
Chick-pea
Chicory
Christ’s thorn
Cinnamon
Cinquefoil
Citron
Clematis
Cork-oak
Coriander
Cornel
Cornelian cherry
Corn-flag
Corn-thistle
Cotoneaster
Cotton-plant
Crack willow
Cress
Crocus
Cuckoo-pint
Cucumber
—— squirting
Cummin
Currant-vine
Cyclamen
Cypress
Dandelion
Darnel
Date-palm
Dill
Distaff-thistle
—_ na aot eau eee
aDpLea
oéALvov
KevTavpLov
aparréwv
av@emov 7d
“ advAdavGes
Kepais, p padavis
7] aypia
ayvos (oigos)
padrdxn (2)
évOpucKov
oxave&
dvoaBadavos,
Kapva 7 Ev-
Botky
epéBivOos
KU OpLov
maAdtoupos
KLVO{L@ LOV
mevTamerés,
mevTadudAov
pndéa 7 Iep-
ouKy
adpary evn
ey. ), per-
sents
OnAvKpavera
Kpavera
Eiduov, Eidos,
pacyavov
axav6a (2)
oévaxav$os
(Sévdpov 7)
Epropopov
EALKY
xapdamov
KpdKos
apov
aixvos
aixvos 0 ayptos
KUBLLVOV
GptreAos (2)
KUKAGLLVOS
KUTAPLTTOS
> LA
api.
goivee (1),
avnfov, avyvn-
TOS
aTpakTuXs,
bdovos
KEY TO THE INDEX
Dittany
Dock
Dodder
Dog-mercury
Dog-rose
Dog’s tooth grass
Doum-palm
Dropwort
Duckweed
Dwarf palm
Ebony
Edder-wort
Elder
Elecampane
Elms
Eryngo
Fenugreek
Ferns
Sixrauvov
Admabov Td ay-
prov
opoBayxn
appevoyovor,
OnAvyovoy
kuvoppodov
aypwarts
KOE, KOUKLO=
op
oivdvOn (1)
ixen
dotvég 6 xa-
parppiprs
éBévn
Spaxdv tov
aKTéos, axTy
WAVAKES TO NEL=
poverov
WTEAEa,
wrevAéa
apsyyiov
>
opet-
Bovrépas, TH-
Aus
> s ul t4
——— adiavTov, nuto-
yuov, O@ndv-
4
TTEpts, TOAU=
mS.ov, ™TE-
—— pis, TpLXopa-
Ferula
Feverwort
Fig, wild
Figs
Filbert
Firs
Flax
Frankincense-tree
French sparrow-
grass
Fungi
Galingale
Gall-oak
vés, oKkodo-
mévSptov
vap9nkia, vap-
on
KeyTaupis
€piveds
cUVKy, oC F
*ApaBixy, o.
1 *ITvécKxy,
pp. (17)
Kapva 1 “Hpa-
KAEWTLKH
mevKn, CAAT
Atvov
AcBavwrtdos
okidda 4 ’Em-
peevide.os
aoXLOV, LUKYS,
TECLS
KUTELPOS
muepis (1)
Garden nightshade ozpvxvos 6
€bwdi 2.05
495
Garlics
Germander
Gilliflower
Ginger-grass
Gladwyn
Globe-thistle
Goat’s beard
Goat willow
Gold flower
Golden thistle
Gourd
Grasses
Groundsel
Gum arabic
Hartshorn
Hart’s tongue
Hartwort
Hawk’s beard
Hawthorn
Hellebores
Hemlock
Holly
Holm-oaks
Honeysuckle
(Greek)
Hop-hornbeam
Horehounds
Horned poppy
Horseradish
House-leek
Hulwort
Trises
Ivies
Jack-fruit
Joint-fir
Jujube
Judas-tree
496
M@AV, oKOpO-
Sov
xauaidpus
tov To AcuKov
TXOLVOS O EVH-
dys (2)
Sips
pvTpos
TpayoTwMywv
eAatayvos
eAeLoxpugos
Acimwvia (2),
oKodvpos
KoAOKUYTN
aiyidwyy (2),
Gpvov, 700,
Tpryépov
pee (7)
Kopwvomous
oKodAorévdptov
oéoede
amrapryta.
MEeoTrIAn 7] av-
OnSovoeidys
Kapva.
épeixn
€AA€Bopos
K@VELOV
KjAGaTTpOS
apia, ios, out-
Aa€ (1), ded-
Addpus
KAVMEVOV
ooTpva., doTpus
mpacvov
MiKwV 7 KEepa-
TITUS
pahavis N ape
wpéa (2?)
aeiGwov
TOALOV
tpes, Eipis, oe-
ouplyxXvov
EAE, KuTTOS
App. (3)
6pavTrados
App. (6)
kepxis (1), on-
pvda
KEY TO THE INDEX
Junipers
Kermes-oak
Laburnum
Larkspurs
Leek
Lentil
Leopard’s bane
Lettuce
Lilies
Liquorice
Limes
Litmus
Lucerne
Lupin
Madder
Madonna lily
Maiden-hair
—— English
Mallow
— Mandrake
Mango
Mangroves
—— white
Manna-ash
Maples
Marestail
Marjorams
—— sweet
Marsh celery
Marsh mallow
apxevos, Guia,
Kedpis, Ké=
Spos, o€vKe-
dpos
™pivos
kvtigos (1)
actadbis, 600s
(1), baxcvOos
n oTapTy
mpacov (1)
aKos re
okoprtrios (
Opidag, Opida-
kivyn
NEpoKarrés,
(1160) 1 Myduxy
Oépuos °
épevOedavov
«pivoy, Aéiptov
(1)
adiavtov, a. TO
peda
adiavtov To
Aeukov
pahaxn (1)
pavdpayopas
Sadun (6), €Ada
(3),App.(14)
peda
yActvos, guyia,
KALvéTpoxes,
opévdauvos
urvov
opiyavov
dpapaKov
é€Acvoo €A Lvov
GAPaia, madd-
X7 7 a&ypla
Martagon lily Hepoxadrés
Mastich oxivos
Meadow saffron geinePors omd-
a.
Medlar BeoTiAn, fe. 7
garTaveros
Michaelmas daisy aorépickos,
(tperdALov
Milk-thistle AcukdkavOa = =~
Milt-waste mcoviov
Millet KéyXx pos
— — EXupos
Mints novoopov, ive
6n, = arovp-
ion ee
Mistletoes igia (1), theap
Mock-privet bidvpa n appnv
Moly p@Av
Monk’s rhubarb = Adraos
Mulberry oUKaELVOS
Mullein daAduos 7H Mé=
Aaa
Mushroom puns
Mustard, white vary
Myrrh oMUpva
Myrtle puppivyn
Narcissus Aciptov (2),
_, vapKioaos
Nepaul cardamom dapwpov
N ae axarigny
Awtds (1)
Nightshade, deadly a) meas
garden orpaese 0 €b0-
wos
Oaks aiyiAwy (1),
apia, aompts,
Spis, érupd~
Spus, mmepis,
twos, mpivos,
opidrag (1),
Giyés, ged-
Addpus, ed-
Ads
Oak-mistletoe téia rel
Oats Bpopos
Oleander na) 2 aypia,
Olives éAda (1), (2)
Olive, wild ayptéAa.os, Kd-
TWos
THEOPH, VOL, I,
KEY TO THE INDEX
Onions
Opium poppy
Orach
t= Orchis
Oriental thorn
Oyster-green
Ox-tongue
Palms
Papyrus
Parsley
Pea
Pear
— wild
Pennyroyal
Peony
Pepper
Periwinkle
hig eelagse blue
Pine-thistle
Plane-tree
Plantains
Plums
Polypody
Pole-reed
Pomegranate
Poppies
Pop ar, black
—— white (abele)
Privet
Puff-ball
Purslane
Purse-tassels
ynevov, yj
TELOV, Kpom-
MUOV, Kkpo-
puvoynreLov
Bykev (H o7e-
dys), (vytrev-
6é
Kote, KOUKLO-
dopov, hoté
TOTUpos
opetogeAwvov
TLads
dimvos (1)
axpas, oyxvn
BAnxe
yAvkuaidy,
Travwvia,
mérrept
Xopaudayy
KOpxopos
mevKn, TITUS
a kava (8),
akKaV 0S, igia
(2), t&tvn,
XapatrAéwrv
6 AevKds
TAdTavos
apyoyhwaogor,
Opvarris, KO-
Pwvormrous, KU=
vows, dprvé,
atedéhoupos
KoKkkupynAéa,
7a80s, mpov=
BY, orrodias
ToAvuTdd.ov
Sdévaf, KaAanos
6 AaKkwvikées
avdpaxvn
BoABos
497
K K
Quince
Radish
Reeds
Restharrow
Rib-grass
Rice
Rice-wheat
Rocket
Rock-roses_
Rose-campion
Roses
Rue
Rupture-wort
Rushes
Safilower
Saffron crocu3
Sage
Salvia
Savory
Scammony
Scrub oak
Sea-bark oak
Sea spurge
Sea-weeds
Sebesten
Sedge
Sesame
Shallot
Silphium
Silver-fir
Silver-lime
Sissoo
Smilax
Snowdrop
Snapdragon
498
Kvd@viov,
atpovd.ov (2)
J 4
adavis
Bead, KaAa-
(Os, Tamrupos
ovevis
Kkvvow
opucov A
Ceca, bAvpa
evgwmov
Kia8os
Avxvis
kuvdppodov, KU-
voaBaros, p po-
wvia.
Tiyyavov
€AAcBopivy
pedayKpavis,
oXotvos
KYHKOS, KpOKoS
° aKavOwdys
Kpokos, Kk. 0
evwdys
opaKos
eAcAtodakos
OvpBpe.
TKappwvia
Spis 7» mAatv-
evOvdhdAotos
TLOvpuadAos 6
TapaALos
amtedos (3),
Bpvor, dpis
(7), (8), €Aa-
7™ (3), potveg
(4), ddxos
Koxkuunrca 7
Aiyurria
Bovropos
ongaLov
Kpoupvov = TO
oxtoTov
aiddvov
€AaTH
pidvpa, go. 7
OnrAcLa
App. (21)
opiraf (2)
Aevxdiov (2)
avTippivov
KEY TO THE INDEX
Soapwort
Sorb
Southernwood
Spanish broom
Spear-grass
Sow-thistle
Spike-lavender
Spikenard
Spindle-tree
Spurges
Squills
Star-flower
Star-thistle
— —— yellow
Stonecrop
Storax
Sulphur-wort
Sumachs
Sweet bay
Sweet flag
Sycamore
Tamarind
Tamarisks
Teak
Terebinth
Thistles
orpové.or (2),
, TTpOUVOOS
on
afporovoy
Avvoomaptov
KdAamOs 0 TAG-
KYLOS, K. 0
Xapaxias
ooyKos
idvov
vapdov
evwovupos (Te-
Tpaywvia)
dxavGa (5), (6),
amos (2), ixr-
Tropéws, ig-
Xas, eNKed=
viov, papavis
H dpeia, TLOv-
TE wae
pes Mi
povs
Saebvy (1)
KaAG4LOS O Eevee
dys
ouKduivos 7
Aiyurria, o.
H Kumpia
App. (15), (16)
MupiKn
Acuxdakcav@a,
TroAvdxavGos,
pUTpos, oKO-
Avjos, ooy-
kos, XxdA-
KELOS, Xapat-
A€wv
Thorn, oriental
Thorn-apple
Thyine-wood
Thyme, Attic
— Cretan
— tufted
Tine-tare
Tragacanth
Traveller’s joy
Tree-medick
Tree-moss
Trefoil
Truffles
Turk’s cap lily
Turkey oak
Turnip
Valonia oak
Vetch, bitter
Vine
KEY TO THE INDEX
eoriAn 7 ave
Ondav
pvopov, TEptT=
TOS, oTpUX-
vos 0 “aviKes
Ovov
EpmuAAos 6 ay-
abnor (1)
EpmuAdos (6
Hyeepos)
App. (1)
TpayaKxavOa.
aOpayévy
KUTuoos (2)
dackos
Awtos (3)
Kepavvioy, vud-
vov
Kpivov To Trop-
dupodv |
aiyiawy (1),
aompis
yoryuris
Spis y aypia,
,
, Pnyos
oO,
aptedos (1)
Vine, wild
Violet
Wall-flower
Walnut
Water chestnut
Water chickweed
Water-lily, Nile
— white -
— yellow
Wheats
-—— one-seeded
Wheat-rust
Wig-tree
Willows
Willow-weed
Withy
Wolf’s bane
Wormwood
Wych-elm
Yew
oivavOn 7 7 aypia
tov To wéAay
prsyvor, brook
Kapva Tlep-
o.KH
TptBoros ( 3)
Ag,
padwvais, vup-
gaia
Tupos
tidy
€puaiBn
KoxKvyca
eAaiayvos, ێX-
KN, itéa, Ko-
Aovria (2)
KParTatyovos
clos
aKOVLTOV, OndAv-
vov, pvO0-
govov, oKop-
mtos (3)
axsivOrov
operTTeAca
pidros
499
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